The document provides information about the Amazon River in South America and the Amu River in Afghanistan. It discusses the introduction, climate, water resources, economy, environment, and social factors of each river. It also compares the two rivers, noting that the Amazon is much larger in terms of length, basin size, population, and flow, while the Amu River forms part of Afghanistan's border with neighboring countries. Effective water management is important for economic development and stability in both river basins.

1. Title of topic : Amazon River South America and Amu River Basin
Instructor : Dr. Edward Morgan and Dr. Professor. Abdul Qayeum “Karim”
Group Number (10) : kakajan “Ailmy” Mubariz ( Azizi ) Zohoreddin (Wahedi)
Ministry of Higher Education
Kabul Polytechnic University
WRM-31 River Basin Planning and Development
Amazon River
Amu River

2. Table of content:
1-Introduction the Amazon River .
2-Climate of the Amazon River.
3-Water resources of the Amazon River.
4-Economy in the Amazon River.
5-Environmental situation in the Amazon area.
6-Social factors in the Amazon River:
7-Introducing the Amu River.
8-Climate of the Amu river.
9-Water resources of the Amu River.
10-Economy in the Amu River.
11-environment situation in the Amo River.
12-Social factors in the Amu River:
13-Comparison of the Amazon and Amu rivers in Afghanistan:
14-Conclusion.
15-References:

3. 1-Introduction the Amazon River :
The Amazon River is one of the longest and largest rivers in the world, the length of this
River, whose source is measured in the Ucayali Apurimac River, is at least 6400 km. It is
believed that various topics and theories have been discussed about the length and source
of this river since the middle of the 20th century.
As in the early 1950s, explorers identified several mountains in Peru as the origin of the
Amazon River, in 1971, during a study supported by the National Geographic Society, the
Caro Asante River, which flows from the northern slopes of Mount Misami in the south of
Peru, was identified as the source. The Amazon River was introduced, in 1983 a Polish
explorer declared the source of this river to be another River near the Apacheta River.
This river passes through 9 countries in South America including Colombia, Venezuela,
Ecuador, Bolivia and Brazil.

4. 2-Climate of the Amazon River:
The Amazon River has a hot, humid and rainy climate, the length of day and night is almost equal in the equatorial region, but there
are different temperature differences, the daytime temperature in September is about 32 degrees Celsius and in April it is 24 degrees
Celsius. arrives, but its humidity is always high and annoying.
In this region, half of the precipitation comes from the Atlantic Ocean and the other half comes from the evaporation and transpiration
of tropical forests and storms. The amount of rainfall in low-altitude areas and its central area varies between 1500 and 3000
milliliters annually. In the eastern and northwestern margins of this area, there are usually many rains throughout the year, while the
central part usually experiences a period of drought from June to November. he does.

5. 3-Water resources of the Amazon River:
The Amazon River is located in the northern part of South America. It originates from
the Peruvian Andes and passes through Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, and
Brazil, and then empties into the Atlantic Ocean along the way with about two hundred
other rivers. and the water of this River when pouring into the sea is more than the
total water of the next 10 rivers in the world. Amazon is the largest river in South
America in terms of volume and water flow. More than two-thirds of the basin of this
river is covered by rain forests. It is at least 6,400 km long, making Wanera the second
longest river in the world after the Nile in Africa. The Amazon basin is the largest
drainage basin in the world with an area of ​​approximately 7,000,000 square
kilometers.

6. 4-Economy in the Amazon River:
Around the Amazon River, rice, cassava, palm cheese and black pepper are among the
commercial products of this region. Cattle ranches and their special pastures have caused the
clearing of forest lands in the Amazon basin. Pastures and plantations of cocoa, coffee and
other agricultural and commercial products are other sources of income in this area, from the
wood of the trees in the Amazon basin to make perfume, flavoring and They use
pharmaceuticals, farmers, fishermen, sailors, collecting sediments, agricultural industry and
providing water for families, transportation and tourism are an important part of the economy
of this area and the center of aquatic biodiversity of this river after the river. Nile is considered
the second rank in the world.
Major
economic
issues of the
Amazon River
cattle
breeding
agriculture
sailing
Rice
production
Cocoa
production
Fishing

7. 5-Environmental situation in the Amazon area:
In their studies, the researchers found that in the last three decades, the drought and
successive floods in the Amazon River have increased greatly, and this issue has occurred
due to the change in ocean currents following the global warming phenomenon, as a result
of the warming of the earth and greenhouse effects, wind belts. The wind in the middle
regions and higher latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere moves more towards the south,
and following this phenomenon, changes in the water cycle of the Amazon basin will occur
and severe consequences will occur for people and their livelihoods in Brazil, Peru and
other countries in the Amazon basin. Floods in the Amazon River have disastrous
consequences, these floods can pollute water and spread disease, as well as destroy
people's homes and livelihoods. On the other hand, economic activities such as agriculture
and animal husbandry are also severely affected by these floods
Major
environment
al impacts in
the Amazon
basin
water
pollution
global
warming
Spread of
disease
The flow of
floods
weather
changes

8. 6-Social factors in the Amazon River:
Social factors are issues that are common in a society and have an impact on their
lifestyle. In the field of Amazon, considering the habits and culture and standard
of living of the people, the important social factors are the culture and lifestyle of
consumers, religion and religious issues, people, products and services of
organizations for customers, the level of beliefs, sexuality and multiple social
classes. Behaviors have been noted at the field level
Important
social
factors in
Amazon
Products and
services of
organizations
for customers
Religion
and
religious
issues
Consumer
culture and
standard of
living
Sexuality
and
multiplicity
of social
classes

9. The turn of the third person of group
Mubariz ( Azizi )

10. 7-Introducing the Amu River:
The Amu River originates from the Pamir Mountains and is the longest River in Central Asia. It originates from the Pamir
Mountains and flows into the Ural river. The Amu River forms the 1,200 km border between Afghanistan and its northern
neighbors Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. The Rivers that merge into Amu River Kokche River, Kunduz River,
Shiva River along with Wakhan and Pamir waters, they make up almost 40% of the water of this River in Afghanistan. Chek
River, Ghazalsu, Kafarnahan, Vakhsh, Serkhan Darya, Shirabad, etc. are the northern branches of this River.

11. 8-Climate of the Amu river.
The climate in Amu basin is around 40 degrees in summer and minus 15 degrees in winter. This climate covers the provinces of
Takhar, Kunduz, Balkh, Jawzjan, Maimane and Badghis. The northern areas of all these provinces are covered by dry plains and
bushes. The 1250 km long watershed forms a common water border with the countries of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and
Turkmenistan. Its annual average water volume is about 82 billion cubic meters. According to the measurements, the average
maximum flow of this River is 2630 cubic meters per second. The minimum annual water capacity of the Panj Amu catchment
area in Afghanistan is currently about 19-20 billion cubic meters due to the effects of climate change, which is about 38.59% of
the total water capacity of the country.

12. 9-Water resources of the Amu River:
The Amu and the Amu River are the tributaries of the Khurd Vakala River, which flows into it from the mountains of
Afghanistan. Its main source is from the crystal of the Pamir natural glacier, which is 70 kilometers long and more than 700
meters wide, and its melting water flows into Chaqmaqtin Lake. fall Kol Chaqmatin is located in the high valley of the Pamir,
which is known as the "roof of the world" and is bordered by the Karakoram series. The climate of this region is very cold. It is
10 to 12 degrees. The coldest in the winter temperature of this region is less than 50 degrees Celsius, which is a reflection of the
fact that its insecurity and mountainous nature have opened the world of tourists to this region in these three decades. This wide
high valley with Having a 17-kilometer col, which is the most important ecosystem in the world, includes

13. 10-Economy in the Amu River:
Dar Qod Island is located in the area near the border to Tajikistan on the way to the Amu
River. This beautiful flat area is very favorable in terms of having enough water and the
existence of natural forest shelters for the national park for the breeding and maintenance
of wild animals and the botanical garden. The Amu River with its tributaries, the Kokche
River and the Kunduz River, are the most important water sources for the flat arable
plains of Kilgi, Abdan, Mir Alam, Shir Mahi, Lili and Qaisar plains of Afghanistan.
The transfer of water from the Amu River from the area of Qala Zal will convert millions
of hectares of agricultural land into two-season crops and restore millions of hectares of
land in the Laili Plain, and in this way will help the people of the country in food
security. It is surprising that Afghanistan's export or import goods are exchanged to Asian
countries through this way.
Major
economic
issues in the
Amo River
Export
ports
National
park for
breeding
animals
Water
resources for
the northern
provinces
food
safety

14. The turn of the third person of group
Zohoreddin (Wahedi)

15. 11-environment situation in the Amo River:
Laili plain is one of the plains facing the north in Jawzjan province, which suffers about 47
percent of its agriculture and horticulture damage due to annual drought. In most cases, the
indiscriminate exploitation of pastures by shepherds has had an effect on the destruction of
the vegetation in this region and has caused the destruction of the mountain ecosystem and
increased soil fragility, and during heavy rains, the rainwater has turned into runoff and
caused floods in The region is surrounded by water in the areas of Yengi Qala and the
flooded lands. Due to the heat of the region and the rapid melting of the glaciers of the
Pamir and Handukash mountains, all the water of this sea has moved to the right branch and
destroyed vast lands. It was a flood that takes a large part of the land on the left side with it
every year and its course is in a state of change.
Major
environmen
tal issues of
the Amu
Sea
Flooding
Drought
Destruction
of vegetation
Melting
glaciers

16. 12-Social factors in the Amu River:
Afghanistan and Central Asia have abundant land, water and energy resources.
The countries of the Amu Darya catchment area depend on this water
catchment for their various subsistence and economic needs, and the
multiplicity of cultures, customs and expectations of customers are among the
factors that have affected the lifestyle of the people in this catchment area.
Important social factors in this field are:
Multiplicity of cultures, religious issues, multiplicity of social classes. The
low level of awareness and beliefs, the lack of legal agreement of water
consumers, the imbalance of water use.
Important
social
factors in
amu River
Lack of legal
agreement of the
customers of the
water collector
Low level
of
awareness
and beliefs
Religious
issues
Multiplicity
of cultures
of
stakeholders
Imbalance
of water use

17. 13.Comparison of the Amazon and Amu rivers in Afghanistan:
Because the Amazon River is one of the longest and largest rivers in the world, compared to the Amu Sea in
Afghanistan, this area has a lot of differences in terms of hydrology, length, area and population, amount of flow and
source of water. The economy is seen to be the same in the mentioned areas. In the Amazon area, there has been a lot of
progress and development in terms of economic development, but in the Amu Darya area, due to the unequal economic
situation of Afghanistan, there has been very little development and progress, and the water of this area, which is the
source of economic and social life. There is not much proper use of water resources in Afghanistan due to the lack of
management of water resources. The Amazon region has been an example for the development and economic growth
and effective use of water for this country, which has modeled healthy water management in terms of digging canals,
consolidating beaches, creating dams. It has developed the electricity and effective use of water according to the
Amazon region, so that in the future, it will lead to the development and development of this country from the social
and economic point of view.

18. For more information, the important Table of both seas are summarized in the table below.
Amazon River
Amu River
Description
Amazon
Jihun, Amu
Native name
Peru-Colombia-Brazil
Zerkul Sea, Pamir
Location
More than 30 million
More than 5 million
Population
Mishmi peak
Qazal Su
Source
15031 04S 71041 37W
27027 04S 72034 21W
Cordiant
1-100km
4-25km
Width
6869000
km2
534769km2
Basin Size
20-100m
16-69m
Depth
215000m3/s
2630m3/s
Average Discharge
1500-300mm
100-465mm
Average Rain of Yearly
24-32
15-40
Average Temperature

19. 14-Conclusion:
Water is one of the natural resources that the survival of living beings depends on, but what guarantees the life of a huge part
of the earth's creatures, especially us humans, is about 3% of the earth's total water that can be used for human life and is
called water Shirin is described as the alarm bell that has now made the world aware of the global warming crisis and climate
change, which is considered a serious threat to both Afghanistan and the legal and non-legal stakeholders of Afghanistan's
water resources. Therefore, this requires a deep and comprehensive approach to Water management and containment is the
management of water resources and the control of unrestrained waters should play an extremely important role in the
economic, social and environmental growth and development in the strategy of water resources management, on ensuring
security, internal political stability and defined relations with the neighboring beneficiary countries. It is considered necessary
to consider the regulation and development of the water sector as a major and essential part of the national development of the
countries. The water crisis, beyond the environmental effects, has extensive social and economic effects on all sectors. Water
is an important input for different sectors. National economy such as energy, agriculture and production goes, so that the
changes in the water supply of a region are effective in different economic sectors.

20. 15-References:
Dr. Yar Mohammad, an expert in the protection of the environment, the value of the Amu Sea and its deputies in the growth of
Afghanistan's economic infrastructure will come close.
Dr. Basir Kamjo jolly 2021 Amu Dari treasure
Dr. Yar Mohammad, global enviro mental problemas
Water crisis in Central Asia and international institutions 1. Masoume Rad Gudarzi
The National Conference on Water Crisis Management- http://www.sid.ir/
Ministry of Energy and Water of Afghanistan
Happy Pet is the biggest site in Iran
http://www.google/

21. Tanks you for attention