3. Geology for Engineering
• Objectives
• - Learn the basic scientific concepts and principles of earth
sciences.
• - Become familiar with some of the observational methods,
reasoning process and analytical tools used by geologist to
understand the earth and its material
• - Understand the types of geological hazardous actions, their
risk and methods prevention and mitigation.
• - To be aware of the role of geology in civil engineering projects.
4. Geology for Engineering
• References
• - Plyth , geology for Engineers ,7th Ed.
• - Plummer, physical geology , 5 ed.
• - Waltham ,Foundations of Engineering
Geology
• Course Evaluation
• - Quizzes (10 % )
• - Home works
+
class
exercises
(10 % )
• - Mid term
exam
(30 % )
• - Final Exam ( 50 %)
5. Geology for Engineering
• Rules and requirements
• - During the class session unnecessary comments and
conversations are not allowed
• - Sharing and contributing in discussions are encouraged
• - For exercises and homework assignments copying is not allowed
• - During exams copying and teamwork are forbidden
• - Lecture attendance is important
• Note:
• Geology science is rich of vocabulary. The terminologies used
throughout this course are much and require learning .
6.
7. THE SCIENCE OF GEOLOGY
• GEOLOGY
is the study of the Earth, including the materials that it is
made of, the physical and chemical changes that occur on its
surface and in its interior, and the history of the planet and its
life forms.
• ENGIEERING GEOLOGY
All engineering works are built on the ground or in the ground
or using earth material therefore the study of geology and its
relation to engineering becomes the main aim of this branch and
provides the use of geology for practical engineering purposes
8. Relation with civil engineering
• GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING :
is the branch of civil engineering concerns with design and
construction of earth works and structure foundations.
Therefore the knowledge of geological science is important for
civil engineer especially in projects which mainly in concern
with earth material
For example; Tunnelling , Dams ,Underground structures …etc.
10. Geology and civil engineering relationship
• - Ground exploration and identification
of subsurface condition
• - Insure safety of selected site for
construction of a project
• - Evaluation of risk and hazards level that
may exist at certain place required for
construction
• - Identify the suitability of location and
material type to be selected for
construction
16. Solar system
• The currently accepted theory for the origin of our solar system
involves:
• (a) a huge nebula condensing under its own gravitational attraction,
then
• (b) contracting, rotating, and
• (c) flattening into a disk, with the Sun forming in the center and
eddies gathering up material to form planets. As the sun
contracted and began to visibly shine,
• (d) intense solar radiation blew away unaccreted gas and dust until
finally,
• (e) the Sun began burning hydrogen and the planets
completed their formation
18. Origin of earth
• Heat from the Sun boiled most of the hydrogen, helium, and
other light elements away from the inner Solar System.
• As a result, the four planets closest to the Sun—Mercury,
Venus, Earth, and Mars—are now mainly rocky with metallic
centers. These four are called the terrestrial planets
• Because they are “Earthlike.” In contrast, the four outer
planets— Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—are called
the Jovian planets and are composed primarily of liquids
and gases with small rocky and metallic cores.
19. The earth composition
(a)The early Earth was probably of uniform
composition and density throughout,
(b)Heating of the early Earth reached the
melting point of iron and nickel, which,
being denser than silicate minerals, settled
to the earth's center. At the same time, the
lighter silicates flowed upward to form the
mantle and the crust.
(c)In this way, a differentiated Earth
formed, consisting of a dense iron-nickel
core, an iron-rich silicate mantle, and a
silicate crust with continents and ocean
basin
20. Earth history
THE GEOLOGIC TIME
SCALE
Geologists have divided
Earth history into units
displayed in the geologic
time scale. The units are
called eons, eras, periods,
and epochs and are
identified primarily by the
types of life that existed at
the various times.
21.
22. Rocks history
Most rocks encountered by
engineers are 10–500M
years old. They have been
displaced and deformed over
time, and some are then
exposed at the surface
24. The earth
• The hydrosphere includes water in streams, wetlands, lakes,
and oceans; in the atmosphere; and frozen in glaciers. It also
includes ground water present in soil and rock to a depth of at
least 2 kilometers.
• The atmosphere is a mixture of gases, mostly nitrogen and
oxygen. It is held to the Earth by gravity and thins rapidly with
altitude. Ninety-nine percent is concentrated within 30
kilometers of the Earth’s surface, but a few traces remain even
10,000 kilometers above the surface.
25. The earth
• The biosphere
• is the thin zone near the Earth’s surface that is inhabited by
life. It includes the uppermost solid Earth, the hydrosphere,
and the lower parts of the atmosphere. Land plants grow on
the Earth’s surface, with roots penetrating at most a few meters
into soil.
