dasar geologi

1. GEOLOGI DASAR
POLITEKNIK ENERGI DAN PERTAMBANGAN BANDUNG
1

2. SYLLABUS
• Rencana Pembelajaran Semester (RPS) dan kontrak perkuliahan, mengerti
geologi, sejarah, cabang ilmu geologi, KONSEP GEOLOGI), pengenalan mineral
dan batuan (batuan beku, sedimen dan metamorf), Proses geologi (eksogenik,
endogenik), pengenalan tektonik lempeng, bencana geologi (bahaya
gerakantanah, bahaya gempabumi dan bahaya gunungapi), genesa bahan galian
dll
• Dari Geologi Dasar ini mahasiswa dapat memiliki fondasi ilmu kebumian yang
dapat digunakan dalam pembelajaran selanjutnya di jurusan teknik
pertambangan

3. SYLLABUS
• Physical Geology is an introductory level class designed to provide a broad overview
of how the Earth works.
• The goals of the class are
• (1) to gain a general understanding of important earth processes (e.g., plate tectonics,
Earthquake, volcanism, weathering and erosion, and glaciation) and
• (2) to learn the knowledge of rocks, minerals, and geologic resources.
• The course provides a fundamental scientific background for students who are
interested in working in the fields of mineral and energy resources industry,
environmental protection and hazard reduction, land-use planning etc

4. RENCANA PERTEMUAN
TOPIK MINGGU
PENDAHULUAN 1, 2
MINERAL DAN BATUAN 3, 4, 5, 6
PROSES GEOLOGI 7, 8, 9, 10
PENGENALAN GENESA BAHAN GALIAN 11, 12
KEBENCANAAN GEOLOGI DAN APLIKASI GEOLOGI 13

6. PENGENALAN GEOLOGI
• KATA GEOLOGI BERASAL DARI BAHASA YUNANI
• GEOS : BUMI
• LOGOS : ILMU
• GEOLOGI : ILMU YANG MEMPELAJARI BUMI
• ORANG YANG MEMPELAJARI BUMI DISEBUT
AHLI GEOLOGI, GEOLOG, GEOLOGIAWAN ATAU
GEOLOGIST
Plummer et al., 2016

7. PENGENALAN GEOLOGI
• GEOLOGI ADALAH ILMU PENGETAHUAN MENGENAI BUMI :
ASAL, STRUKTUR, KOMPOSISI DAN SEJARAHNYA
(TERMASUK PERKEMBANGAN KEHIDUPAN), SERTA
PROSES2 YANG TELAH MENYEBABKAN KEADAAN BUMI
SEPERTI SEKARANG INI (Whitten dan Brooks, 1972: 204)
• GEOLOGI ADALAH ILMU YANG MEMPELAJARI PLANET BUMI
TERUTAMA MENGENAI MATERI PENYUSUNNYA, PROSES
YANG TERJADI PADANYA, HASIL PROSES TERSEBUT,
SEJARAH PLANET ITU DAN BENTUK 2 KEHIDUPAN SEJAK
BUMI TERBENTUK (Bates dan Jackson, 1990: 272)

8. INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY
Geology is the study of Earth—its interior and its exterior surface, the
minerals, rocks and other materials that are around us, the processes that
have resulted in the formation of those materials, the water that flows over
the surface and through the ground, the changes that have taken place over
geological time, and the changes that we can anticipate will take place in the
near future. (Earl S., 2015)

9. Why Study Earth
• The simple answer to this question is that
Earth is our home—our only home for the
foreseeable future—and in order to ensure
that it continues to be a great place to
live, we need to understand how it works.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1cKBuxBWKY

10. WHY NEED GEOLOGY?
• Supplying things we need (metals, energy
resources—petroleum, coal, nuclear power)
• Protecting the environment (lessen or prevent
damage to the environment)
• Avoiding geologic hazards
(Earthquakes,volcanic eruptions, landslides,
floods and tsunamis)
• Understanding our surroundings (gain
knowledge and find new truth about the
world around them)
Plummer et al., 2016

11. WHAT GEOLOGIST DO?
• Locate Geologic Resources (water, petroleum,
natural gas, metal ores, industrial minerals)
• Investigate, forecast and mitigate natural
hazards (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
weather hazards, sealevel changes, floods,
landslides, environmental degradation) at:
• Environmental Protection
• Environmental Impact
• Ground Water and Waste Management
• Do Basic Research on Earth system processes
and the Earth’s history, furnishes fundamental
knowledge for the applications

12. PENGENALAN GEOLOGI
GEOLOGI BERHUBUNGAN ERAT DENGAN
• 1. FISIKA
• 2. KIMIA
• 3. BIOLOGI
• BERKAITAN ERAT DENGAN KEHIDUPAN MASA LALU
YANG KINI DIJUMPAI SBG FOSIL FOSIL: ADALAH
SISA2 ORGANISME YANG TERAWETKAN SECARA
ALAMI, UMUMNYA BERWUJUD PADAT DAN KERAS
Geologi
Fisika
Kimia
Biologi
Geokimia Geofisika
Paleontologi

13. CABANG ILMU GEOLOGI
• Ilmu geologi terus berkembang dan terbagi lagi
menjadi ilmu-ilmu yang menjadi dasar geologi.
Cabang-cabang ilmu geologi tersebut
diantaranya:
• Mineralogi, Petrologi, Stratigrafi, Paleontologi,
Geologi Struktur, Geomorfologi, Geologi fisik,
Geokimia, Economic Geology DLL.
• Cari cabang cabang ilmu dari geologi dan
perkirakan bagaimana kaitannya antara cabang
cabang ilmu tersebut dengan pertambangan

14. CABANG ILMU DARI GEOLOGI
• Mineralogy: The examination, classification, and
analysis of minerals, gems, and precious stones.
• Petrology: The analysis and classification of rocks
to learn their origin and history.
• Structural Geology: The study of the deformation
of rocks and the forces that cause deformation.
• Sedimentology: The study of modern and historic
depositional environments.

15. CABANG ILMU DARI GEOLOGI
• Paleontology: The reconstruction of past environments by
studying fossils and other life forms.
• Geochemistry: The study of the chemical composition of
rocks and minerals for a variety of environmental and
economic applications.
• Geophysics: The study on how to apply of gravity,
magnetism, and seismic characteristics of the Earth for
multi purpose.

16. CABANG ILMU DARI GEOLOGI
• Seismology: The study of the location and force
of earthquakes to understand their origin and
minimize their effects.
• Geomorphology: The study of the shape of the
surface of the earth and the processes that
create those shapes.
• Economic Geology: The study of economically
valuable earth materials such as ore deposits.
• Petroleum Geology: The use of geologic
techniques to locate oil reserves and determine
methods for profitable extraction.

17. CABANG ILMU DARI GEOLOGI
• Hydrogeology: The study of the location,
movement, and chemical composition of
groundwater.
• Remote Sensing Geology: The use of radar,
sonar, seismology, and aerial photography
to analyze the internal and external
formations of the earth.

18. KAIDAH ILMIAH
• Geologi merupakah ILMU  HARUS
MEMENUHI KAIDAH KAIDAH ILMIAH
• PENDEKATAN : METODE ILMIAH
• SEBUTKAN?

19. SCIENTIFIC METHODS
• Observation – Evidence that can be measured or observed.
• Hypothesis – Formation of an explanation of the observation. An untested
idea.
• Hypothesis Testing – Designing an experiment that tests your hypothesis.
Ideas are continually challenged. Differences in opinions often lead to
advances in science.

20. SCIENTIFIC METHODS
• Theory –
• Elevated hypothesis
• Has withstood tests by numerous investigators
• Generally accepted by the scientific community
• Law –
• Universally accepted theory
• No deviations have ever been observed.
• Most certain concept in science
Tugas :
Cari principle Laws in Geology

21. You should apply the method in daily living
• Learn to make observations
• Develop skills to interpret data
• Become a better informed citizen

22. Some Unique Aspects of Geology
• Importance of Time
• Importance of Relationships
• Sequential
• Spatial
• Distinctive Problems of Evidence
• Mostly Slow Rates
• Rare Events
• Destruction of Evidence
• Inaccessibility

23. TIME IN GEOLOGY
• Earth system processes take place over
different time scales
• Short (seconds to years - earthquakes, tides,
tsunamis, hurricanes, floods, volcanic eruptions)
• Long (hundreds to billions of years - formation of
soil from bare rock, uplift of mountain ranges,
movement of the continents)
• For long processes, earth scientists use the
present to infer what happened in the past –
uniformitarianism (James Hutton)

24. Hadayati Et al., 2013

25. EARTH SYSTEM
• Atmosphere (the gases that envelop Earth)
• Hydrosphere (water on or near Earh’s
surface, including oceans, rivers, lakes,
glaciers)
• Biosphere (all of the living or once-living
material on Earth)
• Geosphere (the rock and other inorganic
Earth material that make up the bulk of the
planet)
• Crust
• Mantle
• Core

26. Atmosphere
The outermost layers of the earth:
• Atmosphere: Extends to 480 kilometers,
most within 16 kilometers Composed of
gases nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), argon
(Ar), carbon dioxide (CO2), also water
vapor (H2O)

27. Hydrosphere
• Hydrosphere : All natural
water and ice Oceans are
largest part (97%), depths to
11 kilometers Also rivers,
lakes, glacial ice

28. Geosphere / Solid Earth
• Crust (5-70 km): Most abundant
elements are silicon (Si) and oxygen (O)
• Mantle (2900 km): Most abundant
elements are magnesium (Mg), oxygen
(O) and silicon (Si)
• Core: Composed mainly of iron (Fe),
with some nickel (Ni), lighter elements
• Inner core is solid,
• outer core is liquid

29. CORE
• Core is metal (denser) and
overlying mantle and crust are
silicate rock (less dense)
• Part of core is molten metal and
metal has a lower melting point
than silicate rock
• Densest material is in the interior,
volatile (gaseous compounds) on
the Outside

30. CRUST AND MANTLE
1. Crust
2. Lithospheric mantle
Asthenosphere
Mesosphere (lower mantle)
• Note: Lithosphere =
crust+lithospheric mantle

31. Three mechanical layers of the crust and mantle:
• Lithosphere (crust and upper mantle, about 100 km thick) is strong and brittle
• Asthenosphere (mantle, 100-660 km) is plastic and deformable – it contains a
small amount of molten rock or magma.
• Mesosphere (>660 km) is strong, but not brittle

32. EARTH SYSTEM
• shows the simplest
possible convection
pattern, with rising
beneath ridges and
sinking in
subduction zones

33. EARTH SYSTEM
Other possible convection patterns are
more complex
• Two layers of convection
• Rising beneath hotspots or plumes
• “Lava lamp” model