1. Use the rubric to complete the assignment and pay attention t

1. Use the rubric to complete the assignment and pay attention
to the points assigned to each section of the paper.
2. Use the format of the paper to organize your paper.
3. Use the samples of essay critiques as guidelines when
completing this assignment.
4. Students are asked to critique Jules Ferry’s French Colonial
Expansion, not to write a paper about Jules Ferry.
5. Identify a fact (see rubric) means that you take a sentence or
paragraph in the assigned reading that you find very interesting
and cite it as highlighted in yellow in the samples of primary
papers and analyze it. In other words, you come up with your
own interpretation of that fact.
6. Do not summarize the five facts but instead quote them as
written in the assigned reading and highlighted in yellow in the
samples of papers.
Jules Ferry (1832-1893):
On French Colonial Expansion
Ferry was twice prime minister of France, from [1880-1881,
1883-1885]. He is especially remembered for
championing laws that removed Catholic influence from most

education in France and for promoting a vast extension
of the French colonial empire.
The policy of colonial expansion is a political and economic
system ... that can be connected to three sets of ideas:
economic ideas; the most far-reaching ideas of civilization; and
ideas of a political and patriotic sort.
In the area of economics, I am placing before you, with the
support of some statistics, the considerations that justify
the policy of colonial expansion, as seen from the perspective of
a need, felt more and more urgently by the
industrialized population of Europe and especially the people of
our rich and hardworking country of France: the need
for outlets [for exports]. Is this a fantasy? Is this a concern [that
can wait] for the future? Or is this not a pressing
need, one may say a crying need, of our industrial population? I
merely express in a general way what each one of
you can see for himself in the various parts of France. Yes,
what our major industries [textiles, etc.], irrevocably
steered by the treaties of 18601 into exports, lack more and
more are outlets. Why? Because next door Germany is
setting up trade barriers; because across the ocean the United
States of America have become protectionists, and
extreme protectionists at that; because not only are these great
markets ... shrinking, becoming more and more

difficult of access, but these great states are beginning to pour
into our own markets products not seen there before.
This is true not only for our agriculture, which has been so
sorely tried ... and for which competition is no longer
limited to the circle of large European states.... Today, as you
know, competition, the law of supply and demand,
freedom of trade, the effects of speculation, all radiate in a
circle that reaches to the ends of the earth.... That is a
great complication, a great economic difficulty; ... an extremely
serious problem. It is so serious, gentlemen, so
acute, that the least informed persons must already glimpse,
foresee, and take precautions against the time when
the great South American market that has, in a manner of
speaking, belonged to us forever will be disputed and
perhaps taken away from us by North American products.
Nothing is more serious; there can be no graver social
problem; and these matters are linked intimately to colonial
policy.
Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly! We
must say openly that indeed the higher races have a
right over the lower races....
I repeat that the superior races have a right because they have a
duty. They have the duty to civilize the inferior

races.... In the history of earlier centuries these duties,
gentlemen, have often been misunderstood; and certainly
when the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery into
Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men
of a higher race.... But, in our time, I maintain that European
nations acquit themselves with generosity, with
grandeur, and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty.
I say that French colonial policy, the policy of colonial
expansion, the policy that has taken us under the Empire [the
Second Empire, of Napoleon 1111, to Saigon, to Indochina
[Vietnam], that has led us to Tunisia, to Madagascar-I say
that this policy of colonial expansion was inspired by... the fact
that a navy such as ours cannot do without safe
harbors, defenses, supply centers on the high seas .... Are you
unaware of this? Look at a map of the world.
Gentlemen, these are considerations that merit the full attention
of patriots. The conditions of naval warfare have
greatly changed.... At present, as you know, a warship, however
perfect its design, cannot carry more than two
weeks' supply of coal; and a vessel without coal is a wreck on
the high seas, abandoned to the first occupier. Hence
the need to have places of supply, shelters, ports for defense
and provisioning.... And that is why we needed Tunisia;
that is why we needed Saigon and Indochina; that is why we

need Madagascar... and why we shall never leave
them! ... Gentlemen, in Europe such as it is today, in this
competition of the many rivals we see rising up around us,
some by military or naval improvements, others by the
prodigious development of a constantly growing population;
in a Europe, or rather in a universe thus constituted, a policy of
withdrawal or abstention is simply the high road to
decadence! In our time nations are great only through the
activity they deploy; it is not by spreading the peaceable
light of their institutions ... that they are great, in the present
day.
Spreading light without acting, without taking part in the affairs
of the world, keeping out of all European alliances
and seeing as a trap, an adventure, all expansion into Africa or
the Orient-for a great nation to live this way, believe
me, is to abdicate and, in less time than you may think, to sink
from the first rank to the third and fourth.
Source: Sourcebook.
Rubric for critical essay

Header (10 point): Title, Author, Source (Single Spaced only)
Introductory Statement (30): Briefly provides some preliminary
information about the reading.
This should be in the form of an introductory statement which
delineates the basic theme of the reading.
Derived information (40): Identify and discuss 5 specific
points/facts that you gained from
the reading.
Concluding statement (20): Provide a personal assessment of the
value of the document
relative to advancing your understanding of the History of
World
Civilizations Since 1750.
Structural consideration:
• All critiques must be typed written
• All critiques must have a font of 12
• All critiques must be double-spaced
• Standard margins on all sides
Header
(Single Spaced)

Introductory Statement:
Derived Information:
Concluding statement:
Your Name:
Title: Three Founding Fathers on the Stamp Act, 1765-1766.
Author: George Washington (Mount Vernon, Letter to Frances
Dandridge, London, 20
September 1765)
Source: National Humanities Center
Introductory Statement
The Stamp act of 1765 was a tax on all legal documents,
publications, and all printed

material. The colonist thought to themselves that the Stamp act
was unfair so, The colonists
hosted angry protests and boycotts that led to the repeal of the
Stamp Act. With the repeal, the
British government then issued new taxes to raise revenue and
force all colonists to pay for the
cost of colonial administration. When the British issued new
taxes, it caused tension in the
colonist that led to the Boston Massacre. British troops opened
fire on March 5, 1770, with the
killing of five people. Violence began to occur in the colonies.
After the Boston Massacre, more
violence in the American colonies arose. British imposed a tax
on tea that led to high tensions to
the Boston Tea Party. The Stamp Act was the main cause of all
the acts and taxes that were
represented in the colonies during the American Revolution.
Derived Information
The first point I gained from the letter is that George
Washington “looked at the Stamp
act of 1765 as an unconstitutional method of taxation that was
direful upon their rights and a cry
out against the violation”. The Stamp act violated the liberties
of the people. Every colonist had

to pay on the tax. In my opinion, the tax was a war against the
colonist and the tax won until
1766 when the colonist protested that the act was wrong. So, in
1766 the British parliament
ended the act.
The second point that I gained from the letter was that the
‘Mother Country would fall
short of the expectations of the Ministry”. I interpreted that the
Mother Country will not meet its
goals for being a stronger colony and world. The Stamp act
ruined colonies, colonies were not
able to function better as they did before the Stamp Act was
introduced. Taxing on all legal
September 1765)
documents, publications, and paperwork was unfair. Yes, I
understand that a colony needs
money to operate, but a tax on everything was not right. It

ruined people lives. Money was
already rough during the time of the Stamp Act, the act made it
worse. I supposed that George
Washington thought it was unfair, so years later after the letter
he introduced the Declaration of
Independence, giving rights to the people and not allowing the
government to have majority
control over the colonies.
The Third point I gained from the letter was that “substances
flowing to Great Britain”;
contributed to shortening the importations and how it was
hurtful to their manufactures during
the Industrial Revolution. George Washington was aware of the
many luxuries which we lavish
our substances to Great Britain for that he can well distribute
knowing the necessaries of life.
What I got from that point is understanding the budget of
buying certain imported goods and still
knowing the basic requirements of life that include food and
water that are needed. It shows me
that George Washington cared about his people and knowing
that imported goods are not as
important as food and water. Maybe that is why George
Washington is listed as one of the

greatest presidents.
The Fourth point I gained from the letter is that” if Great
Britain loads her (Great Britain)
manufactures with heavy taxes”; will it assist these measures.
With that, if Great Britain decided
to tax manufactures with heavy taxes, it will increase the taxes
on goods that are being bought.
Maybe, that is why George Washington limited the purchase on
imported goods because he
knew the goods would have a hefty tax on the goods. George
Washington also believed that
Great Britain would not force him. He knew he was not one of
the traders that will part from
them without a beneficial consideration. It is not right to leave
somewhere or something
important without a reason why.
September 1765)

The fifth and final point I gained from the letter is “where then
is the utility of these
Restrictions.” As I read and think about those last eight words, I
question myself and ask were
their restrictions for leaving traders, running an Industry, or
running a business. Were the
restrictions on wages, women workers, and children workers?
The Industrial Revolution was all
about working, growing crops, and bringing money into the
society. It also opened many doors
for individuals who were looking for jobs. Jobs that will pay
you for your work. From what I
recall on past lectures on the Industrial Revolution many left
the rural areas and migrated to the
cities where the Industries were being taken placed at.
Concluding Statement
After reading the letter, I understand a lot more about the views
that George Washington
had on the Stamp act of 1765 and the Industrial Revolution, but
it did have me slightly confused
when George Washington was talking about the Stamp Act and
then suddenly began talking
about the Industrial Revolution. I also understand that the

Stamp Act and Industrial Revolution
played A similar role. The Stamp Act had a tax on legal
documents, publications, and all printed
material while the Industrial Revolution had A tax on goods that
are being exported. Both the
Stamp Act and Industrial Revolution was during a change. It did
clear the questions that I had
about both historical events. Overall, the letter had a great
understanding about how George
Washington felt about the Stamp Act and the Industrial
Revolution.
Malick Watson’s paper
September 1765)

The first President of the United States, George Washington, is
best known for
commanding Patriot forces to victory during the Revolutionary
War. Before the American
Revolution occurring, the British colonies experienced many
causes to rebel (such as Frontier
and Tax issues). With a booming population of around 2
million, a booming economy, and the
creation of their currency, the British colonies were thriving on
the path to independence.
However, after the Seven Years War, Great Britain was in so
much debt that they had to instate
heavy taxes and land ordinances on the colonies to support
themselves. The Stamp Act (1765),
was a tax on all legal documents, which ignited an issue that
was already on the rise. The Stamp
Act was the beginning of many rejections by the colonists; and
later, violent reactions such as the
Boston Massacre (1770) sparked more outrage. The subject of
Washington’s letter to his friend
Frances Dandridge is the Stamp Act of 1765, and he expresses
clear opposition to it.

Derived Information:
Initially, Washington states, “The Stamp Act Imposed on the
Colonies by the Parliament
of Great Britain engrosses the conversation of the Speculative
part of the Colonists,…” This first
point sheds light on the fact that many of the colonists were at
high risk of loss. The Stamp Act’s
effect on the colonists sparked outrage and opposition as he
states next, “who look upon this
unconstitutional method of Taxation as a direful attack upon
their Liberties & loudly exclaim
against the violation.” In his second point, he later says, “the
Eyes of our People – already
beginning to open,” which signals that the first signs of unrest
and revolution are beginning to
form; the support they gave to their oppressors would not last
much longer.
September 1765)

The third point that Washington makes is that if this heavy
taxation continues (among
other forms of oppression), the profit that Great Britain receives
will be extremely small
compared to Parliament’s hopes. As stated in lines 3-6, “what
may be the result of this & some
other (I think I may add) ill judg’d Measures,… the advantage
accruing to the Mother Country
will fall greatly short of the expectations of the Ministry [king’s
cabinet].” In his fourth point,
Washington cares to point out that everything they manufacture/
grows already benefits Great
Britain, and lessening imports (etc.) is detrimental to the profits
of their manufacturers. As he
states in lines 6-8, “certain it is, our whole Substance does
already in a manner flow to Great
Britain and that whatsoever contributes to lessen our
Importations must be hurtful to their
Manufacturers.” He says this because the tariffs and taxes
imposed on the colonies are sparking
boycotts of British goods.
Concluding Statement:
The last point that Washington makes is that the taxes placed

on them will cause much
loss to Great Britain as many colonial manufacturers would
abandon trade with them easily,
causing the industry to become crippled. Does he pose the
question: that without force, where is
the benefit/usefulness of these Acts? As said in lines 13-15,
“they will not compel us, I think, to
give our Money for their exports, whether we will or no, and
certain I am none of their Traders
will part from them without a valuable consideration – Where
then is the Utility of these
Restrictions?” He says these things as a way to say that Great
Britain’s efforts will be useless if
they do not apply force, the irony of this is that he said this is
before the Boston Massacre in
1770 (which resulted in the killings of 5 colonists). After the
Boston Massacre, colonial unrest
skyrocketed.
September 1765)

After reading this letter, I now have a deeper understanding of
the issues that many
colonists faced in the escalation towards revolution. Colonists’
livelihoods were threatened at the
imposition of tax systems that weren’t there previously –
colonists were expected to export a
majority of their goods to Great Britain and didn’t have to pay
taxes. I do appreciate that
Washington cared to point out that the profit from the new taxes
was not going to make much of
a difference, as the main use of the colonies were to help Great
Britain in the first place. This
letter also provides you with the perspective of Washington,
who was at the forefront of the
Revolution as the Commander in Chief of the Continental Army.
It allows one to see the issues
as if you were there; it makes you realize that these issues were
not petty tax and land issues. The
Stamp Act was the first of many suppressions that Great Britain
placed on Colonist’s liberties.
Tuesday Cabang’s paper

September 1765)
The Stamp Act was passed by the British Parliament on March
22, 1765. This tax was mainly
imposed on all American colonists and ordered them to pay a
tax on every piece of printed paper
they used. The main caused of this act to be passed “no taxation
without representation”. This
different act forced colonists to buy a British stamp for every
official document they obtained.

Derived Information
The first point that I gained from this excerpt was the first
point. It stated, “The Stamp Act
Imposed on the Colonies by the Parliament of Great Britain
engrosses the conversation of the
Speculative part of the Colonists, who look upon this
unconstitutional method of Taxation as a
direful attack upon their Liberties and loudly exclaim against
the Violation”. George Washington
is saying in this point that the act is unconstitutional. He is also
saying that this act is not called
for and that he does not see it lasting long. The act did not last
long though, only lasted for a
year. George Washington repealed the act in 1766.
The second point that I gained from this excerpt was the second
point. It stated “what
may be the result of this and some other (I think I may add) ill -
judged Measures, I will not
undertake to determine; but this I may venture to affirm, that
the advantage accruing to the
Mother Country will fall greatly short of the expectations of the
Ministry [king’s cabinet]; for
certain it is our whole Substance does already, already
beginning to open”. George Washington

said that statement because he knows from the start that this
new Stamp Act is going to divide
the country up. He also mentions how he wants the same for
everybody but the British are
September 1765)
opposed to the idea. George Washington for me has to be one of
my favorite presidents because
of this. He saw the world differently than many people did at
the time.
The third point that I observed in this article is “And the Eyes
of our People already
beginning to open”. When George Washington says this he
means that Americans are starting to
realize what the British are doing. Taxing on stamps and
newspapers was wrong. I do not see
why it took them so long to realize that. He also says that the
things the people lavish from Great

Britain will soon be too high for them to buy. This Stamp Act
didn’t help the world at all
knowing Americans at that time really didn’t have much control
and sometimes had to listen to
the British for things.
The fourth point I liked in this excerpt is “If Great Britain,
therefore, Loads her
Manufactures with heavy taxes, will not facilitate these
measures’? For me, this was the part of
the excerpt I had time with. With reading this excerpt many
times I finally realized what George
Washington meant. He is saying that if Great Britain piles the
factories with heavy taxes will the
people still work under the conditions. With Great Britain doing
this I also wondered if they
would work until I read the fifth point.
The fifth and final point from this excerpt that I am going to
talk about is “they will not
compel us, I think, to give our Money for their exports, whether
we will or no, and certain I am
none of their Traders will part from without a valuable
consideration”. This point is dating back
to my fourth point. He is saying that even though they are going
to heavily tax the factories, they

have a choice to work or not and the manufactures will probably
lose money. He also says that
they have a choice to give their money for British exports.
George Washington states that the
British traders will not make any money if the Americans stand
up and protest the Act.
September 1765)
After reading this article many times, I realized that George
Washington made a great point in
this excerpt. I did not understand why the Stamp Act was passed
in the first place. Only lasting a
year and so, it should have been repelled within a couple of
days. Reading this excerpt I really
gained a lot of knowledge from George Washington to the
Stamp Act.
Avery Brown’s Paper

September 1765)
Introductory Statement
George Washington on The Stamp Act was a letter from
George Washington to Francis
Dandridge that addressed the colonist issues with the Stamp
Act. Washington’s Letter was to try
and persuade the British to possibly rethink imposing it. The
Stamp Act was a tax imposed by

the British Parliament on the colonist that required them to pay
a tax on all printed paper
including newspapers, licenses, and another legal document.
Washington stated in his letter that
those who looked upon the taxation as a dire attack on their
liberties exclaimed loudly against the
violation. George Washington wrote the letter in an attempt to
salvage what was left of the
relationship between the British Parliament and the colonist by
bringing attention to the
downside of possible outcomes for manufactured goods
exported by the Parliament.
Derived Information
The first point I derived from the letter was that
Washington was not exactly sure what the
colonist would do but he knew that it would not be good for the
British. In his letter he stated
“this I may venture to affirm, that the advantage accruing to the
Mother Country will fall greatly
short of the expectations of the Ministry [king’s cabinet];” The
second point that I derived was
that Washington knew that most of what the colonist had
already gone to the British and for the
colonist to lessen their imports from The British would not be

beneficial to the British or their
Manufactures. In his letter he states, “our whole Substance does
already in a manner flow to
Great Britain and that whatsoever contributes to lessen our
Importations must be hurtful to their
Manufacturers.” The third thing point I derived was that the
colonist was beginning to realize
that many of the things that they were having imported from the
British were not necessary and
could be produced themselves, so the tax
September 1765)
made it so that they were less inclined to import from the
British Parliament. Washington states
“the Eyes of our People ⎯ already beginning to open ⎯ will
perceive that many Luxuries which
we lavish our substance to Great Britain for, can well be
dispensed with whilst the necessaries of

Life are (mostly) to be had within ourselves” The fourth thing I
derived was that the outcome of
the colonist no longer importing goods from the British
Parliament will force them to be more
frugal and subsequently force an imposed tax to be placed upon
the manufacturers as well.
Washington states in his letter “this consequently will introduce
frugality and be a necessary
stimulation to Industry ⎯ ⎯ If Great Britain, therefore, Loads
her Manufactures with heavy
Taxes, will it not facilitate these Measures?” The fifth and last
thing that I derived was that the
traders of the British Parliament would not part from their
trading without considering all facts as
it related to the taxes so the colonist not importing goods would
be a huge detriment. The letter
states “…certain I am none of their Traders will part from them
without a valuable consideration
⎯ ⎯ Where then is the Utility of these Restrictions?”
After reading this letter, I understand that the British
had a lapse in judgment as it related
to the Stamp Acts imposed taxes. From the colonist point of
view, it only made sense for them to

part ways from importing goods from the British.
Imara Sudah’s paper

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