Basic Structure of Computers, Define Computer Architecture? Who originated the concept of a digital programmable computer, Introduction to Subject. Basic Structure of Computers, Functional units, software performance issues

1. Subject: Computer Architecture
By
Mrs. Aarti R. Salunke
Asst. Prof. ECT Dept.
5/10/2021
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2. *
*Vision of the Department:
To develop GREAT technocrats and to establish center of excellence in the
field of Electronics and Telecommunications.
*Global technocrats with human values,
*Research and lifelong learning attitude,
*Excellent ability to tackle challenges,
*Awareness of the needs of society,
*Technical expertise
*Mission of the Department:
To provide good technical education and enhance technical competency
by providing good infrastructure, resources, effective teaching learning
process and competent, caring and committed faculty.
To provide various platforms to students for cultivating professional
attitude and ethical values.
Creating a strong foundation among students which will enable them to
pursue their career choice.
Department Of Electronics and Telecommunication, JNEC, MGMU, Aurangabad, MS, India
5/10/2021
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3. *
*Architecture can mean: A general term to describe
buildings and other physical structures. The art and science
of designing buildings and (some) nonbuilding structures.
The style of design and method of construction of buildings
and other physical structures.
*Computer architecture is a science or a set of rules stating
how computer software and hardware are joined together
and interact to make a computer work. It not only
determines how the computer works but also of which
technologies the computer is capable.
Department Of Electronics and Telecommunication, JNEC, MGMU, Aurangabad, MS, India
5/10/2021
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4. *
*To introduce basic concepts of computer organization and to
illustrate the computer organization concepts by assembly
language programming.
*To find solutions using assembly language program on
arithmetic operations.
*To understand memory types and its organization
*To explain concept of parallel processing.
Department Of Electronics and Telecommunication, JNEC, MGMU, Aurangabad, MS, India
5/10/2021
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Department Of Electronics and Telecommunication, JNEC, MGMU, Aurangabad, MS, India

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*Contd..
Department Of Electronics and Telecommunication, JNEC, MGMU, Aurangabad, MS, India

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NPTEL
Swayam
Courses
BOOKS
References
COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE JOURNALS
MAGAZI
NES
RESEARCH
PAPERS
5/10/2021
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8. Unit-1 Basics of Computers
Lesson Plan
Prof A.R.Salunke (Assistant Professor, ECT) - Computer Architecture-TH (TY-ECT-I) – JNEC MGMU
Sr.
No. Contents Objective Methodology
Faculty
Approach Learners Activity
Learning
Outcome BL CO PO PSO
1
Introduction to
Subject. Basic
Structure of
Computers
To study block
diagram of computer
parts Oral and PPT
Question and
Ans.
Explanation Participate Listening
Verbal skills,
Remembering 1 1 1 2
2 Functional units
To study functional
unites of computer
Mind
mapping, PPT
Facilitate Discuss and Draw
Verbal skills,
Interpersonal
and
communication 1 1 1 2
3
software
performance issues
To study software
performance issues Oral and PPT
Question and
Ans.
Explanation
Participate Listening Verbal and
communication 2 1 1,2 2
4
machine instructions
and programs, Types
of instructions
To study instructions
of programming Oral and PPT Explanation
Listening
Remembering
and
understanding 2 1 1,2,5 2
5
Instruction sets:
Instruction formats,
To study different
instruction format Oral and PPT
Question and
Ans.
Explanation
Participate Listening
Remembering,
and
understanding 2 1 1,2,5 2
6 Assembly language
To study assembly
language
Oral and PPT
Question and
Ans.
Explanation
Participate Listening
Verbal skills ,
Understanding
and Analyzing 3 1 1,2 2
7
Stacks, Queues,
Subroutines.
To study stacks
queues subroutines
Oral and PPT
Question and
Ans.
Explanation
Participate Listening
Verbal skills ,
Understanding
and Analyzing 3 1 1,2,5 2
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9. *
• Que. : Define Computer Architecture?
• Ans. In engineering, computer architecture is a set of rules and
methods that describe the functionality, organization, and
implementation of computer systems.
Computer architecture is concerned with balancing the performance, efficiency,
cost, and reliability of a computer system.
• Que. : Who originated the concept of a digital programmable
computer.
• Ans. Charles Babbage (1791-1871),
Computer pioneer, designed the first automatic
computing engines. He invented computers but failed
to build
them.
Department Of Electronics and Telecommunication, JNEC, MGMU, Aurangabad, MS, India
5/10/2021
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*
*
Department Of Electronics and Telecommunication, JNEC, MGMU, Aurangabad, MS, India

11. *
Fig. 1 : Basic structure of Computer Architecture 5/10/2021
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13. *
Input Unit:
Input unites are used by computer to read data.
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*What Are the Different Types of Computer Mouse
Models?
*Wired Mouse. A wired mouse connects directly to your
desktop or laptop, usually through a USB port, and transmits
information via the cord. ...
*Bluetooth Mouse. ...
*Trackball Mouse. ...
*Optical Mouse. ...
*Laser Mouse. ...
*Magic Mouse. ...
*USB Mouse. ...
*Vertical Mouse.

15. *
Memory Unit:
The function of memory unit is to store data and
programs.
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Computer memory is of two basic type –
Primary memory(RAM and ROM) and Secondary memory(hard
drive,CD,etc.).
Random Access Memory (RAM) is primary-volatile memory and Read Only
Memory (ROM) is primary-non-volatile memory.
It is also called as read write memory or the main memory or the primary
memory.

17. *
Arithmetic and Logical Unit:
Computer operations are executed in Arithmetic
and logical unit (ALU) of the processor.
The ALU performs simple addition,
subtraction, multiplication,
division, and logic operations,
such as OR and AND.
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18. *
Output Unit:
Output unites are used by computer to send
results to the outside world.
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* Basic Structure of printer

20. *
Control Unit:
The control unit (CU) is a component of
a computer's central processing unit (CPU)
that directs the operation of the processor. It
tells the computer's memory, arithmetic and
logic unit and input and output devices how to
respond to the instructions that have been
sent to the processor.
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21. *
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22. *
*What is Software?
Software is a program that enables a computer to
perform a specific task, as opposed to the physical
components of the system (hardware). ... Computer
software has to be "loaded" into the computer's storage
(such as a hard drive, memory, or RAM). Once
the software is loaded, the computer is able to execute
the software.
*What are some common performance issues?
Some of the most common issues include the presence
of slow servers, poorly written code, and duplicate
title tags.
Department Of Electronics and Telecommunication, JNEC, MGMU, Aurangabad, MS, India
5/10/2021
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23. * Image Courtesy www.chtips.com 5/10/2021
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24. *
*A machine instruction consists of several bytes in memory that
tells the processor to perform one machine operation.
*Types of Instruction
*Arithmetic instructions
*Logical
*bit manipulation instructions
*Shift instructions
Eg.
*Data transfer instructions– move, load exchange, input, output.
...
*Arithmetic instructions – add, subtract, increment, decrement,
convert byte/word and compare.
Department Of Electronics and Telecommunication, JNEC, MGMU, Aurangabad, MS, India
5/10/2021
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25. *
*Instruction in memory has two parts: opcode
and operands. The opcode identifies the
operation that instruction does. The operands
are subjects of the operation, such as data
values, registers, or memory addresses. Due to
variety of opcodes and
operands, instructions may occupy different
sizes of bytes in memory.
Department Of Electronics and Telecommunication, JNEC, MGMU, Aurangabad, MS, India
5/10/2021
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26. *
*In computer programming, assembly language, often
abbreviated asm, is any low-level programming language in
which there is a very strong correspondence between the
instructions in the language and the architecture's machine
code instructions
*MOV - move data from one location to another
*ADD - add two values
*SUB - subtract a value from another value
*PUSH - push data onto a stack
*POP - pop data from a stack
*JMP - jump to another location
*INT - interrupt a process
Department Of Electronics and Telecommunication, JNEC, MGMU, Aurangabad, MS, India
5/10/2021
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27. *
* Stack: The stack is an area of memory;
the stack pointer is the address of the
last value pushed onto the stack.
Usually, the stack is used for storing
data when subroutines are called.
The stack is a last-in-first-out, i.e.,
LIFO structure so the last thing stored
in the stack is the first thing retrieved.
* Queue: In programming, a queue is a
data structure in which elements are
removed in the same order they were
entered. This is often referred to as
FIFO (first in, first out). In contrast, a
stackis a data structure in which
elements are removed in the reverse
order from which they were entered.
* Subroutine: a set of instructions
designed to perform a frequently used
operation within a program.
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