This project is based on review of various researches which has been worked carried out through the problems evolved in the design & fabrication of currently using oil extractors. This project contributes to the problem evaluation of a small scale industry working in the area of oil extraction. The research fruit forward the manually operated portable oil extractor. This could help the small scale industries working in these area to improve the life and function-ability of the unit which would in their term lead to low cost and more profit. This will in turn decide the criteria of material selection and dimensional decisions. Thus, the work contributes to reduction of running cost of an industry and sudden breakdowns occurring at the shop floor.

1. 1
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF
MANUALLY OPERATED PORTABLE OIL
EXTRACTOR
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
ABIN BONI PIOUS
AJAY ANTONY
ALEN VARGHESE
JEEJO SAMUEL JOSE
In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MAR EPHRAEM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
APRIL 2018

2. 2
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF
MANUALLY OPERATED PORTABLE OIL
EXTRACTOR
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
ABIN BONI PIOUS
AJAY ANTONY
ALEN VARGHESE
JEEJO SAMUEL JOSE
In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MAR EPHRAEM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
APRIL 2018

3. 3
ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI – 600025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MANUALLY
OPERATED PORTABLE OIL EXTRACTOR” is the bonafide work of
ABIN BONI PIOUS (961415114004), AJAY ANTONY (961415114013),
ALEN VARGHESE (961415114023), JEEJO SAMUEL JOSE
(961415114058) who carried out the project work under our supervision.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Prof.D. Rajeev, ME. Mr. LALU G ROBIN,ME
Head of the department SUPERVISOR
School of mechanical engineering School of mechanical engineering
Mar Ephraem college of Mar Ephraem college of
Engineering & Technology Engineering & Technology
Elavuvilai, K.K Dist. Elavuvilai,K.K Dist.
Submitted to the university exam held at Mar Ephraem college of Engineering
and Technology held on ……………………………………………
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

4. 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we would like to thank the Almighty for showering his blessing
upon us. We express our heartfelt thanks to our respected and honourable
Correspondent Very Rev.Fr. Josephin Raj
For providing full facilities and technical environment to start this project work.
We our heartfelt gratitude to our principal Prof.Dr. A. Lenin Fred, M.E, Ph.D
of our institution for his constant support.
We can never forget our Academic Director, Prof.Dr.N. Austin, M.E,Ph.D.
for the unlisted encouragement and more over for their timely support and
guidance till the completion of our project work.
We are highly obliged to Prof.D.Rajeev , M.E Head of the Mechanical
Department for rendering his full support both mentally and technically by
encouraging us at all the times as needed. We would like to express our whole
hearted thanks to Asst Prof. N.E.Godwin pithalis, M.E and Asst Prof.M.Lalu G
Robin, M.E , Project co-ordinators for their constsnt encouragement for
finishing the project successfully.
Once again we would like to express our whole hearted thanks to our
project guide Asst Prof. Lalu G Robin M.E,Professor in Mechanical
Engineering Department to meet all changes and come up with our project
victory.
Last but not the least we thank all the Teaching and the Non -Teaching
Staff Members of Mechanical Engineering Department and our friends for their
sole help and Co-operation in successful completion of this project.

5. 5
ABSTRACT
This project is based on review of various researches which has been
worked carried out through the problems evolved in the design &
fabrication of currently using oil extractors. This project contributes
to the problem evaluation of a small scale industry working in the
area of oil extraction. The research fruit forward the manually
operated portable oil extractor. This could help the small scale
industries working in these area to improve the life and function
ability of the unit which would in their term lead to low cost and more
profit. This will in turn decide the criteria of material selection and
dimensional decisions. Thus, the work contributes to reduction of
running cost of an industry and sudden breakdowns occurring at the
shop floor.

6. 6
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
1 INTRODUCTION 7-9
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10-13
3 FABRICATION 14-23
4 DESIGN
CALCULATIONS
24-27
5 PRINCIPLE OF
OPERATION
28-29
6
RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
30
7 3D-MODELS 31
8 CONCLUSIONS 34
9 REFERENCES 35
10 APPENDIX 36-37

7. 7
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
The groundnut, Arachis hypogaea, also known as the peanut or
earthnut, is botanically a member of the Papilionaceae, largest and
most important member of the Leguminosae. Hans and Frans. (1989).
It is a very important oil seed and food crop around the globe for its
nutritional and trade values. Shankarappa et al., (2003). Mainly native
to warmer climates, groundnuts frequently provide food for humans
or livestock, and in the absence of meat, form a valuable dietary
protein component. Hammos (1994) Groundnuts are almost
exclusively processed in combination with the utilization of the
residue for human consumption. In fact often the bye-product, a kind
of a snack called Kulikuli in Nigeria and some other African
countries, is usually the main product and the processing of the
groundnut oil only as part of the process. Groundnuts give edible and
pleasant tasting oil for direct human consumption and are used as
salad oil or for cooking. The oil is also further processed to
margarine or Vanaspati in India, soaps, paints and cosmetics. The oil
content of groundnut cancontain up to 50% oil (although the usual
range is 40% to 45%) and 25 % to 30 % protein (Hammos, 1994). Oil
is extracted from groundnut through either traditional means (mostly
dependent on human energy with about 20-30% of the oil extracted)
or mechanical means with over 30% of the oil been extracted
(Olaomi, 2008). Most vegetable oils are recovered by grinding,
cooking, expelling and pressing, or by solvent extraction of the raw

8. 8
materials. The most common method of extracting edible oil from
oilseeds is mechanical pressing of oilseeds (Bamgboye and Adejumo,
2007). Extraction of groundnut oil could be done in two major ways
that is the traditional and improved methods. The traditional method
is usually a manual process and involves preliminary processing and
hand pressing. The improved method consists of chemical extraction
and mechanical expression. The chemical extraction method requires
the use of organic solvents to recover the oil from the products.
Mechanical method involves the application of pressure to already
pre-treated oil-bearing products. It employs the use of devices like
screw and hydraulic presses as a means of applying the pressure
(Gunstone and Norris, 1983). Vegetable oil expellers are of different
types and forms based on design, construction and the raw materials
they are to process. Alonge et al., (2004) develop a small scale screw
press for groundnut oil extraction while a mechanical compression rig
was developed by Olaniyan and Oje (2007) for shea butter extraction.
Olaniyan (2010) developed a manually-operated expeller for
groundnut oil extraction and the performance of palm kernel oil
(PKO) extracting machine was evaluated by Olawepo-Olayiwole and
Balogun (2004). In most PKO and soya bean oil (SBO) extraction
mills, large and commercial scale industrial expellers are used; such
expellers are expensive, involve high level technology which cannot
be afforded by small scale and low income oil millers. In order to
assist the small scale oil millers in the rural communities, small scale
screw press oil expellers need to be designed, constructed and

9. 9
integrated into the vegetable oil industry. The goal of this work is to
design, develop and test a small scale screw press oil expeller for
groundnut in the rural communities. This would go a long way in
ensuring food security, alleviating poverty, and creating employment
for the teaming youth in the communities. The aim of this work is to
design and fabricate an improved, durable and electrically powered
oil expeller making use of accessible raw material. In order to achieve
this, specific objectives such as develop a machine to extract oil from
an oil bearing fruit, reduce the amount of time spent in extracting oil
and increase oil yield by a considerable percentage, thereby
increasing income and providing a suitable alternative to industrial oil
millers that is affordable to small scale oil milling industries. The
machine has the following specifications; capacity of 100 kg/hr for
expelling, speed range between 50 and 100 rpm, screw thread
thickness of 5 mm, length of Power screw shaft 600 mm, integral
cone length of 120 mm, screw threaded section of 530 mm length and
an extraction chamber with 70 mm internal diameter and 308 mm
length.

10. 10
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Mr. Mangesh A. Pachkawade, Prof. Pawan A Chandak, have carried
out the analysis of spare parts like bearing, main shaft, worm threads,
rings, shaft key, gears etc and find out the reasons for failure, that is
the action of high forces and various stress on these spare parts, also
the generation of the huge amount of heat between mating parts lead
to wear of the parts and reduction of their strength. He suggested that
in order to reduce these failures design and analysis of spare parts in
necessary, which result in the selection of the optimal parameters for
these spares increasing its efficiency and hence the overall
productivity of the industry. Dr. Sachin P. Unthawale, Prof. Pawan A.
Chandak, Mr. Mangesh A. Pachkawade, The author study the various
material(Mild steel En8, En19, En24) used for worm shaft. They
analyze the material on the software Ansys and concluded that the
total deformation inEn24 and En8 screwshaft is lesser than all other
materials. The maximum shear stress is also reducing in En8
screwshaft as compared to existing mild steel screwshaft. After study
they know that, they getting better result of heat flow through the
En19 and En8 material as compared to other material, and among En8
and Den19 material, En8 material is more economical and has
properties and result suitable for the application, therefore they
suggested En8 material to be the best material for screwshaft. V. S.
Khangar and Dr. S. B. Jaju, The various methodologies used for the

11. 11
failure analysis of shaft used indifferent application by various
authors are reviewed in this paper. Roll shaft failure can be prevented
primarily by introduction of better material design optimization & by
using correct manufacturing processes. This paper presents the
comparison of the different methodology used, their application &
limitation by various authors. The objective of the present work is to
study the various methodologies used for the shaft failure analysis &
to choose the best methodology suitable for the failure analysis of
bridle roll shaft used in continuous steel industry to prevent repetitive
failure. Bridle roll failure leads to heavy loss approximately Rs 80000
per hour due to line stoppage & repairing cost associate with the
breakdown. Mehul K. Modh and J.R. Mevada, The author have
carried out the thrust ball bearing analysis of oil expeller and results
are compared with analytical results to solve the problem of Thrust
ball bearing into pieces failure in oil expeller once in 2 to 3 months.
The author had calculated the thrust force acting upon the thrust ball
bearing, which is quite high which a bearing can withstand.
Calculated life of existing bearing is about 5.2 months. Hence it was
proposed to change the bearing which gives satisfactory life of 2.5
years by calculation further static analysis of the Part of bearing on
Pro-E wild Fire 4 and Ansys Workbench 11 was carried out. The
analysis results the Principle stress, Principle strain and axial
deformation found to be reduced. A. Ibrahim and A. P. Onwualu,
Reviewed the technologies for oil extraction from oil-
bearingagricultural products and different types of oil- bearing

12. 12
agricultural products, pre-processing conditions including the removal
of hulls and shells, pre-processing conditioning such as size reduction,
moisture content adjustment, heat treatment and pressure application,
as well as the methods employed in the extraction, namely; traditional
and modern (improved) methods discussed in this paper. The
improved method includes; oil expeller, screw press, and solvent
(chemical extraction). Problems (technical, socio-economic and
institutional) associated with each method and the need for more
research for the improvement of the methods is analyzed. It has been
shown that for any developing country to effectively adopt modern
methods in the production of edible vegetable oils, improvement on
the existing traditional methods, environmental factors, government
policies, socio economical and cultural considerations of the users
need to be studied. This can be achieved through more research in the
recommended area of need. M. Zamanzadeh, E. Larkin and D.
Gibbon, The author presents the methods of various failure analysis
processes applied to all different types of materials. Each class of
materials requires special skills and experience to effectively unravel
the causes of failure. This paper focuses on these various subsets of
materials. These include failures in metallurgy, paints and coatings,
plastics and electronics, as well as failure caused by corrosion and
principles of root cause determination within that particular field. This
paper is primarily concerned with the overall approach to failure
analysis and with the applications of that approach to metallurgical
failures. In this paper various case studies on materials failure analysis

13. 13
are reviewed. Mehul K. Modh and J.R. Mevada, The author have
carried out the thrust ball bearing analysis of oil expeller and results
are compared with analytical results to solve the problem of Thrust
ball bearing into pieces failure in oil expeller once in 2 to 3 months.
The author had calculated the thrust force acting upon the thrust ball
bearing, which is quite high which a bearing can withstand.
Calculated life of existing bearing is about 5.2 months. Hence it was
proposed to change the bearing which gives satisfactory life of 2.5
years by calculation further static analysis of the Part of bearing on
Pro-E wild Fire 4 and Ansys Workbench 11 was carried out. The
analysis results the Principle stress, Principle strain and axial
deformation found to be reduced. Aremu A. K and Ogunlade C, A An
oil extractor machine was designed, constructed and tested to remove
and recover oil from kenaf when used for the absorption and clean-up
of crude oil spillage. The machine has a through put capacity of 36.5
kg/hr and oil Extraction Efficiency (percent oil yield) of 62.2 % and
the oil yield was dependent on the moisture content of the soaked
kenaf best and core used for the absorption (clean-up) process. The
operation of the machine does not require any technical-know-how
and the machine can be easily maintained as it has the tendency of
self-lubricating the extraction chamber due to presence of oil in the
input material.

14. 14
CHAPTER-3
FABRICATION
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE MACHINE COMPONENTS:
The Hand operated oil expeller was designed and developed.
It’s components include the Press cage, frame, screw shaft,
feed hopper, crank handle. The machine was conceived at a
low cost, easy to adjust, easy to dismantle and easy to
fabricate device for extracting oil from oil seeds. The conical
shaped hopper is mounted on the frame and held in place by a
hopper support frame.The press cage consist of a semi-
circular conical sieve . The oil expeller is a screw-type
machine that mainly presses oil seeds through a caged barrel-
like cavity. Raw materials enter one side of the press and
waste products exit the other side. The oil seeps through small
openings that do not allow seed fibre solids to pass through.
Afterward, the pressed seeds are formed into a hardened cake,
which is removed from the cap.

15. 15
ARC WELDING:
Arc welding is a type of welding that uses a welding power
supply to create an electric arc between an electrode & the base
material to melt the metals at the welding point. They can use either
direct (DC) or alternating (AC) current, & consumable or non-
consumable electrodes. The welding region is usually protected by
some type of shielding gas, vapour, or slag. Arc welding processes
may be manual, semi-automatic, or fully automated. First developed
in the lathe part of the 19th
century, arc welding became commercially
important in shipbuilding during the Second World War. Today it
remains an important process for the fabrication of steel structures &
vehicles.

16. 16
CUTTING TOOL:
In the context of machining, a cutting tool or cutter is any tool
that is used to remove material from the work piece by means of shear
deformation. Cutting may be completed by single-point or multipoint
tools. Single-point tools are used in turning, shaping, planning, &
similar operations, & remove material by means of one cutting edge.
Milling & drilling tools are often multipoint tools. Grinding tools are
also multipoint tools. Each grain of abrasive functions as a
microscopic single-point cutting edge (although of high negative rake
angle), & shears a tiny chip.
Cutting tools must be made of a material harder than the material
which is to be cut, & the tool must be able to withstand the heat
generated in the metal-cutting process. Also, the tool must have a
specific geometry, with clearance angles designed so that the cutting
edge can contact the work piece without the rest of the tool dragging
on the work piece surface. The angle of cutting face is also important,
as is the flute width, number of flutes or teeth, & margin size. In order
to have a long working life, all of the above must be optimized, plus
the speeds & feeds at which the tool is run.

17. 17
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:
The mechanics of oil nuts include compression, shearing, &
impact. The developed machine utilizes the principle of shearing
force. The following factors were considered in the design of the
manually operated portable oil extractor.
1.Materials of adequate strength & stability were used for fabrication
(i.e. Mild Steel).
2.The machine was designed to have a maximum capacity of 3 Kg of
oil seed meat of any oil seeds, so that the machine could be affordable
for small scale farmers, micro industries.
3.The materials that are available locally were used in the fabrication
of the components. Consideration was given to the cost of items &

18. 18
materials for fabrication with the ultimate aim of utilizing the
cheapest available materials, yet satisfying all strength requirements.
DESIGN OF MACHINE COMPONENTS:
The relevant physical & mechanical properties of oil seeds & nuts
required as basic design data were obtained. Basic considerations
were given to the design for the size/dimension & capacity of the
machine, including the numbers of cuttings on screw shaft, thickness
of screw shaft & diameter of press chamber. The design of hopper is
based on flow characteristics of the oil seeds. Prandtl carried out an
experiment on physical properties of oil seeds & they found that the
flow characteristics likes sphericity varies between 0.82-0.83 & angle
of repose varies between 36.41 & 38.67 at various moisture content.
Therefore, the designed of the hopper angle is greater than 40 for easy
flowability of the seeds. Similarly, an experiment was conducted to
determine the force required to detach the oil from the its seed. The
shearing force so deducted was employed in the subsequent design &
the selection of machine components like number of cuttings on
screw shaft, press chamber in extracting chamber influences the
extracting efficiency & seed damage. It is known that increase in
clearance would cause seed damage. It is known that increase in
clearance would result in low extracting efficiency whereas, reduced
clearance would cause seed damage. Therefore, the clearance

19. 19
dimensions based on axial dimensions of the seed & nut were used to
calculate some of the parameter for the various components.
SELECTION & DESIGN CRITERIA:
General requirements of Machine Design;
1.High productivity
2.Ability to produce & provide required accuracy of shape & size &
also necessary surface finish.
3.Simplicity of design.
4.Safety & convenience of control.
5.Low Cost.
6.Good Appearance.
DESIGN PROCEDURE:
Before proceeding to the process of manufacturing, it’s
necessary to have some knowledge about the project design essential
to design the project before starting the manufacturing. Maximum
cost of producing a product is established originally by the designer.
General Design procedure for a product: When a new product or their
elements are to be designed, a designer may proceed as follows:

20. 20
1.Make a detailed statement of the problems completely; it should be
as clear as possible & also of the purpose for which the machine is to
be designed.
2.Make selection of the possible mechanism which will give the
desire motion.
3.Determine the forces acting on it & energy transmitted by each
element of the machine.
4.Select the material best suited for each element of the machine.
5.Determine the allowable or design stress considering all the factors
that affect the strength of the machine part.
6.Identify the importance & necessary & application of the machine.
7.Problems with the existing requirement of the machine, productivity
& demand.
8.Determine the size of each element with a view to prevent undue
distortion or breakage under the applied load.
9.Modify the machine elements or parts to agree with the past
experience & judgement & to facilitate manufacture.
10.Make assembly & detail drawings of machine with complete
specification for the materials & manufacturing methods i.e. accuracy,
surface finish etc.

21. 21
SECTION:(2D) DRAWINGS
(ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM)
1.FEED HOPPER
2.CYLINDER CHAMBER

22. 22
3.HANDLE
4.REDUCER CAP

23. 23
5.SCREW SHAFT

24. 24
CHAPTER-4
DESIGN CALCULATIONS
1. Quantity to be crushed 3 Kgs per 10 minutes.
2. Hopper capacity = 0.5 Kg.
3. Main screw shaft teeth = 10.
4. Shaft Torque = T
Analytical Calculations:
Calculate speed ratio and verify Screw (main Shaft + Worm) rotation:
a) Find input speed for Handle:
For manually operated portable oil extractor’s screw shaft;
D1/D2 = N2/N1
228.6/762=N2/960
N2=288 RPM
For Speed Ratio G1 = T3/T2
G1=74/12
G1=6.166 Similarly:
G2= T5/T4

25. 25
G2 = 42/15
Speed Ratio = G1×G2 = 17.2648
Main Shaft Rotation (N): = input speed at press chamber (N2) / Speed
Ratio =288/17.2648 = 16.68 Rpm = Approx. 18 Rpm
Shaft Torque Calculation (T):
As 1 Hp = 0.754699 KW
Therefore, power = 50 HP = 37.73 KW
We, know, Power = 2×π×N×T/60
P = 1.8849×T T = 20016.28×103 N-mm
Angular Velocity of Screw Shaft = 2×π×N/60
= 1.8849rad/sec
Handle force calculation (F):
Considering, d = 80mm;
T = F×r 20016.89×103
= F× (80/2)
F1 = 500.40×103 N Considering, d = 85mm;

26. 26
T = F×r 20016.38×103
= F× (85/2)
F2 = 470.97×103 N
Stress Calculation:
Considering smallest diameter for calculations-
Normal stress developed (σn) = Force/Area
= 500.40×103/5026.54
= 99.55 N/mm2.
Shear stress develop (τ):
Working stress developed = T = π×τ×d3/16
= 20016.38×103
= π×τ×803/16
stress (τ) = 199.10 N/mm2
Maximum shear stress developed (τmax) = Kt×16×T/π×d3
= 1.61×16(20016.38×103)/3.14×803
= 231.08 N/mm2.
The design is done for machine capable of extracting capacity of 3Kg.

27. 27
From the design calculations, five teeth numbered screw shaft is
required to extract the seeds in the press chamber. The length, width
& thickness of 45cm, 23.5cm, 4cm respectively are required for the
extractor. The machine is manually operated & the speed of rotating
shaft was determined to be 45 rpm. Optimum shaft diameter of 8mm
was calculated to overcome the load on shaft. Because of human
stimulation, the shaft used in the machine was subjected to a
fluctuating bending moment & hence torque.
Ball bearings were used for reducing the frictional effect as indicated
by the Anti-friction bearing manufactures association.

28. 28
CHAPTER-5
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The oil seeds are introduced through the feed hopper & extraction is
achieved in two steps. In the first step, the rotating screw shaft
compress the oil seeds against a press chamber, there by the pliable
endosperm to elastic deformation, while the frangible shell is cracked.
The cracked shell is detached from the seed by the repeated
shearing/rubbing action of the rotating shaft against the press
chamber. In the second step, the seed, shell, unshelled or partially
shelled seeds, broken seed & dust, if any, are immediately force down
through the discharge outlet, which separate the pressed meat, oil, etc.
at different discharge end. The clearance gap between the rotating
screw shaft & the press chamber is not adjustable to suit the axial
dimensions of the oil seed in order to ensure the efficiency pressing &
detachment of the oil seed in a single pass. The components of the
design parameters & dimensioning were carried out in accordance
with standard engineering practices.

29. 29
ADVANTAGES
➢ Low power consumption.
➢ Easy in operation.
➢ Low cost
➢ Simple construction.
➢ Adaptable
➢ Performance
➢ Easily portable
➢ Easy to setup.
➢ Light weight
➢ Easy maintenance
APPLICATIONS
➢ Used in agricultural industries.
➢ Used in mills.
➢ The device can be very helpful to small scale farmers &
domestic purpose.

30. 30
CHAPTER-6
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Advantages and Limitations of traditional methods: Traditional
method of apricot oil extraction produced oil with a distinct smell. It
is preferred by the consumers as compared to the one extracted by the
modern mechanical method. There is an efficient utilization of the by-
products such as the hard shell and the oilseed cake in the traditional
method while the same is not applicable in the modern extraction
method. But Manual breaking of stones to separate kernel and oil
extraction through traditional (oil expeller) is a tedious, time
consuming and unhygienic process, which results in very low yield
and poor quality of extracted oil.
Comparison of mechanical and traditional method: gives the
comparison of cost economics showed that the fixed cost per unit was
higher in the case of improved technology but variable cost,
particularly on mechanical breaking of stone and separation of kernel
had reduced substantially, by 94.87 per cent processing of equivalent
raw material. The manual breaking of seed and separation of kernel
was found time consuming, and tedious.

31. 31
CHAPTER-7
3D-MODELS
1.CYLINDRICAL CHAMBER

32. 32
2.WORM SHAFT
3.HANDLE

33. 33
4.PIN
5.REDUCER CAP
6.SCREW

34. 34
COST ESTIMATION
WORM SHAFT RS.780
CYLINDRICAL CHAMBER
& HANDLE
RS.1400
HOPPER & CLAMPS RS.840
BOLTS & NUTS RS.20
PAINT RS.60
TOTAL RS.3100

35. 35
CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSION
However, the oil extracted by the traditional method is still being
preferred by the locals as well as those visiting from outside extracted
by modern method. But as tedious work traditional method has certain
limitations to commercialize. Whereas the initial capital investment is
the major problem for mechanical decortications but speed and
quality of the Variable costs overcomes these. helps the widely use
the mechanical oil extraction technology commercially.
The machine has a simple construction and is light in weight
which makes it portable and can be used for both domestic and
commercial purposes.
This machine can also be operated by unskilled person.
This machine is widely used for extraction the contents like
coconut.
This machine can also be used for high production in small scale
industries.
Our intention is to overcome those above problems by applying
engineering knowledge and to give the good machine to produce
virgin coconut oil by using these machine they can produce products
in reliable way and to compete in the market.

36. 36
CHAPTER-9
REFERENCES
1. Konchok Targais, Tsering Stobdan, Ashish Yadav & Shashi Bala
Singh (2011) Extraction of apricot kernel oil in cold desert Ladakh,
India Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 10 (2): 304-
306.
2. Anil Kumar Dixit, P.C. Sharma, S.K. Nanda & S.K. Alesha Kudos
(2010) Impact of Processing Technology in Hilly Region: A
Study on Extraction of Apricot Kernel Oil. Agricultural Economics
Research Review Vol. 23: 405-410.
3. Anil Gupta and P.C. Sharma (2009) Standardization of technology
for extraction.
4. Divina D. Bawalan "Processing manual for VCO, its products and
by-products for pacific island countries and territories"
5. Anon. 1979. Technical Data Handbook on the Coconut, Its
Products and By-Products, Research Coordination and
Documentation Center, Corporate Planning and Information Office,
Philippine Coconut Authority, Quezon City Philippines.
6. Anzaldo, F.E. et al, 1985. “Coconut Water as Intravenous Fluid”.
Philippine Journal of Coconut Studies, Vol 10. No. 1, as cited by
Banzon et al, 1990. Coconut as Food. PCRDF.
7. Anzaldo, F.E., 1987. “Coconut Water for Intravenous Therapy and
Oral Rehydration”. Coconuts Today, UCAP.
8. Banzon, J.A., Gonzales, O.N. de Leon, Sanchez, S.Y. and Sanchez,
P.C. 1990. Coconut as Food. PCRDF. Quezon City. Philippines.

37. 37
9. Bawalan D.D., 2002. “Production, Utilization and Marketing of
Virgin Coconut Oil”. Cocoinfo International. Vol. 9 No. 1. Asian and
Pacific Coconut Community. Jakarta. Indonesia.
10. Bawalan, D.D. 2003. Coconut Processing Modules for Micro and
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CHAPTER-10
APPENDIX
➢ FINAL PRODUCT: