introduction, formation of blood and coagulation of blood, blood grouping

1. BLOOD
BY
SONI KUMARI SHAH

2. Introduction
Liquid connective tissue
Consists cells and fluids
Plasma-
Blood cells-
Serum-

3. Characteristics
Blood Volume: 5-6 Litres
Normal Reaction: Slightly Alkaline pH 7.35-7.45
Specific Gravity: 1.052-1.060
Viscocity: 4.5 Times More Than Water
Temperature: 36-380C
Osmotic Pressure: 25mm Of Hg
Color: Red
Taste: Salty

4. Composition
Cellular substance: 45%
44% RBC & 1% buffy coat containing platelets and WBC
Plasma(fluid): 55%
91-92% water
8-9% solid
Organic Substances: proteins, carbohydrates, fat, urea,
uric acid, creatine, ammonia, enzymes,
antibodies, hormones, bilirubin, etc
Inorganic Substances: sodium, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, phosphorous, iron, copper, etc

6. Red Blood Cells(Erythrocytes)
Biconcave disc, 7.8µm
Can be deformed into any shape
◦ Excess cell membrane
◦ Less tendency of rupture
◦ Can squeeze through capillaries
Functions:
transport hemoglobin
Efficient carrier of CO2

7. Red Blood Cells
Production
Yolk sac
Liver
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Bone marrows

8. Development And Life Span Of Erythrocytes
Formed in bone marrow
Life span : 120 days

9. Hemoglobin
Complex protein containing globin and
iron substance called haem
Synthesized inside developing
erythrocyte
Combines with oxygen to form
oxyhemoglobin

10. Leucocytes (White Blood Cells)
Mobile unit of body’s resistance to infection
1% of blood volume
Two types:
Granulocytes:
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes:
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

11. Leucocytes
Life span
Granulocytes: 4-8 hrs in blood, 4-5 days in tissue
Monocytes: 10-20 hrs in blood, months in tissue
Lymphocytes: circulates continually, weeks to months

12. Neutrophils:
Protect against any foreign materials that gains entry to the body
To remove waste materials
Eosoniphils
Elimination of parasites
Often found at sites of allergic inflammation
Basophils:
Closely associated with allergic reaction
Packed with heparin, histamine,etc

13. Monocytes:
Large mononuclear cells
Actively motile and phagocytic
In tissue develop into macrophages
Important function in inflammation and immunity

14. Lymphocytes:
Smaller than monocytes and have large nucleus
Present in lymphatic tissue
Responds to antigens
Two distinct types: T- lymphocytes & B- lymphocytes

15. Thrombocytes(platelets)
Very Small Non Nucleated Disc
2-4 Micrometer Diameter
Contains Substances Causing Blood Clotting
Life Span: 8-11 Days

16. Functions of Blood
Carries respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones, enzymes,
vitamins, other chemicals and wastes
Regulates body temperature
Maintains water and electrolyte balance
Maintains acid base balance
Contains agents which protects against infection

17. Blood is composed of straw colored transparent fluid when blood cells are suspended. It is
called
I. Serum
II. Plasma
III. Hemocrit
IV. Fibronigen
Viscocity of blood is mainly due to
I. RBCs
II. WBCs
III. Platelets
IV. Electrolytes
Approximate life span of platelet is:
I. 120 days
II. 7 days
III. 24 hrs
IV. 6 hrs

18. Formation of blood
The process of formation of blood is hemopoiesis.
Sites Of Blood Formation:
During intrauterine life:
yolk sac (1-2 months)
liver and spleen (3-7months)
bone marrow, lymphnode, spleen (5months till birth)
After birth:
Bone marrow, lymphnode, spleen

19. Haemopoiesis

20. Blood Grouping(ABO System)

21. Blood Grouping(Rhesus/Rh System)
Blood group RBC Antigen Antibody Frequency
Positive D None 85%
Negative None None by birth 15%

22. Mechanism Of Coagulation(hemostasis)
1. Vasoconstriction
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation(blood clotting)
4. Fibrinolysis

23. Vasoconstriction:
Platelet come in contact with damaged blood vessel- become
sticky-adhere to the wall- release serotonin-constrict blood
vessel-reduce blood flow
Platelet Plug Formation:
Adherent platelet clump to each other-release ADP-attracts
more platelets-forms temporary seal-platelet plug

24. Coagulation:

25. Fibrinolysis:

26. Clotting Factors

27. Common Disorder Of Blood
Thrombocytopenia
blood platelet count below 150 × 109/L (150 000/mm3)
due to a reduced rate of platelet production or increased rate
of destruction.
Hemophilia
group of inherited clotting disorders, carried by genes present
on the X-chromosome

28. Donated blood should be used within
I. 4 weeks
II. 4 months
III. 10 weeks
IV. 10 months
Which blood group is called universal receiver
I. A
II. B
III. AB
IV. O
Universal donar is one who has blood group
I. A
II. B
III. AB
IV. O

29. In blood group A there is:
I. No antibodies, A&B antigen
II. Anti-B antibody, A antigen
III. Anti-A antibody, B antigen
IV. Anti-A & anti-B antibody, no antigen
Donated blood is usually taken from
I. Artery
II. Vein
III. Capillary
IV. artery and vein