secondary metabolites of plant by K. K. SAHU Sir
•Download as PPT, PDF•
13 likes•3,816 views
METABOLITES : Introduction . . . The chemical compounds produced by plants are collectively called as phytochemicals. Primary metabolites – participating in nutrition and metabolic processes inside the plant. Secondary metabolites – those chemical compounds that do not participate in metabolism of plants but influencing the ecological interactions between the plant and its environment.
Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (20)
Similar to secondary metabolites of plant by K. K. SAHU Sir
Similar to secondary metabolites of plant by K. K. SAHU Sir (20)
More from KAUSHAL SAHU
More from KAUSHAL SAHU (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
secondary metabolites of plant by K. K. SAHU Sir
- 1. PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES By KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc) Department of Biotechnology Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )
- 2. CONTENTS Introduction Secondary metabolites Pathway for production of secondary metabolites Why they are produced? Yield enhancement Elicitation Secondary metabolite release and analysis Factors affecting product yield Applications Conclusion References
- 3. METABOLITES : Introduction . . . The chemical compounds produced by plants are collectively called as phytochemicals. Primary metabolites – participating in nutrition and metabolic processes inside the plant. Secondary metabolites – those chemical compounds that do not participate in metabolism of plants but influencing the ecological interactions between the plant and its environment.
- 4. Primary metabolites – participating in nutrition and metabolic processes inside the plant. Secondary metabolites – influencing the ecological interactions b/w the plant and its environment.
- 5. SECONDARY METABOLITES • The useful natural products are synthesized through secondary metabolism, hence they are also known as secondary metabolites. • The secondary metabolites include alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, glycosides (steroids and phenolics) and saponins.
- 6. • Their chief applications are in Pharmaceuticals, in food flavoring and perfumery. According to one estimate 4300 different flavor compounds have been identified in food. • Certain flavors consist of one or few related compounds such as 2-isobutylthiazole (tomato flavors), methyl-ethyl cinnamates (strawberry), methyl anthranilate (grape), benzaldehyde (cherry), menthol (mint), safranal (saffron ).
- 7. PATHWAY FOR PRODUCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES
- 8. WHY THEY ARE PRODUCED? Secondary Metabolites are produced in plants is mainly for: Disease resistance (from fungus, bacteria, viral, and pests), For pollination and To combat in extreme conditions of stress. The stress may be biotic or abiotic [Drought, Cold, Temparature, etc.]
- 9. IF THE SECONDARY METABOLITES ARE PRESENT IN CALLUS CULTURES, Process involved… a)Initiation and Establishment of Callus Cultures b)Initiation and Establishment of suspension cultures c)Growth Studies d)Selection & Screening of high yielding Cell Lines.
- 10. YIELD ENHANCEMENT... Biotransformation Immobilization Two phase system culture Hairy root Cultures
- 11. BIOTRANSFORMATION The conversion of one chemical into another (ie. Substrate into a product) by using biological systems as biocatalysts is regarded as Biotransformation. The biocatalyst may be free or immobilized. In Biotransformation, it is necessary to select cell lines that possess the enzymes for catalyzing the desired reactions. Eg: Hydroxylation, Reduction & Glycosylation.
- 12. IMMOBILIZED CELL CULTURE The cells are physically immobilized by entrapment, Besides Individual cells, it is also possible to immobilize aggregate cells or even calluses. The Common entrapment methods are: 1.Entrapment of Cells in Gels 2.Entrapment of Cells in Nets/Foams 3.Entrapment of Cells in hollow Fiber Membranes
- 13. Plant Culture speci es Immobilized Method Substrate Product Catheranthus roseus in Agarose Cathenamine Ajmalicine Digitalis lanata in alginate Digitoxin Digoxin Capsicum frutescens in polyurethane foam Sucrose Capsaicin Catheranthus roseus in alginate, agarose, carrageenin Sucrose Ajmalicine Petunia hybrida in hollow fibres Sucrose Phenolics Morrinda citrifolia in Alginate Sucrose Anthaquonine Solanum aviculare Attachment polythene beads Sucrose Steroid Glycosides Synthesis of metabolites using immobilized cell of some plant species:
- 14. HAIRY ROOT CULTURE Hairy roots are induced by genetic insertion of T-DNA of Ri plasmid lodged in Agrobacterium rhizogenes into wounded tissue causing the growth of very fine adventitious roots. The wounded region produces a phenolic compound called acetylsyriongone. Vir genes are involved in the transfer of T-DNA into the plant cells.
- 15. Plant Species Secondary metabolite(s) Nicotiana tabacum Nicotine, Anatabine Atropa belladonna Atropine Datura stramonium Hyoscyamine Lithospermum erythrorhizon Shikonin Catheranthus roseus Ajmaline, Serpentine Mentha vulgaris Monoterpenes Solanum laciniatum Steroid alkaloids List of plant species for Hairy root cultures:
- 16. TWO PHASE SYSTEM CULTURE Strategy – to provide an artificial site for Secondary Metabolite accumulation. The cells are kept apart from the product by a separation phase (liquid) placed in a reactor. [Eg: Dextran & PEG are used for Separation of Phenolic Compounds]. Example – Sanguinarine from cultures of California poppy cells.
- 17. ELICITORS -Induced Production of Secondary Metabolites The phenomenon of stimulating the production of secondary metabolites is called as Elicitation. Elicitors are of two types: Biotic Elicitors: Elicitors of biological origin are called biotic elicitors [Polysaccharides, Proteins, Glycoprotein or cell wall fragments from bacteria, fungi, etc] Abiotic Elicitors: Elicitors of non-biological origin are called Abiotic Elicitors [Metal ions, UV, etc]
- 18. Elicitor Microorganism Plant Cell Culture(s) Secondary Metabolite(s) Aspergillus niger Cinchona ledgeriana, Rubia tincoria Anthraquinones Phythium aphanidermatum Catheranthus roseus Ajmalicine, Sctricosidine, Catheranthine Botrytis sps. Papaver sominiferum Sanguinarine Fusarium sps. Apium graveolens Furancocumarins Pencillium expansum Sanguinaria Canadensis Benzophenanthridine Alkaloids Phythium aphanidermatum Dacus carota Anthocyanins List of Elicitors used to induce secondary metabolite production in Plant cell:
- 19. SECONDARY METABOLITE RELEASE AND ANALYSIS Separation and purification of products from plant cell cultures are difficult, effort is made them to make it cost effective. The two approaches are: 1.Production of secondary metabolite should be high as possible. 2.Formation of side products which interfere with separation must be made minimal. Once good quantity of the product is released into the medium, separation and purification techniques (Eg: Extraction) can be used for its recovery. This mainly depends on the nature of the secondary metabolite.
- 20. FACTORS AFFECTING PRODUCT YIELD (i) Tissue origin genetic character. Plant cells are genetically totipotent, therefore, proper environmental conditions should be given so that any cell may be induced to produce any substance according to the characteristic of parental plants. However, it has been found that low yielding plants produce high contents of products and therefore, such plant parts should be chosen where there is the highest concentration of desired product. (ii) Culture conditions. Chemical composition of nutrient media influences the potential synthetic machinery (i.e. biomass) and synthesis of secondary products. A balance should be maintained between the production of biomass and secondary product. (iii) Selection and screening. Cell clones from better strains are selected which is rather a difficult task. The more difficult work is to detect the very small amount of desired product present in single cell or small population of cells.
- 21. TERPENOIDS C10 : many volatile fragrance and herb or spice oils… C15 : oils, phytoalexins, antibiotics, antifeedants… C20 : phytol, gibberellic acid, taxol, phytoalexins… C30 : brassinosteroids, phytoalexins, antifeedants… C40 : carotenoid, ABA… C5 : oils, many volatile fragrance… Polyterpenes : plastoquinnones, rubber…
- 23. Two basic skeletons of Phenolic compounds Phenylpropanoid & Phenylpropanoid-acetate skeleton
- 24. Erythose 4-P PEP Shikimic acid Chorismic acidTrp Phe, Tyr Cinnamic acid Coumaric aicd Malonyl CoA Acetyl CoA Flavonoids Simple phenolics Complex phenolics Glycolysis Pentose phosphate pathway chalcone Biosynthesis of phenolic compounds Shikimic Acid pathway
- 28. NITROGEN-CONTAINING COMPOUND 1) Cyanogenic glycoside Glucosinolates (mustard oil glycosides) 2) Alkaloids Latex ( Codenine)
- 29. 2) Alkaloids
- 30. Ornithine cocaine Ornithine Aspartate nicotine Aspartate, Glycine, Glutamaine caffeine Tyrosine Tryptophan quinine morphine Examples of amino acid origin for some alkaloids
- 31. Plant products Plant species Industry Industrial uses Codeine (alkaloid) Papaver sominifera Pharmaceutical Analgesic Diosgenin (steroid) Dioscorea deltoidea Pharmaceutical Antifertility agent Quinine (alkaloid) Cinchona leitgeriana Pharmaceutical Antimalaria Digoxin (glycoside) Digitalis lanata Pharmaceutical Cardiactonic Scopolamine (alkaloid) Dhatura stramonium Pharmaceutical Antihypersensitive Vincristine (alkaloid) Catharanthus roseus Pharmaceutical Antileukaemic Taxol Taxus brevifolia Pharmaceutical Ovarian and breast cancer Pyrethrin Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Agrochemical Insecticide Quinine (alkaloid) C. ledgeriana Food & drink Bittering agent Jasmine Jasmium sp. Cosmetics Perfume Saffron Crocus sativa Food Flavoring/coloring agent APPLICATIONS
- 32. CONCLUSION
- 33. REFERENCES Books: •Introduction to plant tissue culture By M. K. Razdan 1st edition 1997 •Plant biotechnology By H. S. Chawla •Biotechnology By Dr. U. Satyanarayan •Plant cell culture By R. A. Dixon, Robert A. Gonzales - 1994 Websites: •www.nature.com •www.plantphysiol.org •www.wikipedia.com •www.kbiotech.com
- 34. Thank you . . .
- 35. Ask your queries . . .