Carbohydrates are the important organic compounds of the cell, which are the main source of energy of body.
They consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen which are found in the ratio of 1:2:1.
General formula of the carbohydrate is CnH2n or (CH2O)n chemically.
Carbohydrate are the aldehyde or ketone derivatives of the polyhydric alcohols.
3. INTRODUCTION
Carbohydrates are the important organic
compounds of the cell, which are the main
source of energy of body.
They consist of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen which are found in the ratio of
1:2:1.
General formula of the carbohydrate is
CnH2n or (CH2O)n chemically.
Carbohydrate are the aldehyde or ketone
derivatives of the polyhydric alcohols.
6. INTRODUCTION OF
MONOSACCHARIDS
The simplest of the carbohydrate the
monosaccharids are either aldehydes or
ketos with two or more hydroxyl group.
They have the general formula
Cn(H2O)n and they cannot be further
hydrolysed.
Example – glucose and fructose.
7. SUBDIVISION OF
MANOSACCHARIDS
FUNCTIONAL GROUP
a. Aldoses ( -CHO)
b. Ketoses ( -C=0)
NO. OF CARBON ATOMS
a. Trioses (C3H6O3)
b. Tetroses (C4H8O4)
c. Pentoses (C5H10O5)
d. Hexoses (C6H12O6)
e. Heptoses (C7H14O7)
10. MONOSACCHARIDE
STRUCTURAL ASPECTS
SterEochemistry is the study of
arrangement of atom in thREE
dimensional space.
SterEoismerEs are the compound that
same Structural formula but differ in
their spatial configuration.
14. OPTICAL ACTIVITY OF
SUGARS
Optical activity is a characteristics
feature of compounds with asymmetric
carbon atom.
The term dextrorotatory(+)and
levorotatory(-)are used to compounds
that respectively rotate the plane of
polarized light to the right or to the left.
15. CONFIGURATION OF D-
ALDOSES
The configuration of possible D-aldoses
starting from D-glyceraldehyde is
depicted in.This is representation of
killiani fischer projection.
17. CONFIGURATION OF D-
KETOSES
Starting from dihydroxyacetone
(triose),there are five keto-sugar are
physiologically important.
D-xyluloseDihydroxyacetone
19. EPIMER
If two monosaccharide differ from each
other in their configuration around a
single specific carbon atom.
They are referred to as epimer to each
other for instance glucose and
galactose are epimer.
21. ENANTIOMERS
Enantiomers are a special type of
stereoisomers that are mirror images of
each other.
The two members are designated as D-
and L-sugar.
30. FUNCTION OF
MONOSACCHARIDE
Used as food by animals.
Glactose and fructose are converted into
glucose by liver.
During respiration.
In all animals ,fat and amino acid are
formed from glucose.
Constituent of agar –agar.
Glucose is blood sugar
35. PROPERTIES:-
Oligosaccharide is a colourless
crystalline,solide.
Found in glycoside bond.
Reducing and Non Reducing agent.
Monosaccharide joined by glycosidie
bond.
36. FUNCTION OF
OLIGISACCHARIDE
It is an storage product.
It used in sweets, drink etc.
They are used in the production of
transparent soap.
Sucrose is used for the synthesis of
oxalic acid.
43. EXAMPLE
Mucopolysaccharid – these are found in
combination with protein to form muco
protein or mucoids or prototeoglycons.
44. Hyaluronic acid – it is composed of
alternate unit of D-glucuronic acid and
N-acelty , D – glucosamine. These two
molecule form disaccharid unit held
together by β (1→3) glycosidic bond.
45. PROPERTIIES
They are tasteless and colourless.
Insoluble in water ,alcohol and ether.
Some polysaccharide from colloidal
solution.
Molecular weight is high.
Easily hydrolyzed into their
monosaccharide unit.
46. FUNCTION
Polysaccharide serve as stored fuel.
They consist of D – glucose with
( 1→4) linkage and all three contain
some branches.
The homopolysaccharides cellulose,
chitin and dextrans serve structural role.
47. REFERENCES
Medical Biochemistry,3rd edition
chaterge & Sidhu.
Lehninger principle of biochem 5th
edition david L.Nelson &michal n.cox.
Biochem 3rd edition,dr.Satyanarayan
&Dr.Chakrapani.
J.L.Jain,Sunjay Jain,Nitin Jain,6th
revised and enalarged eddition.