Areas we need changes

1. The project
of VIO
2012
VIO CCO
production
[DISEASE]
Ways in which diseases can enter into our body and what we can use to fight diseases.

2. .
Disease is very harmful--------------------
DISEASE
DEFFINITION OF DISEASE:-
Disease: An abnormal condition of an organism which interrupts the normal body functions that often
leads to feeling of pain and weakness, and usually associated with symptoms and signs.
Illness or sickness often characterized by typical patient problems (symptoms) and physical findings
(signs). Disruption sequence: The events that occur when a fetus that is developing normally is subjected
to a destructive agent such as the rubella (German measles) virus. Diseases are transmitted through
Microbes which are known as VIRUS. Microbes are microscopically tiny organisms including bacteria,
fungi, and protozoan parasites.
TRANSMISSION:
According to healthcare experts, infectious diseases caused by microbes are responsible for more
deaths worldwide than any other single cause. They estimate the annual cost of medical care for
treating infectious diseases in the United States alone is about $120 billion.
SOME WAYS MICROBES ARE TRANSMITTED INTO OUR BODY
1. Close contact can pass germs to another person
2. You can pick up and spread germs by touching infectious material
3. A healthy person can carry germs and pass them onto others
4. Germs from your household pet can make you sick
5. You can get microbes from tiny critters
6. Some microbes in food or water could make you sick
7. Transplanted animal organs may harbor germs
8. Some microbes can travel through the air
Close contact can pass germs to another person:
Scientists have identified more than 500 types of bacteria that live in our mouths. Some keep the oral
environment healthy, while others cause problems like gum disease. One way you can transmit oral
bacteria is by kissing.
Microbes such as HIV, herpes simplex virus type 2, which causes genital herpes, and Neisseria gonorrhea
bacteria, which cause gonorrhea, are examples of germs that you can pass to another during sexual
intercourse.
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You can pick up and spread germs by touching infectious material
A common way for some microbes to enter the body, especially when caring for young children, is
through unintentionally passing feces from hand to mouth or the mouths of young children. Infant
diarrhea is often spread in this way. Daycare workers, for example, can pass diarrhea-causing
rotavirus or Giardia lamblia (protozoa) from one baby to the next between diaper changes and
other childcare practices.
It also is possible to pick up cold viruses from shaking someone’s hand or from touching
contaminated surfaces, such as a doorknob or computer keyboard.
Some microbes in food or water could make you sick
Every year, millions of people worldwide become ill from eating contaminated foods. Although
many cases of food borne illness or “food poisoning” are not reported, the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates there are 76 million cases of such illnesses in the United
States each year. In addition, CDC estimates 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths are
related to food borne diseases each year. Microbes can cause these illnesses, some of which can
be fatal if not treated properly.
Poor manufacturing processes or poor food preparation can allow microbes to grow in food and
subsequently infect you. Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria sometimes persist in food products
such as undercooked hamburger meat and unpasteurized fruit juice. These bacteria can have
deadly consequences in vulnerable people, especially children and the elderly.
Cryptosporidium are bacteria found in human and animal feces. These bacteria can get into lake,
river, and ocean water from sewage spills, animal waste, and water runoff. Millions can be
released from infectious fecal matter. People who drink, swim in, or play in infected water can get
sick.
People, including babies, with diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium or other diarrhea-causing
microbes such as Giardia and Salmonella, can infect others while using swimming pools, water
parks, hot tubs, and spas.
Some Microbes Can Travel Through the Air
You can transmit microbes to another person through the air by coughing or sneezing. These are
common ways to get viruses that cause colds or flu, or the bacteria that cause tuberculosis.
Interestingly, international airplane travel can expose you to germs not common in your own
country.
WAYS ON HOW TO PROTECT THESE MICROBES
Microbes can be protected in to ways namely:
Naturally acquired immunity
Artificial immunity
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Naturally acquired immunity
Because the immune system often can remember its enemies, those cells become active if they
meet that particular antigen again. This is called naturally acquired immunity.
Another example of naturally acquired immunity occurs when a pregnant woman passes
antibodies to her unborn baby. Babies are born with weak immune responses, but they are
protected from some diseases for their first few months of life by antibodies received from their
mothers before birth. Babies who are nursed also receive antibodies from breast milk that help
protect their digestive tracts.
Artificial immunity
Artificial immunity can come from vaccines. Immunization with vaccines is a safe way to get
protection from germs. Some vaccines contain microorganisms or parts of microorganisms that
have been weakened or killed. If you get this type of vaccine, those microorganisms (or their
parts) will start your body’s immune response, which will demolish the foreign invader but not
make you sick. This is a type of artificially acquired immunity.
The genes you inherit also can influence your likelihood of getting a disease. In simple terms, the
genes you get from your parents can influence how your body reacts to certain microbes.
BASICALLY I WILL BE EXPLAIN SOME NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES
Some of the diseases are listed below
• Cerebello-Olivary Degeneration of Holmes
• Choroid Plexus Papilloma
• Klüver-Bucy Syndrome
• Locked-In Syndrome
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Parinaud Syndrome
• Pituitary Adenoma
Cerebello-Olivary Degeneration of Holmes
This is a rare, autosomally-inherited disease that leads to the progressive degeneration of the cerebellar
cortex and the inferior olivary nucleus within the medulla. Onset is generally in the fourth decade. The
disease results in ataxic gait, dysarthria, and tremor of the limbs.
Choroid Plexus Papilloma
These tumors form most commonly in the fourth ventricle and mainly affect children during the first year of
life. If untreated they result in hydrocephalus and symptoms of headache, lethargy, stupor and weakness of
the legs. The tumor takes the form of a giant choroid plexus and has a cellular epithelium that is closely
related to the ependyma. This form of tumor is often accompanied by hemorrhage which increases the
complications of treatment. A shunt is the most immediate form of treatment if the patient is in a condition
where surgical removal of the tumor cannot be performed right away. The shunt removes the excess CSF
thereby reducing the damaging affects of pressure.
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Klüver-Bucy Syndrome
This syndrome has only really been seen in experimental monkeys. If parts of the temporal lobes are
removed the monkey cannot recognize objects (visual agnosia). These monkeys exhibit bizarre oral
behaviors such as sticking things in their mouths that normal monkeys would have nothing to do with.
They also become hyperactive and hypersexual making physical contact with almost anything in their
environment. Wild, fearful and aggressive monkeys become tame and showed no fear when handled by
humans or presented with snakes which rhesus monkeys normally avoid.
Locked-In Syndrome
This syndrome is due to stroke, tumor or trauma to the ventral part of the rostral pons. Lesions there
render the individual quadriplegic, unable to speak and incapable of facial movement. One would think
these individuals were in a coma except that they are able to move their eyes and if given an eye
communicating device they can communicate.
Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelization disease afflicting humans. It is a chronic
disease affecting more women than men often leading to progressive neurological deterioration and ataxic
paraplegia. MS has cycles of remission and relapses with remission occurring less frequently as the
disease progresses. Lesions occur in all parts of the CNS white matter appearing gray and translucent.
Some of the more prominent structures affected are the medial longitudinal fasciculus and the optic tract
and chiasm. Damage to the neurons in these structures can lead to optic neuritis (with complete loss of
vision in one eye), diplopia (double vision) and problems coordinating eye and head movements. Onset of
the disease is usually between the ages of 20 and 40 years of age.
Histologically there is a large decrease in the number of oligodendrocytes with 90% of the patients having
antibodies to these cells. Many times there is a cuffing of blood vessels due to the high number of
lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells found in plaques. Macrophages take a principal role in
stripping and phagocytes of myelin from intact axons. Efforts to link this autoimmune disease with a virus
has been unsuccessful perhaps do to the difficulty of isolating and culturing virus from MS patients.
Parinaud Syndrome
Also called dorsal midbrain or collicular syndrome, this disorder is characterized by an upward
fixed gaze and pupils. Structures in the vicinity of the dorsal midbrain area, including cranial nerve
IV, the superior and inferior colliculi, pretectal area, and pineal gland, are affected. Pineal tumors
and hydocephalus are main causes of damage to these structures.
Pituitary Adenoma
These tumors are benign and are usually composed of secretory cells from the anterior lobe of the
pituitary. Initially the tumor results in either an increase or decrease of hormone production
depending on whether or not the adenoma is composed of cells capable of producing hormone.
Increased levels of hormones can lead to either Cushing disease or acromegaly.
Secondary effects of tumor growth can lead to compression of the optic chiasm which has a
position slightly above and in front of the pituitary gland. Such damage leads to visual difficulties.
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REFERENCES
1. J Hume Adams & DI Graham, forward by Roderick MacSween, An Introduction to
Neuropathology, Churchill Livingstone, 2nd Ed. (1994), pgs. 189 & 299
2. Shadlen MF, Effects of age and ethnicity on the link between APOE epsilon 4 and Alzheimer
disease JAMA, 1998 Feb 25; 279(8): 581.
3. Adams, C, Alzheimer’s disease research: a game of connect the dots. Gerontology 1997; 43(1-2):
8-19.
4. J Hume Adams & DI Graham, forward by Roderick MacSween, An Introduction to Neuropathology,
Churchill Livingstone, 2nd Ed. 1994, pgs. 257-260
5. 1. J Hume Adams & DI Graham, forward by Roderick MacSween, An Introduction to
Neuropathology, Churchill Livingstone, 2nd Ed. 1994
6. Raymond D Adams, Maurice Victor, Allan H Ropper, Principles of Neurology, 6th Ed. (1997) pg.
517
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