The document discusses analyzing a firm's external environment to develop forecasts and strategies. It describes environmental scanning, monitoring, and competitive intelligence to gather inputs for forecasting changes in direction, scope, speed and intensity. Scenario planning involves assessing trends to develop alternative futures. A SWOT analysis considers a firm's internal strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities and threats from the general environment and industry competition. The analysis informs a firm's strategy to build on its strengths and address weaknesses in light of external factors.
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Major DiseasesCHAPTER 10Chapter 10Maj.docx
1. Major Diseases
CHAPTER 10
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Chapter 10
Major Diseases
Learning Outcomes:Identify agents and vectors involved in the
spread of infectious diseasesDescribe the process of infection,
and the role of the body’s immune systemDiscuss prevention
and treatments for colds and influenzaName and describe
common infectious diseasesEvaluate your personal infectious
disease risk factors, and strategies to decrease risk
Infectious Diseases
Infection is triggered by a pathogen (disease-causing organism)
that is transmitted to the host (person or population) by a vector
(biological or physical vehicle)
Types of microbes that can cause infection are:
Viruses Fungi
Bacteria Protozoa
Helminths (Parasitic Worms)
2. Agents of Infection: VirusesThe most common viruses are as
follows:Rhinoviruses and Adenoviruses: which get into the
mucous membranes and cause upper respiratory tract infections
and coldsInfluenza viruses: can change their outer protein coats
so dramatically that individuals resistant to one strain cannot
fight off a new oneHerpes viruses: take up permanent residence
in the cells and periodically flare upPapillomaviruses: may be
responsible for a rise in the incidence of cervical cancer among
younger womenHepatitis viruses: cause several forms of liver
infection, ranging from mild to life threateningSlow viruses:
give no early indication of their presence but can produce fatal
illnesses within a few years
Agents of Infection: Viruses cont’dRetroviruses: named for
their backward (retro) sequence of genetic replication compared
to other viruses. One retrovirus, human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Filoviruses: resemble threads and extremely lethal
Coronavirus 2019-COVID-19CDC is responding to
a pandemic of respiratory disease spreading from person-to-
person caused by a novel (new) coronavirus. The disease has
been named “coronavirus disease 2019” (abbreviated “COVID-
19”)
COVID-19 is caused by a coronavirus. Coronaviruses are a
large family of viruses that are common in people and many
different species of animals, including camels, cattle, cats, and
bats. Reported illnesses have ranged from very mild (including
3. some with no reported symptoms) to severe, including illness
resulting in death. Older people and people of all ages with
severe chronic medical conditions — like heart disease, lung
disease and diabetes, for example — seem to be at higher risk of
developing serious COVID-19 illness
Agents of InfectionBacteria: are the most plentiful
microorganisms as well as the most pathogenic. Bacteria harm
the body by releasing either enzymes that digest body cells or
toxins that produce the specific effects of diseases such as
diphtheria or toxic shock syndromeFungi: consist of threadlike
fibers and reproductive spores. Fungi lack chlorophyll and must
obtain their food from organic material, which may include
human tissueProtozoa: single-celled, microscopic animals
release enzymes and toxins that destroy cells or interfere with
their function. The most common disease caused by protozoa in
the US is giardiasis, an intestinal infection caused by
microorganisms in human and animal feces.Helminths (Parasitic
Worms): are small parasitic worms that attack specific tissue or
organs and compete with the hosts for nutrients. Ex: the
tapeworm may be contracted from eating undercooked beef,
pork, or fish containing larval forms of the tapeworm
High risk population that can develop infections?Children and
their families: youngsters get up to a dozen colds annually;
adults average two a yearOlder adults: people over age 65 who
get the flu have a 1 in 10 chance of being hospitalized for
pneumonia or other respiratory problems and a 1 in 50 chance
of dying from the diseaseThe chronically ill: lifelong diseases,
such as diabetes, kidney disease, or sickle cell anemia,
decreases an individual’s ability to fend off infectionsSmokers
and those with respiratory problems: smokers are a high risk
4. group for respiratory infections and serious complications, such
as pneumonia. Chronic breathing disorders, such as asthma and
emphysema, also greatly increase the risk of respiratory
infectionsThose who live or work in close contact with someone
sick: health care workers who treat high risk patients, nursing
home residents and others living in close quarters (i.e. students
at dormitories face greater risks of catching others colds and
flus)
Modes of Transmission
Major vectors that transmit infectious disease to the host are:
Animals and Insects (house pets, livestock, birds, wild animals
Food (E. coli, Salmonella)
People (transmit pathogens through air, touch, or sexual
contact)
Water (typhoid fever and cholera)
High Risk Populations: children and their families, elderly,
chronically ill, smokers and those with respiratory problems,
those who live/work near someone who is ill, residents/workers
in poorly ventilated buildings
Immunity against Viruses
One can develop an immunity toward viruses either by having
the infection and producing antibodies (active natural
immunity), or by being immunized with an “attenuated” vaccine
so that the body is triggered to produce antibodies (active
artificial immunity)
It is important to stay current with your vaccinations, both for
your own health and those around you
5. Common Infectious Diseases
“Common Cold” - 200+ cold viruses
Influenza – Get vaccinated!Influenza A and Influenza B-cause
most flusCDC recommends an annual flu shot for everyone over
the age of 6 monthsH1N1 – 2009 pandemic, still around today
Meningitis: attacks the membranes around the brain and spinal
cord caused by the bacterium Neisseria Meningitidis30% of
cases - 15-24 year olds1 in 5 suffers long-term effectsPrevent
through vaccinationKnow the early symptoms – seek medical
help
Common Infectious Diseases
Hepatitis – 5+ viruses Targets the liver, common
symptomsHepatitis A: mainly food/water-borne,
vaccinationHepatitis B: blood and bodily fluids,
mainly through sexual contact;
vaccinationHepatitis C: no vaccine, risk factors include
exposure to infected blood, illegal
drug use, tattoos, body piercing – make
sure professional and sterile equipment
Insect-and Animal-Borne Infections
Enjoy the outdoors but take precautions
Lyme Disease – spread mainly by deer ticks
6. Symptoms include heart arrhythmias, joint inflammation,
headaches, memory lapses
Bull’s eye rash
West Nile Virus – spread by mosquitoes
flu-like symptoms, can interfere with normal central nervous
system function and inflammation of brain tissue
Seasonal, with elevated numbers again in 2012
Insect-and Animal-Borne InfectionsZika VirusFirst discovered
in 1947, the Zika virus often causes no symptoms or mild ones
similar to those of other infectionsIn 2016, after cases were
confirmed in South America, the World Health
Organization(WHO) declared Zika virus a public health
emergency of international concernsTransmission:Through a
mosquito biteFrom mother to childThrough sexual
contactThrough blood transfusion
Insect-and Animal-Borne InfectionsAvian InfluenzaAka “Bird
Flu” is caused by viruses that occur naturally among wild birds
and usually does not infect humans
However, influenza jumped form birds to humans three times in
the 20th century
In each case, a mutation in the genes of the virus allowed it to
infect humans. Then a further change allowed the virus to pass
easily from one human to another, and it spread rapidly around
the world
Other Infectious DiseasesEpstein-Barr Virus – (member of the
herpes virus family) causes infectious mononucleosisInfectious
Mononucleosis- viral disease transmitted through kissing or any
7. other close contactChronic Fatigue Syndrome-complex disorder
characterized by profound fatigue that does not improve with
bedrestTuberculosis-highly contagious bacterial infection that
claims the lives of more people than any other acute infectious
disease other than pneumoniaMRSA – Methicillin Resistant
Staphylococcus Aureusaka “super bug” fights off traditional
antibioticsHas a become a major health threat
Cardiometabolic Health
Referring to the heart and to the biochemical processes involved
in the body’s functioning
Risk Factors You Can Control [modifiable]
Overweight/obesity - High Blood Glucose
- Weight circumference - Hypertension
Physical inactivity - Cholesterol Levels
Tobacco Use - Triglycerides
Risk Factors You Cannot Control [non-modifiable]
Age Race Sex Heredity
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of disorders of the body’s metabolism that make
diabetes, heart disease, or stroke more likely
Characteristics: Larger-than-normal waist measurementHigher-
than-normal triglycerides, blood pressure, fasting blood
sugarLower-than-normal HDL
8. DiabetesInsulin ResistancePre-diabetesTypes:Type 1 – pancreas
makes little or no insulinType 2 – pancreas doesn’t make
enough, or body can’t use, insulinGestational
Diabetes – develops while pregnant
Signs and Symptoms
High Blood Pressure
Lipoprotein Profile - Cholesterol
If you are 20+, time to get it checked Know your numbers:
Table 10.6
Lowering cholesterol:Dietary changesWeight
managementPhysical activityMedications only if necessary
Cardiovascular DiseasePhysical & Psychological Risk
FactorsCoronary Artery DiseaseAtherosclerosis
Heart Attack
StrokeRisk Factors:Sex, race, ageObesity, hypertension, high
RBC, heart disease, blood fats, diabetes, HRT, diet
9. Know the Signs – Time is critical
CancerSecond Leading Cause of Death in U.S.“Relative Risk”
FactorsHeredityRacial/Ethnic GroupsAge, SexObesityInfectious
Agents (e.g. HPV)Behaviors (e.g. smoking)
Skin CancerTanning & Tanning BedsIncreased risk: fair skin,
history of sunburns, family history, high number of moles
Breast CancerRisk Factors
Age - Family History
Age at birth of 1st child - Obesity
Breast Biopsies - Occupation
Early Menarche - Race/Ethnicity
Hormone therapy - Alcohol
Sedentary Lifestyle
Self-careImportant to conduct monthly self-
examsSkinBreastTesticular
Have regular physical exams and tests as recommended
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CHAPTER 2
Analyzing the
25. down prices, bargain for higher quality or more services, and
play competitors against each other. These actions will erode
overall industry profitability, forcing all firms to pay attention.
Firms therefore need to know who the important buyers are: is
there a single buyer, or ones who purchase in high volume?
These buyers will have the ability to dictate terms. In addition,
if the products needed by buyers are standard or
undifferentiated, such as commodity grain products, buyers can
play one company against another. Also, if the buyer’s profits
are low and it won’t cost much to switch suppliers, this is an
incentive for buyers to bargain. Backward integration is always
possible – a form of vertical integration that involves the
purchase of suppliers. Companies will pursue backward
integration when it will result in improved efficiency and cost
savings. For example, backward integration might cut
transportation costs, improve profit margins and make the firm
more competitive. An example of backward integration would
be if a bakery business bought a wheat processor and a wheat
farm. (Definition is not in the textbook. Comes from
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/backwardintegration.asp.)
NOTE there’s a difference between customers/buyers, and
CONSUMERS. Consumers rarely have any “buyer power” – can
you negotiate the price of a movie ticket? Yet the chain of
“buyers” in the movie industry is multi-layered – from
production studio to distributor to theater owner, with each
buyer group having different degrees of power.
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The Bargaining Power of Suppliers
Suppliers can exert bargaining power by threatening to raise
prices or reduce the quality of purchased goods and services.
Supplier groups are powerful.
Only a few firms dominate the industry.
There is no competition from substitute products.
Suppliers sell to several industries.
Buyer quality is affected by industry product.
30. The value net is based on game-theory, and represents all the
players in the game, analyzing how their interactions affect a
firm’s ability to generate and appropriate value. The …
Contraception and
Reproduction
CHAPTER 9
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Chapter 9
Contraception and Reproduction
Learning Outcomes:Describe the process of human conception
Identify factors to consider and discuss with your partner when
choosing a contraceptive method
Identify conceptive methods and discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of each
Chapter 9
Contraception and Reproduction
Learning Outcomes:Evaluate contraceptive methods that would
meet your personal criteria if, or when, you need them
31. Describe methods used to perform abortions
Discuss the physiological effects of pregnancy and describe
fetal development
Describe the three stages of labor and the birth process
Conception or Contraception?
If one is engaging in intercourse, one must consider the
consequences of such action and decisions that need to be
madeConception (fertilization) – Pregnancy
Birth Control: Contraception – prevent conception
If so, which method
Other MeansSterilizationAbortion
ConceptionMerging of sperm and egg – fertilizationSperm
travel from vagina through uterus into fallopian tube where it
fertilizes the ovum (egg)Zygote: fertilized eggBlastocyst –
zygote divides into small cluster of cells as it travels down the
fallopian tubeImplantation in the uterus - embryo
Birth ControlAny method used to prevent pregnancyFactors to
consider when choosing a birth control
methodEffectiveness/Reliability in preventing
pregnancyEffectiveness/Reliability in preventing
STIsSuitabilitySide EffectsHealth Risks/SafetyFuture
fertilityPersonal values
32. Comparing Effectiveness
Contraceptive MethodsAbstinence100% effective to prevent
pregnancy
Nonpenetrative Activity“outercourse”Effective against
pregnancy and STIs if no bodily fluid is exchanged
Withdrawal (Coitus interuptus)Not very reliable to prevent
pregnancy
Barrier Methods
Blocks the meeting of egg and sperm by means of a physical
barrier and/or a chemical oneProper usage is critical to it’s
reliability and effectiveness against pregnancyEffectiveness
against STIs depends on type
Nonprescription barriers:
male condom, female condom, contraceptive sponge,
spermicides and film
Prescription barriers:
diaphragm, cervical cap, Femcap
Hormonal ContraceptivesProper Use is critical for
reliability/effectiveness against pregnancyDoes not protect
against STIsHealth Risks/Side effects associated with use
Oral contraceptives – “the pill”Monophasic pill, progestin-only
pill, extended use pillThe Patch (Ortho Evra); Vaginal Ring;
33. Implants; Injectable, Intrauterine (IUD)Emergency
Contraception
Other Forms of Birth ControlSterilization
Male: vasectomy
Female: tubal ligation, tubal occlusion
AbortionMedical abortion – “abortion pill”Surgical
abortionPsychological issuesPolitics
PregnancyPreconception, as well as prenatal care, are very
important in both the health of the woman and
babyComplications of PregnancyEctopic
pregnancyMiscarriageInfectionsGenetic DisorderPremature
Labor
ChildbirthPreparing for ChildbirthLabor & Delivery3 phases of
laborEffacement and dilationMovement of baby into and
through birth canal“Afterbirth” – expulsion of placenta
Caesarean Birth