Burma’s Re-opening to the World: An Examination of Sustainable Tourism Development in the 21st Century
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Now that Myanmar’s government has recently begun allowing travellers/tourists to freely enter the country, the formerly non-developed tourism industry is quickly becoming a major contributor to the nation’s economy. With these quickly increasing visitor numbers, tourism infrastructure development must focus on steady sustainability if it is to succeed as well as provide substantial benefits and opportunities for the country as a whole. The future of Myanmar’s tourism industry is dependent on sustainability practices and initiatives and therefore, must imitate its neighbor’s positive examples in order to preserve vast natural resources for future generations. Myanmar’s tourism development and future perceptions as an international tourist destination will have great implications for Southeast Asia as a whole, as they quickly become a key player in the regions tourism industry.
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Burma’s Re-opening to the World: An Examination of Sustainable Tourism Development in the 21st Century
- 1. Myanmar’s Reopening to the World: An Examination of Ecotourism Development in the Twenty First Century Research & Presented by: Daniel Pliske
- 2. ONTENTS .C Part one Introduction to Myanmar and ecotourism Part two Tourism Leadership and economic impact in Myanmar Part three Ecotourism in Myanmar
- 5. Obstacles for Tourism in Myanmar High Colonialism (1920s) Civil War (1948-1962) Mass Tourism -2011 Socialist Regime (1962-1988) Quasi-socialist Regime (1990s) Structural corruption Crony capitalism Poverty Ongoing human rights violations Communal violence
- 6. Tourism Leadership in Myanmar Global and Regional Scale Development of World Tourism Global and Regional Organization National Scale - Myanmar Government
- 7. The development of World Tourism > Tourism Leadership > Myanmar to rejoin UNWTO Myanmar signed the Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam Tourism Cooperation (CLMV) > Global – Regional Scale
- 8. Tourism Leadership National Scale Ministry of Hotels and Tourism > > NGOs
- 9. Infrastructure Environmental concern Overseeing tourism Tourism investment Rail network Responsible Tourism Policy (2012) Best Practices for Foreign Visitors (2012) Tourism Master Plan (2013) Recent Policy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mo6nPoH48YI
- 10. Tourism Impact on Economy 716 731 763 792 816 1059 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 NUMBERS OF ARRIVALS IN THOUSANDS (1000) Tourist arrivals in Myanmar (2007-2012) Source: Myanmar Ministry of Hotel and Tourism. Tourism Statistics Report (2007-2012).
- 11. What is Eco-tourism? Ecotourism “is environmentally responsible travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas, in order to enjoy and appreciate nature (and any accompanying cultural features – both past and present) that promotes conservation, has low negative visitor impact, and provides for beneficially active socioeconomic involvement of local populations” (World Conservation Union). > Nature-based destinations Learning-focused interaction between the tourist and natural attraction > > Environment, social-cultural sustainability
- 12. Myanmar’s Ecotourism Destination Wildlife National Parks and Sanctuaries • Alungdaw Kathapa National Park – jungle trekking and elephant riding • Hlawaga National Park – bird watching • Popa Mountain Park – extinct volcano with monkeys • Lampi Island (Mergui Archipelago) – diving and other marine based activities • Sein-Ye Forest Camp (Bago Yoma) – experience in witnessing the logging methods and the utilization of elephants • Chatthin Wildlife Sanctuary (Shwe Bo) • National Botanical Gardens • Moneyingyi Wetland Wildlife Sanctuary • Kakaborazi National Park, Myaing Hay Wun Elephant Camp • Indawgyi Lake Wildlife Sanctuary • Nat Ma Taung National Park • Meinmahla Kyun Wildlife Sanctuary • Yangon Zoo logical Gardens.
- 14. Bird watching in MOEYUNGYI WETLANDS
- 16. Myanmar’s Ecotourism in Action Protecting Biodiversity, Ecosystem and Environment The threat of animal poaching high rate of deforestation
- 17. Myanmar’s Ecotourism in Action Protecting Biodiversity, Ecosystem and Environment • Protected Area System – PAS • Legislations • Elephant Preservation Act • Forest Law • Forest Policy • Rules relating to the Protection of Wildlife and Conservation of Natural Areas
- 18. Myanmar’s Ecotourism in Action • Government intends to open up more restricted areas in the country to tourists in order to help to attract more visitors Access to Restricted Areas Chin State resident
- 19. Myanmar’s Ecotourism in Action Ecolodges Myanmar Andaman Resort
- 20. Myanmar’s Ecotourism in Action Ecolodges Mount Oasis Resort
- 21. Myanmar’s Ecotourism in Action Tour-operators Some examples: > Supreme Services Team (SST) Tourism > Woodlands Travel
- 22. Ecotourism in Myanmar Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats
- 23. Myanmar’s Future Ecotourism Challenges • Crony involvement in tourism – land conflict, etc. • Local community empowerment • Area, biodiversity and environment protection • Poor chances for small ecotourism enterprises • Lack of training programs for language skills and capacity management • lack of skilled labor and professionals • Human rights issues (forced labor, child labor, woman empowerment, etc.) • Weakness ecotourism knowledge awareness https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UftUJ0Mw9eQ
- 24. References Hausler, N., Munz, A., Westarp, L., Daw Khin Than Win, U Kyi Thein Ko. (September 27, 2012). Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar Ministry of Hotels & Tourism Responsible Tourism Policy. Retrieved from http://www.burma-center. org/en/publications/documents/item/344-myanmar-responsible-tourism-policy/ (June 5, 2013). Myanmar Unveils $500 Million Tourism Plan. Asian Development Bank (ADB). Retrieved from http://www.adb.org/news/myanmar-unveils-500-million-tourism-plan (February 22, 2013). Investing in Myanmar’s Tourism Industry. Retrieved from http://www.investinmyanmar.com/investing-in-myanmars- tourism-industry/ (May 23, 2011). Eco-Tourism. Ministry of Hotels and Tourism. MyanmarTourism.org. Tourism in Burma. Tourism Transparency. Retrieved from http://www.tourismtransparency.org/news-and-reports/tourism-burma Kay Leigh Long. (June 6, 2013). Myanmar reveals tourism Master Plan. Myanmar Times. Retrieved from http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/7018-myanmar-reveals-tourism-master-plan.html Sonenshine, T. (August 17, 2013). Myanmar Opening to Tourism, Investment – and Reform? National Geographic Daily News. Retrieved from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/08/130817-myanmar-burma-tourism-democracy-culture/ (May 11, 2012). Myanmar set to rejoin UNWTO. World Tourism Organization UNWTO. Retrieved from http://media.unwto.org/en/press-release/2012-05-11/myanmar-set-rejoin-unwto
- 25. References U Htay Aung. (June 2013). Myanmar Tourism Master Plan | 2013-2020 (Final Draft Report). Ministry of Hotels and Tourism, The Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Retrieved from http://www.harrison-institute.org/Myanmar%20Tourism%20Master%20Plan%202013- 2020.pdf World Travel and Tourism Council (2013). Travel and Tourism Economic Impact 2013. Myanmar. London Asian Development Bank (2005). Tourism Strategy Final Report (TA 6179-REG). Annex 3 Technical Notes and Tables. Manila Wall, W. & Aung, L. S. A Feasibility Study Setting Up Ecotourism Business in Myanmar. Master of Business Administration in Management. School of Management. Shinawatra University. Bangkok, Thailand. Ceballos-Lascurain, H. (1996). Tourism, Ecotourism and Protected Areas. Gland: IUCN Publication. The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) (1990; 2006). Fact Sheet: Global Ecotourism. Retrieved from http://www.box.net/shared/static/eaukonjc0a.pdf Bushell, R. (2001). The Place of Ecotourism, With Particular Reference to Australia, Sydney: School of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury Campus. Ministry of Hotels and Tourism. Tourism Development Report 2012: Speech delivered from the Union Minister for the Ministry of Hotels and Tourism and for Sports, meeting with the Singaporean Business Delegation. Nay Pyi Taw: Ministry of Government Press, 2012.
- 26. Thank You! Any Questions? Presentation by Daniel M. Pliske Sales & Marketing, Access China Tours Master of Tourism Management (MTM) Graduate Warner College of Natural Resources (WCNR) Colorado State University (CSU) Fort Collins, Colorado, USA PowerPoint by: Wen Zhao
Editor's Notes
- Introduction – Myanmar Location, population, economic
- Past obstacle for tourism developing in Burma Tourism came to Myanmar during the time of ‘high colonialism’ and saw its peak in the 1920s when the famous Irrawaddy Flotilla Company (IFC) was carrying up to nine million passengers a year. Since independence in 1948, the country’s tourism sector has never been developed due to civil war during the parliamentary era (1948-62) and closed-door policy by the socialist regime (1962-88). In the 1990s, the junta that succeeded the quasi-socialist regime set tourism high on their development agenda, however this agenda was shunned by the international community due to evidence of human rights violations involved in tourism infrastructure projects until 2011. Mass tourism development in Myanmar is therefore in its infancy, facing an array of challenges, particularly in light of responsible tourism commitments. Tourism in Burma (Myanmar) is a slowly developing sector. Given Myanmar’s structural corruption, crony capitalism, widespread poverty, ongoing human rights issues, communal violence and civil war in the past several decades, it is doubtful that Will Myanmar be able to develop their tourism sector in a sustainable manner that will positively benefit the economy, the citizens who are directly affected, their cultural and religious assets, as well as the country as a whole? The immense need to develop infrastructure in the country, because there are insufficient capacities for all the tourists wanting to visit Burma. Also, it’s facing challenges from its neighbours – for example, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand – these famous tourists destinations.
- Understand the why Myanmar can gain reopen in Tourism industry? Because of the 1. Change of world tourism situation 2. Leadership of Tourism: global – local level
- Search CLMV.
- Responsible tourism policy – 9 aims + 58 action points
- According to a recent article entitled Ecotravel, approximately 700 million people spend a total of $2-3 trillion on their trips, annually. At present, ecotourism represents about 2 percent of that total. But what, exactly, is ecotourism?
- Here’re some wildlife national parks and sacturaries in Myanmar. Myanmar has extremely high biodiversity and a wealth of natural resources. Its diverse forests and green landscapes which host a large variety of wildlife species, 7000 plants, 300 mammals, 360 reptiles and 1000 bird species, provide an ideal setting for nature-oriented and eco-tourism. It is home to 233 globally threatened species, such as white-browed nuthatch, Myanmar snub-nosed monkey or Burmese star tortoise.
- National botanic gardens
- (Conservation challenges and problems in Myanmar) http://news.mongabay.com/2013/1004-salisbury-myanmar-new-conservation-challenges.html Profit motives, poverty, and the population’s insufficient awareness continue to destroy the environment in Burma. This occurs through logging, the utilization of cultivable land for unusual crops like Jatropha, the establishment of facilities like golf courses, production of waste or indirectly through the wasting of energy in traffic and air conditioning as well as “including slash and burn farming, hunting of protected wildlife, illegal logging, little funding for conservation efforts, under resourced staff, as well as weaknesses in the constitution that allow for environmental exploitation.”
- https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/nbsap/nbsapcbw-seasi-01/other/nbsapcbw-seasi-01-mm-en.pdf Protected Area System - Thus far, 23 sanctuaries and five parks, constituting about 2.26% (15,270 sq. km) of the total land area of the country have been established under the existing PAS. Proposals for forming new protected areas have been made and these numbers are likely to increase in the near futures.
- http://www.ecoburma.com/2013/03/weekly-ecoburma-roundup-32/
- http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/ecolodge4.htm What is Ecolodge? - An industry label used to identify a nature-dependent tourist lodge that meets the philosophy and principles of ecotourism. Ecolodges offer accommodations from deluxe rooms to outdoor tents. Many provide excellent opportunities for relaxation, experiencing nature and cultural activities. Remember that instead of a typical vacation, an ecolodge can offer you the opportunity to be a responsible traveler. There are also lodges that specialize in nature- or education-based travel with activities that include learning about surrounding wildlife or regional history from a local guide.
- Local-owned? Benefit local community? Built by sustainable materials?
- http://www.forbes.com/sites/morganhartley/2013/04/03/burmas-reforms-arent-trickling-down-to-small-businesses/
- Semi-free economic market; tax benefits; small businesses
- http://www.ecoburma.com/choices/ Crony involvement: (1)As cronies develop more hotel zones, land conflicts are likely to become a major issue. Even the Ministries do not agree over the ownership of land in Myanmar. The Ministry of Hotel and Tourism had been negotiating with the Ministry of Culture over the building of hotels on a cultural heritage site in Bagan. Locals in Bagan, however, dissent hotel projects in the 42 square kilometres Bagan cultural heritage site. On 22 October 2012, the first ever local protest against tourism infrastructure projects in Myanmar was staged in Bagan-Nyaung Oo Township. The locals’ demand that Bagan cultural heritage site be respected and the expansion of new hotel and restaurant projects on the site be stopped has not been heeded by the authorities. (2) The destination level cronies are now also into hotel and tourism. Local community empowerment Area protection: Profit motives, poverty, and the population’s insufficient awareness continue to destroy the environment in Burma. This occurs through logging, the utilization of cultivable land for unusual crops like Jatropha, the establishment of facilities like golf courses, production of waste or indirectly through the wasting of energy in traffic and air conditioning. Poor chances for small enterprises Since 2011, package tour sales have dropped despite the dramatic rise in the number of arrivals in Myanmar, indicating that the country is set to become a top destination for Foreign Independent Travellers (FITs). However the existing number of small-scale hotels cannot keep up with the influx of FITs. There is a myriad of smaller enterprises and guesthouses in Myanmar but most of them are not certified to lodge foreign tourists. Smaller enterprises lack the knack and the means to meet the health and safety standards required. The system continues to give an upper hand to larger hotels. On the long run, smaller establishments, if they fail to keep up with the standards for foreign guests set by the authorities will perish or be taken over by foreign or crony-owned businesses. In the near future, if tourists want to avoid putting their money into crony pockets, their choices will be increasingly limited. Lack of training Local sourcing Human right issues Weakness awareness