6. GUTENBERG IS CREDITED WITH INVENTING THE MOVEABLE TYPE PRINTING PRESS AROUND 1450. THIS HAD A MONUMENTAL IMPACT ON EUROPEAN CULTURE. BOOKS, NEWSPAPERS, PAMPHLETS, ETC., BECAME AVAILABLE AND AFFORDABLE. THIS FOSTERED THE ESCALATION OF LITERACY AND EDUCATION AMONG COMMON PEOPLES, WHICH—IN TURN—STIMULATED MORE INDEPENDENT THOUGHT, AND SOCIAL DIALOGUE, AND DEBATE.
25. According to Tylor, “ ancient savage philosophers ” were impressed by two groups of biological problems : 1) What is it that makes the difference between a living body and a dead one and what causes sleep, trance, disease, and death? 2) What are these human shapes which appear in dreams and visions? THEIR EXPLANATION: A spirit or soul, derived from the experience of human souls or spirits in “dreams and waking hallucinations” animates lifeless objects such as sticks or stones, trees, mountains, rivers, etc.
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33. MARY DOUGLAS (1921-2007) : SOCIETIES MAINTAIN ORDER THROUGH FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS, FOR EXAMPLE WITH RELIGIOUS MANDATES THAT SPECIFY WHAT IS “PURE” AND PERMITTED, AND WHAT “POLLUTES” AND IS TABOO. VICTOR TURNER (1920-1983) : THE FUNCTION OF RITUALS IS THE VITAL ROLE THEY PLAY IN MAINTAINING SOCIAL SOLIDARITY AND COHESION.
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42. READING THE VILLAGE FROM DIFFERENT THEORETICAL ORIENTATIONS OF RELIGION
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