This document provides information on measuring range of motion for various joints using a goniometer. It describes testing positions, stabilization techniques, and placement of the goniometer arms for measuring flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation at the hip, knee, ankle, and toes. Standard ranges of motion are provided for each movement as well as common substitutions and normal end feels. The document explains that a goniometer is an instrument used to measure joint angles and derives its name from the Greek words for angle and measure.
4. A Goniometer is an instrument that
measures an angle of joints or allows an
object to be rotated to a precise angular
position.
The term goniometry is derived from two
Greek words, gōnia, meaning angle, and
metron, meaning measure.
9. 1. Hip Flexion
2. Hip Extension
3. Hip Abduction
4. Hip Adduction
5. Hip Internal and External Rotation
6. Knee Flexion
7. Knee Extension
8. Tibial Internal and External Rotation
9. Dorsiflexion
10. Plantarflexion
11. Inversion and Eversion
12. Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal
Flexion and Extension
10. Hip Flexion
Measurement Tool: Universal Goniometer
Testing Position: Supine lying with hips and
knees in neutral rotation
Stabilization: Trunk stabilized by body position
Goniometer Axis: Femoral Greater Trochanter
Proximal Arm: Parallel to midaxillary line of the
trunk
Distal Arm: Parallel to longitudinal axis of the
femur in line with lateral femoral condyle
Movement: Hip flexion with knee flexion allowed
Expected ROM: 120
Substitutions: Lumbar Spine flexion
Normal End Feel: Capsular
12. Hip Extension
Measurement Tool: Universal Goniometer
Testing Position: Prone with hips & knees in
neutral and feet extending off end of the table
Stabilization: Pelvis is stabilized through straps or
manual fixation
Goniometer Axis: Greater Trochanter
Proximal Arm: Parallel to midaxillary line of the
trunk
Distal Arm: Parallel to longitudinal axis of femur in
line with lateral femoral condyle
Movement: Hip extension with knee extended.
ASIS must remain on table.
Expected ROM: 30
Substitutions: Lumbar spine extension
Normal End Feel: Capsular or ligamentous
13.
14. Hip Abduction
Measurement Tool: Universal Goniometer
Testing Position: Supine with hips and knees in
neutral and pelvis level
Stabilization: Opposite in nominate
Goniometer Axis: ASIS on measured side
Proximal Arm: Along a line between the two
anterior superior iliac spines
Distal Arm: Parallel to the long axis of the femur
Movement: Abduction until motion is detected at
the opposite anterior superior iliac spine
Expected ROM: 45
Substitutions: Hip external rotation, knee
flexion/internal rotation, or lateral pelvic tilt
Normal End Feel: Capsular or ligamentous
15.
16.
17. Hip Adduction
Measurement Tool: Universal Goniometer
Testing Position: Supine lying with the opposite
extremity abducted
Goniometer Axis: ASIS on measured side
Proximal Arm: Along a line between the two
anterior superior iliac spines
Distal Arm: Parallel to the long axis of the femur
Movement: Adduction
Expected ROM: 30
Substitutions: Hip internal rotation or lateral pelvic
tilt
Normal End Feel: Capsular or ligamentous
18.
19. Hip Internal and
External Rotation
Measurement Tool: Universal Goniometer
Testing Position: Sitting with the hip and knee
flexed 90 . Opposite extremity abducted and
resting on a foot stool
Stabilization: prevent thigh abduction/adduction
Goniometer Axis: mid-patella
Proximal Arm: Perpendicular to the floor
Distal Arm: Parallel to long axis of the tibia
Movement: internal and external rotation
Expected ROM: 45 internal and external rotation
Substitutions: thigh abduction/adduction
Normal End Feel: Capsular
20. Alternate Test Position
for Hip Internal/External
Rotation:
Test Position: prone with knees flexed 90
Stabilization: strap or manual fixation of pelvis
23. Knee Flexion
Measurement Tool: Universal Goniometer
Testing Position: Supine with hip and knee in neutral
rotation
Stabilization: Trunk and pelvis stabilized by body weight
and position
Goniometer Axis: Lateral epicondyle of the femur
Proximal Arm: Parallel to the long axis of the femur &
pointing at the greater trochanter
Distal Arm: Parallel to the long axis of the fibula and
pointing at the lateral malleolus
Movement: The hip and knee are flexed as the heel
moves toward the buttock
Expected ROM: 135
Normal End Feel: Soft tissue approximation
Alternate Position: Prone lying with the femur
stabilized. Knee flexion motion may be decreased as the
rectus femoris is now stretched over two joints. Prevent
26. Knee Extension
Measurement Tool: Universal Goniometer
Testing Position: Prone with hips and knees in neutral
rotation; distal leg on bolster
Stabilization: Trunk and pelvis stabilized by body
weight and position
Goniometer Axis: Lateral Epicondyle of the femur
Proximal Arm: Parallel to the long axis of the femur &
pointing at the greater trochanter
Distal Arm: Parallel to the long axis of the fibula and
pointing at the lateral malleolus
Movement: Knee extension
Expected ROM: 0 . Hyperextension may be present up
to 10-15
Normal End Feel: Capsular
Alternate Position: Supine lying heel height technique
27.
28.
29. Tibial Internal and
External Rotation
Measurement Tool: Universal Goniometer
Testing Position: sitting with knee flexed 90
degrees
Stabilization: Therapist manually stabilizes the
femur
Goniometer Axis: Parallel to the long axis of the
tibia
Stationary Arm: Parallel to the long axis of the
tibia
Moving Arm: Parallel to and in line with the
bisection of the heel and the 2nd metatarsal shaft
Movement: Internal and external tibial rotation
Expected ROM:
30 internal ,40 external
Normal End Feel: soft tissue
30.
31.
32.
33. Dorsiflexion
Measurement Tool: Universal Goniometer
Testing Position: Prone with ankle off edge of table
and knee extended
Stabilization: Manual stabilization of tibia against the
supporting surface
Goniometer Axis: Lateral malleolus
Proximal Arm: pointing towards the fibular head
Distal Arm: Parallel to the long axis of the 5th
metatarsal
Movement: The ankle is actively dorsiflexed
Expected ROM: 10 with knee extended; increased to
20 with the knee flexed
Normal End Feel: Capsular
34.
35. Plantarflexion
Measurement Tool: Universal Goniometer
Testing Position: Prone or supine with the knee in
slight flexion
Stabilization: Therapist stabilizes the lower leg
Goniometer Axis: Lateral malleolus
Proximal Arm: pointing towards the fibular head
Distal Arm: Parallel to the long axis of the 5th
metatarsal
Movement: The ankle is actively plantarflexed
Expected ROM: 30-50 degrees.
Normal End Feel: Capsular
Alternate Position: Prone lying
36.
37. Inversion / Eversion
Measurement Tool: Universal Goniometer
Testing Position: Standing with bilateral stance
Stabilization: No stabilization necessary
Goniometer Axis: Just proximal to the achilles insertion
on the calcaneus
Proximal Arm: Parallel to the distal bisection of the
lower leg
Distal Arm: Parallel to the bisection of the calcaneus
Movement: Patient can perform trunk or tibial rotation to
maximally invert and evert the calcaneus
Expected ROM: Approximately
10 eversion
20 inversion
Normal End Feel: Capsular
Alternate Position: Prone lying positions.
39. Metatarsophalangeal and
Interphalangeal Flexion and
Extension
Measurement Tool: Universal or Digit Goniometer
Testing Position: Ankle in resting position of mild plantar flexion and the
STJ (Superconducting Tunnel Junction) is in neutral.
Stabilization: Careful stabilization of metatarsals without metatarsal
compression
Goniometer Axis: Over the dorsum of the measured joint. If measuring the
1st or 5th the axis can be placed over the medial or lateral aspect of the
joints, respectively.
Proximal Axis: Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the metatarsal of the digit
being measured
Distal Axis: Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the metatarsal of the digit
being measured
Movement: Active flexion and/or extension of the distal digit being
measured
Expected ROM:
Extension :1st - 50o , 2nd - 40o , 3rd - 30o , 4th - 20o , 5th - 10o
Flexion : 1st - 30o , 2nd - 30o , 3rd - 20o , 4th - 10o , 5th - 10o
Normal End Feel: Capsular
Substitutions: The long toe flexors and extensors will effect ROM according
to the positioning of the more proximal joints that they cross.