Cuando se conoce el tiempo y la acción continúa hasta el presente se utiliza las palabras: since o for

1. ESCUELA : Ciencias de la Educación – Carrera de Inglés. NOMBRES: COMMUNICATIVE GRAMMAR IV I BIMESTRE FECHA: Lic. César Ochoa Cueva. ABRIL – AGOSTO 2009

6. STATIVE VERBS know understand owe possess be have* belong contain equal resemble tend perceive suppose believe decide conclude prefer love like seem *Cuando tiene significado de posesión: I have a house.

11. Meaning Past actions that are not longer true USED TO Actions/ Events/ States WOULD Action / Events I used to collect shells. I used to spend time at the beach. I used to be a lifeguard. I would go to walk along the beach. I would celebrate with my friends. I would have a horse X.

15. Action Verbs “ describen acciones” Non-action Verbs Describen estados: apariencia, emociones, estados mentales, percepción, posesión play, drive, talk, write seem, love, know, hear, Some Non-Action Verbs Active Use Stative Use I’m having a party. (Action) I have a new car. (possession) I am looking at the picture. (action) She looks happy. (appearance)

16. Affirmative Statements Addition Daniel is an excellent player. So is Mark. Mark is, too. Susan loves music. So does Joe. Joe does, too. Las dos se las puede utilizar indistintamente, sin embargo hay que tomar en cuenta la estructura. (posición)

17. Negative Statements Addition Anna doesn’t like pizza. Neither does Helen. Helen doesn’t either. Las dos se las puede utilizar indistintamente, sin embargo hay que tomar en cuenta la estructura (posición) y el uso de la negación al usar either.

20. Present (Speculations) Certainty Past (Speculations) must has to has got to must not ------ ------ couldn’t can’t Almost 100% must have had to have must not have --------------- can’t have couldn’t have could may might ---------- may not might not Less that 50% could have may have might have ----------------- may not have might not have

21. Present Certainty Past She must be here. The car is parked there. She couldn’t stay home. We have an important test today. Almost 100% She must have had an emergency. She told me that she would come. She couldn’t have forgotten the test. I talked to her yesterday. Mary is not in class. She might be sick. She could have a flat tire. 50% or Less She may not have had time to study. Something important might have happened to her.

25. Identifying Relative Clauses (no commas) Se puede utilizar cualquier “Relative Pronoun” The actor who starred in that movie is very talented. The writer that works for People magazine criticizes the latest movies. A photo editor is a person who selects the best photos to print. A computer is a device which is used to perform different tasks.

26. Non-identifying Clauses (commas) Se utiliza solamente who y which Tom Cruise, who starred in that movie , is very talented. This famous writer, who writes movie reviews, criticizes the latest movies. The book, which I am reading now , was written in 2002.

29. Whom and which Dos posiciones Who, that, whose Una posición

30. Verb “be” Any other verb who, which, that Omitir el relative pronoun y el verbo “be” Omitir el relative pronoun y agregar -ing al verbo. Anyone who is interested in drama should see this play. Pretty woman, which stars Julia Roberts, is a classic film. Anyone interested in drama should see this play. Pretty woman, starring Julia Roberts, is a classic film.

46. Subject Have/get Object Past Participle Agent I had my car fixed by a mechanic. She will get the window replaced. He got the book returned You can have your hair Cut by Carol. They are going to get a copy made.