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FAST実験4：大気蛍光望遠鏡による極高エネルギー宇宙線観測報告

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Toshihiro FUJII
Toshihiro FUJII

The document describes the progress of the Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel Telescopes (FAST) project between October 2016 and January 2017. Key points include successful detection of 128 air shower events above 18 PeV, an energy threshold 21 km from the telescope, and plans to upgrade the data acquisition system to include GPS timing in June 2017.

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T. Fujii (ICRR), M. Malacari, J. Albury, J.A. Bellido, J. Farmer, A. Galimova, P. Horvath, M. Hrabovsky, D. Mandat, A. Matalon, J.N. Matthews, M. Merolle, X. Ni, L. Nozka, M. Palatka, M. Pech, P. Privitera, P. Schovanek, S.B. Thomas, P. Travnicek 72 2017 3 17 http://www.fast-project.org FAST 4 FAST TA Credit: Max Malacari EUSO-TA
Fine pixelated camera Low-cost and simplified/optimized FD Too expensive to cover a huge area 2 Single or few pixels and smaller optics Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel Telescopes Segmented mirror telescope Variable angles of elevation – steps. 15 deg 45 deg ✦ > 1019.5 eV ✦ (30,000 km2, 10×Auger or TA×4) ⇒
FAST 3 ✦ EUSO-TA 1 ✦ ✦ ✦ Astroparticle Physics, 74 (2016) 64-72 ✦ ✦ FAST ( FAST ) (Xmax) EUSO-TA telescope + FAST camera Fig. 12. A 1018 eV shower simultaneously detected by the TA FD and the FAST protot superimposed (see Fig. 11). In (b), the corresponding FADC trace recorded by the FAS Fig. 6. FADC signal recorded for a YAP light pulse. It is used to monitor the relative gain of the PMT. Fig. 7. Variation of the YAP signal during a seven hour data taking run. 70 T. Fujii et al. / Astroparticle Physics 74 (2016) 64–72 Vertical Laser ~1019.3 eV Cosmic Ray ~1018.0 eV
FAST - progress in design and construction UV Plexiglass Segmented primary mirror8 inch PMT camera (2 x 2) 1m2 aperture FOV = 25°x 25° variable tilt Joint Laboratory of Optics Olomouc – Malargue November 2015 Prototype - October 2015 15° 45° 4Joint Laboratory of Optics in Olomouc, Czech Republic FAST UV band-pass filter
5 FAST 2016 10 http://www.fast-project.org Produced by D. Mandat and M. Malacari
FAST (2016 10 ) 6
FAST 7 ✦ (TA) ✦ 10 MHz, 80 µs ✦ TA 21 km Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 -30 -20 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 -30 -20 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 -10 0 10 20 30 PMT 2 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 PMT 4 80 µs 100 ( ) () FAST
8 ✦ : 62194 events : PMT 1 PMT 3 PMT 2 PMT 4 : 2016 10 5 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 PMT 1 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 PMT 3 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 -10 0 10 20 30 PMT 2 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 PMT 4 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 PMT 1 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 PMT 3 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 PMT 2 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 PMT 4 [] Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 PMT 1 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 200 400 600 800 1000 PMT 3 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 200 400 600 800 1000 PMT 2 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 200 400 600 800 1000 PMT 4
: 2016 10 5 9 ✦ ->PMT -> (>35 µs)-> ->2 PMT ✦ 62194 -> 4290 -> 3950 -> 389 -> 90 events
Event 387: log10(E(eV)): 18.68, Zen: 61.0◦ , Azi: 63.3◦ , Core(11.86, -11.50), Rp: 3.52, Psi: 42.8◦ , Xmax: 1113 g/cm2 FoV(1407 - 1769), Date: 20161005, Time: 06:07:38.800548560 Event 388: log10(E(eV)): 17.96, Zen: 38.8◦ , Azi: -19.6◦ , Core(8.90, -17.03), Rp: 9.44, Psi: 82.6◦ , Xmax: 768 g/cm2 FoV(498 - 1017), Date: 20161005, Time: 06:30:06.947113522 Event 389: log10(E(eV)): 17.83, Zen: 4.7◦ , Azi: 115.2◦ , Core(14.23, -5.41), Rp: 7.18, Psi: 86.7◦ , Xmax: 656 g/cm2 FoV(473 - 850), Date: 20161005, Time: 06:35:10.462924009 Event 393: log10(E(eV)): 18.14, Zen: 31.6◦ , Azi: 2.8◦ , Core(6.02, -6.69), Rp: 11.96, Psi: 102.1◦ , Xmax: 762 g/cm2 FoV(373 - 991), Date: 20161005, Time: 06:51:48.292842002 Event 394: log10(E(eV)): 18.69, Zen: 61.2◦ , Azi: -9.4◦ , Core(9.58, -20.15), Rp: 9.27, Psi: 57.3◦ , Xmax: 1021 g/cm2 FoV(829 - 1221), Date: 20161005, Time: 06:53:27.011365323 Event 395: log10(E(eV)): 18.26, Zen: 17.7◦ , Azi: -82.0◦ , Core(13.53, -2.14), Rp: 10.39, Psi: 98.2◦ , Xmax: 769 g/cm2 FoV(303 - 890), Date: 20161005, Time: 06:53:43.909532618 10 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -40 -20 0 20 40 60 PMT 1 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 PMT 3 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 PMT 2 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 PMT 4 2016/10/05 06:37:49.525424540 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 500 1000 1500 2000 PMT 1 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 PMT 3 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 200 400 600 800 1000 PMT 2 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 PMT 4 2016/10/05 10:25:50.781802380 TAFD logE = 18.08 Rp = 2.40 km Too close
11 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 PMT 1 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 50 100 150 200 PMT 3 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 0 20 40 60 80 PMT 2 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 PMT 4 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -50 0 50 100 150 200 PMT 1 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 PMT 3 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 0 20 40 60 80 PMT 2 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 -10 0 10 20 PMT 4 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 PMT 1 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 0 20 40 60 80 PMT 3 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 -10 0 10 20 30 PMT 2 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 PMT 4 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 50 100 150 200 PMT 1 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 PMT 3 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 PMT 2 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 0 20 40 60 80 PMT 4 128 18
Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 5 10 15 20 12 ✦ 21 km 284 ✦ ✦ ( ) ✦ ✦ PMT ✦ PMT ( ) ✦ ( ) Sum PMT 1 PMT 3 PMT 2 PMT 4 ( ) Simulation (Preliminary) Data 11 Optical simulation status FAST Simulation - example - PSF (7.5deg diagonal) aperture input 0.5W 0.43W/PMT1, <0.001W/PMT234 (eff: 86%) 10 Optical simulation status - axis): aperture input 0.5W 4x0.04W/PMT (eff: 32%) FAST Simulation - example
13 ✦ Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel Telescopes (FAST) ✦ ✦ FAST ✦ 2016 10 2017 1 ✦ 128 18 ✦ 21 km ✦ ✦ 2017 1 25 GPS ✦ ✦ 2017 6 FAST GPS DAQ ✦ http://www.fast-project.org

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FAST実験4：大気蛍光望遠鏡による極高エネルギー宇宙線観測報告

  • 1. T. Fujii (ICRR), M. Malacari, J. Albury, J.A. Bellido, J. Farmer, A. Galimova, P. Horvath, M. Hrabovsky, D. Mandat, A. Matalon, J.N. Matthews, M. Merolle, X. Ni, L. Nozka, M. Palatka, M. Pech, P. Privitera, P. Schovanek, S.B. Thomas, P. Travnicek 72 2017 3 17 http://www.fast-project.org FAST 4 FAST TA Credit: Max Malacari EUSO-TA
  • 2. Fine pixelated camera Low-cost and simplified/optimized FD Too expensive to cover a huge area 2 Single or few pixels and smaller optics Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel Telescopes Segmented mirror telescope Variable angles of elevation – steps. 15 deg 45 deg ✦ > 1019.5 eV ✦ (30,000 km2, 10×Auger or TA×4) ⇒
  • 3. FAST 3 ✦ EUSO-TA 1 ✦ ✦ ✦ Astroparticle Physics, 74 (2016) 64-72 ✦ ✦ FAST ( FAST ) (Xmax) EUSO-TA telescope + FAST camera Fig. 12. A 1018 eV shower simultaneously detected by the TA FD and the FAST protot superimposed (see Fig. 11). In (b), the corresponding FADC trace recorded by the FAS Fig. 6. FADC signal recorded for a YAP light pulse. It is used to monitor the relative gain of the PMT. Fig. 7. Variation of the YAP signal during a seven hour data taking run. 70 T. Fujii et al. / Astroparticle Physics 74 (2016) 64–72 Vertical Laser ~1019.3 eV Cosmic Ray ~1018.0 eV
  • 4. FAST - progress in design and construction UV Plexiglass Segmented primary mirror8 inch PMT camera (2 x 2) 1m2 aperture FOV = 25°x 25° variable tilt Joint Laboratory of Optics Olomouc – Malargue November 2015 Prototype - October 2015 15° 45° 4Joint Laboratory of Optics in Olomouc, Czech Republic FAST UV band-pass filter
  • 7. FAST 7 ✦ (TA) ✦ 10 MHz, 80 µs ✦ TA 21 km Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 -30 -20 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 -30 -20 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 -10 0 10 20 30 PMT 2 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 PMT 4 80 µs 100 ( ) () FAST
  • 8. 8 ✦ : 62194 events : PMT 1 PMT 3 PMT 2 PMT 4 : 2016 10 5 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 PMT 1 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 PMT 3 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 -10 0 10 20 30 PMT 2 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 PMT 4 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 PMT 1 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 PMT 3 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 PMT 2 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 PMT 4 [] Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 PMT 1 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 200 400 600 800 1000 PMT 3 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 200 400 600 800 1000 PMT 2 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 200 400 600 800 1000 PMT 4
  • 9. : 2016 10 5 9 ✦ ->PMT -> (>35 µs)-> ->2 PMT ✦ 62194 -> 4290 -> 3950 -> 389 -> 90 events
  • 10. Event 387: log10(E(eV)): 18.68, Zen: 61.0◦ , Azi: 63.3◦ , Core(11.86, -11.50), Rp: 3.52, Psi: 42.8◦ , Xmax: 1113 g/cm2 FoV(1407 - 1769), Date: 20161005, Time: 06:07:38.800548560 Event 388: log10(E(eV)): 17.96, Zen: 38.8◦ , Azi: -19.6◦ , Core(8.90, -17.03), Rp: 9.44, Psi: 82.6◦ , Xmax: 768 g/cm2 FoV(498 - 1017), Date: 20161005, Time: 06:30:06.947113522 Event 389: log10(E(eV)): 17.83, Zen: 4.7◦ , Azi: 115.2◦ , Core(14.23, -5.41), Rp: 7.18, Psi: 86.7◦ , Xmax: 656 g/cm2 FoV(473 - 850), Date: 20161005, Time: 06:35:10.462924009 Event 393: log10(E(eV)): 18.14, Zen: 31.6◦ , Azi: 2.8◦ , Core(6.02, -6.69), Rp: 11.96, Psi: 102.1◦ , Xmax: 762 g/cm2 FoV(373 - 991), Date: 20161005, Time: 06:51:48.292842002 Event 394: log10(E(eV)): 18.69, Zen: 61.2◦ , Azi: -9.4◦ , Core(9.58, -20.15), Rp: 9.27, Psi: 57.3◦ , Xmax: 1021 g/cm2 FoV(829 - 1221), Date: 20161005, Time: 06:53:27.011365323 Event 395: log10(E(eV)): 18.26, Zen: 17.7◦ , Azi: -82.0◦ , Core(13.53, -2.14), Rp: 10.39, Psi: 98.2◦ , Xmax: 769 g/cm2 FoV(303 - 890), Date: 20161005, Time: 06:53:43.909532618 10 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -40 -20 0 20 40 60 PMT 1 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 PMT 3 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 PMT 2 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 PMT 4 2016/10/05 06:37:49.525424540 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 500 1000 1500 2000 PMT 1 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 PMT 3 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 200 400 600 800 1000 PMT 2 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 PMT 4 2016/10/05 10:25:50.781802380 TAFD logE = 18.08 Rp = 2.40 km Too close
  • 11. 11 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 PMT 1 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 50 100 150 200 PMT 3 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 0 20 40 60 80 PMT 2 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 PMT 4 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -50 0 50 100 150 200 PMT 1 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 PMT 3 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 0 20 40 60 80 PMT 2 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 -10 0 10 20 PMT 4 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 PMT 1 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 0 20 40 60 80 PMT 3 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 -10 0 10 20 30 PMT 2 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 PMT 4 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 50 100 150 200 PMT 1 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 PMT 3 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 PMT 2 Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N -20 0 20 40 60 80 PMT 4 128 18
  • 12. Time (100 ns) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 /(100ns)p.e.N 0 5 10 15 20 12 ✦ 21 km 284 ✦ ✦ ( ) ✦ ✦ PMT ✦ PMT ( ) ✦ ( ) Sum PMT 1 PMT 3 PMT 2 PMT 4 ( ) Simulation (Preliminary) Data 11 Optical simulation status FAST Simulation - example - PSF (7.5deg diagonal) aperture input 0.5W 0.43W/PMT1, <0.001W/PMT234 (eff: 86%) 10 Optical simulation status - axis): aperture input 0.5W 4x0.04W/PMT (eff: 32%) FAST Simulation - example
  • 13. 13 ✦ Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel Telescopes (FAST) ✦ ✦ FAST ✦ 2016 10 2017 1 ✦ 128 18 ✦ 21 km ✦ ✦ 2017 1 25 GPS ✦ ✦ 2017 6 FAST GPS DAQ ✦ http://www.fast-project.org