This document summarizes a presentation on daylighting in buildings and its effects on human circadian rhythms and health. It discusses various daylighting design tools and technologies, including anidolic daylighting systems that can provide significant increases in daylight provision. Experimental findings show that daylight exposure in an office with anidolic systems can provide higher circadian efficacy than artificial light, due to daylight's spectral composition and dynamics. Optimizing light quality and exposure for circadian functions may require considering aspects of building science, physiology, and individual human factors. Further research is needed to better understand light's short and long-term impacts on human health and performance.

1. Light beyond Vision:Day and Night in Building Scienceand ChronobiologyLight beyond Vision:Day and Night in Building Scienceand ChronobiologyProf. Jean-Louis Scartezzini, Dr. Mirjam MünchSolar Energy and Building Physics LaboratoryEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne (Switzerland)

2. INTRODUCTIONDaylighting in Office Buildings (Natural Luminary, Prismatic Panels)Jourda et Perraudin (Lyon/France)Bartenbach Lichtlabor (Dorbirn/Austria)

3. STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATIONIntroduction

4. Daylighting Resources and Provision

5. Daylighting Design and Analysis Tools

6. Advanced Daylighting Technology

7. Entrainment by Light in Humans

8. Visual and Non-Visual Light Perception

9. Office Lighting Case Study

10. Summary and OutlookHigh EfficacyLarge Efficacy RangeDAYLIGHTING RESOURCES AND PROVISIONMain Light SourcesDaylight ProvisionWinter Overcast Sky 7’000 Lux Clear sky 20’000 LuxSummer Overcast Sky 30’000 Lux Clear Sky 110’000 LuxElectricLightDaylight

11. DAYLIGHTING RESOURCES AND PROVISIONImpact on DL Systems Performance (Task Illuminance, Daylight Factor)Marin County Civic Center (F. L. Wright, 1969)ZEB Forum Chriesbach (B. Gysin, 2006)

12. CIE OvercastCIE ClearDAYLIGHTING DESIGN & ANALYSIS TOOLSSimulations of Sky Luminance Distributions (CIE Standard Skies)Isotropic

13. DAYLIGHTING DESIGN & ANALYSIS TOOLSAvailable Scientific Equipment (EPFL Daylighting Lab)HardwareAutomated Heliodon

14. Scanning Sky Simulator

15. Movable Test Modules

16. Digital Sky Scanner

17. Bidirectional GoniophotometerSoftware ADELINE/Radiance Programme

18. LESO-DIAL Fuzzy Logic Tool

19. DIAL-Europe Fuzzy Logic Tool

20. HDR Imaging Technique6

21. ADVANCED DAYLIGHTING TECHNOLOGYComplex Fenestration Systems (IEA SHC Task 21 & 41)Labelling & Optical FeaturesAerogels and Capillaries(Scattering and Diffusion)LightshelvesReflective Lamellae(Specular Reflection)Laser Cut PanelSun Directing Glass(Total Internal Reflection)Prismatic Panel and Film(Refraction)Holographic Optical Element(Diffraction)Anidolic Daylighting Systems(Non-Imaging Optics)AerogelLightshelfHOELaser Cut Panel

22. ANIDOLIC DAYLIGHTING SYSTEMS (ADS)Non-Imaging Optics Principles (Edge-Rays Method)

23. 0.750.750.16Reflection FactorsANIDOLIC DAYLIGHTING SYSTEMS (ADS)Comparison of Daylighting Performance (1:1 Scale Office Rooms)0.570.300.11Double Glazing – Dark RoomAnidolic SystemDouble Glazing – Light Room

24. ANIDOLIC DAYLIGHTING SYSTEMS (ADS)Monitoring of Daylighting Performance (Daylight Factor)50 % ANNUAL INCREASEOF DAYLIGHTING PROVISION(300 Lux / Urban)DF 3%

25. ANIDOLIC DAYLIGHTING SYSTEMS (ADS)AnidolicZenithalCollector LESO-PB/EPFL, Lausanne (Switzerland) Scartezzini and Courret, SEJ 73(2), 2002.LESO Sustainable Building (EPFL Campus)

26. ANIDOLIC DAYLIGHTING SYSTEMS (ADS)Anidolic Integrated Ceiling (Movable Test Modules)Architectural Design: Müller & Ganz, Geneva

27. ANIDOLIC DAYLIGHTING SYSTEMS (ADS)Monitoring of Daylighting Performance (Anidolic Integrated Ceiling)DF 9%DF 4%

28. OptimalIntegrationANIDOLIC DAYLIGHTING SYSTEMS (ADS)Facade Integrated Anidolic System (Movable Test Modules)Architectural Design : I. Giaccari, Lausanne

29. ANIDOLIC DAYLIGHTING SYSTEMS (ADS)Anidolic Integrated Ceiling (Zero Energy Building, Singapore)Building Construction Authority, Singapore

30. ANIDOLIC DAYLIGHTING SYSTEMS (ADS)AnidolicZenithalOpeningBartenbach L’chtLabor, Aldrans (Austria) Courret, Paule and Scartezzini, LRT 28(1), 1996.Changi Airport, Terminal 3 (Singapore)

31. ADVANCED DAYLIGHTING TECHNOLOGYElectrochromic Glazing (Visual Comfort, Circadian Impact)TVIS 55 %TVIS 30 %TVIS 15 %Page, Scartezzini, Kaempf, Morel, SEJ, 81(9), 2007.LESO Sustainable Building (EPFL Campus)

32. 250 lux150 lux100 luxINTEGRATED DAY- AND ELECTRIC LIGHTINGCommon Lighting Modes (incl. Daylighting Systems)Visual Comfort Stuidies (Glare Indexes)Two NIO Luminaries (96% eff., T5 28W FL)Luminance Mapping (High Dynamic Range)

34. SwissNex Lecture, San Francisco February 16th, 2010OverviewIntroduction

35. Daylighting Resources and Provision

36. Daylighting Design and Analysis Tools

37. Advanced Daylighting Technology

38. Entrainment by Light in Humans

39. Visual and Non-Visual Light Perception

40. Office Lighting Case Study

41. Summary and OutlookSwissNex Lecture, San Francisco February 16th, 2010Switzerland has a long History of Daylight Application in Health Care and MedicineDavos, Switzerland (1930)...’The exposure to direct sunlight readily effects the destruction of tubercle bacillies ...’ (Masten A.R. Chest, 1935)

42. InternalBiological Clock in HumansSuprachiasmatic NucleusApproximately but not exact 24-h hoursExternal24-h Solar Light-Dark Cyclesource:www.solardemocenter.com/main.htmlMost stable time cue (>4 billion years)SwissNex Lecture, San Francisco, February 16th, 2010

43. Circadian Regulation of Physiology and Behavior in Humans300300Plasma Melatonin (pmol/L)Plasma Melatonin (pmol/L)100100001921231357911131519212313579111315Clock Time (h)Clock Time (h)circa (lat.) = approximately

44. -dian (lat. dies) = dayDaily Synchronization of Rhythms by LightFor example: melatonin secretionby the pineal gland during the nightSlide CourtesyCentre for Chronobiology, BaselSwissNex Lecture, San Francisco,February 16th, 2010

45. Visual system: rods & conesNon-visual system: retinalganglion cellscircadian rhythms

46. sleep-wake states

47. hormonal regulation

48. pupillary light reflex

49. gene expressionSwissNex Lecture, San Francisco February 16th, 2010Intrinsically Photosensitive Receptors in the Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGC)LightipRGCRods, conesadapted from:www.webvision.med. utah.edu

50. MelanopsinSwissNex Lecture, San Francisco February 16th, 2010Non-Visual Effects are conveyed via the Photopigment MelanopsinBrainard et al. 2001->physiological, behavioral responses are wavelength-dependent-> the effects are blue-shifted: peak sensitivity around 460 nm-> photopigment is different from those of rods and cones

51. SwissNex Lecture, San Francisco February 16th, 2010The Response to Visible Light in HumansTWavelength and spectral composition

52. Time of day

53. Exposure Duration

54. Intensity

55. Prior light history

56. Light transmission

57. Sensitivity of receptorsWhat can go wrong in our modern 24/7 Society?Night Time-> light ‘at the wrong time’ circadian ‘misalignment’of phyisological and behavioral rhyhtms (e.g. melatonin suppression)Long-term effects on health and wellbeing?SwissNex Lecture, San Francisco,February 16th, 2010Day Time-> lack of sufficient daylight exposure-> poor indoor light qualityvisual system: ↓visual comfort, performance, productivity, safetynon-visual system:↓alertness, ↓ entrainment of circadian phase and amplitudesleep-wake disturbances↑

58. Irradiance (W/m2)Wavelength (nm)Artificial standard illumination (3100 K)

59. 196 lux in vertical directionSwissNex Lecture, San Francisco February 16th, 2010Example: Two different Office Lighting Scenarios: Daylight vs. Artificial Light SourceIrradiance (W/m2)Wavelength (nm)Daylight provided with anidolic daylighting systems (5174 K)1300 lux in vertical direction Monitoring the Dynamics of Daylight IrradiancesLinhart, Scartezzini and Münch, CISBAT 2009Single office room with anidolic daylighting system (ADS)

60. Vertical irradiances at the occupant’s eye level

61. Comparison with blue-enriched polychromatic lightingSwissNex Lecture, San Francisco February 16th, 2010

62. DaylightBlue-enrichedLight Source(17’000 K)Overcast SkyIrradiances (W/m2)Intermediate SkyClear SkyClock Time (h)SwissNex Lecture, San Francisco February 16th, 2010Circadian Efficacy of Daylight in an Office with ADSC(λ)-Irradiances: Weighted for circadian sensitivity Eec= ∫ Eeλ c(λ) dλ (after Brainard et al. 2001, Gall 2004) Integrated across wavelengths, irradiances and circadian sensitivity higher for clear and intermediate skies during most of the day no difference for overcast skyLinhart, Scartezzini and Münch, Cisbat 2009

63. Building and Room Properties:‘ Human Factors’: Building orientation, floor

64. Reflection, contrast

65. Type of glazing

66. Time of day, season, weather

67. Climate, gegraphical latitude

68. Ergonomics, economics

69. Age, population

70. Type of work

71. Angle of glaze, glare

72. Chronotype?

73. Genetic predisposition?

74. Individual preferences?SwissNex Lecture, San Francisco, February 16th, 2010Office Room Light Conditions

75. Summary: Optimal Light Quality chronobiologicalaspectsSwissNex Lecture, San Francisco February 16th, 2010environment

76. building science

77. architecture

78. lighting design

79. physiology

80. performance

81. mood

82. visual comfort

83. health & safety

84. social, communication

85. aesthetics

86. physiology

87. performance

88. mood

89. visual comfort

90. health & safety

91. social, communication

92. aesthetics(day-) lightrequirementsenergy consumption

93. economic factors(adapted from Veitch CIE 2004)

94. ApplicationSet-up building design tools & standards for architects, lighting designers and engineers

95. Translation into the real worldOptimal lighting environment accounting for chronobiologcal functions, visual comfort and performance, energy efficiency and costsSwissNex Lecture, San Francisco February 16th, 2010OutlookResearchExpanding the knowledge of theshort/long lasting (day-)light effects on human physiology (sleep-wake rhythms, performance & health)Assessment of circadian efficacy

96. Field research studies to investigate and optimize the (long-term) effects of day/artificial light – in different populationsSwissNex Lecture, San Francisco February 16th, 2010AcknowledgementsTeam of the Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory, EPFLFriedrich LinhartPierre LoeschVELUX Foundation (Switzerland)Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne

97. SwissNex Lecture, San Francisco February 16th, 2010Thank you for your attention!