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REMOTE SENSING & GIS
APPLICATIONS IN
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
BY
SRIRAM C
II sem M.Tech Geoinformatics
5WD13CGI18
VTU RC KSRSAC

3. WATERSHED
- is a natural hydrological unit
- Topographically delineated area drained by a stream system,
from which runoff resulting from precipitation flow past from a
point into single stream.
- Development is not confined just to agriculture lands but covers
entire catchment's area.
- Watershed approach is holistic, linking upstream and
downstream areas.
-Practical approach in planning, directed at preservation,
conservation, development, management and exploitation of
natural resources for the benefit of people.
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4. A TYPICAL WATERSHED4/24/2014

5. Watershed Management
􀀹This is the PROCESS of GUIDING & ORGANISING,
Land and Other Resource Usage in a Watershed
Ensuring the Sustenance of the Environment
(Mainly the Soil and Water Resources)
i.e., need to recognize the interrelationships between,
LAND USE, SOIL-WATER, and SLOPE OF TERAIN
􀀹Unifying Focus in watershed management is in how various
human activities affect the relationship between water and
other natural resources
􀀹Provides a basis for actions concerning the development and
Conservation
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6. Watershed Management Concerns
􀀹PREVENTING deterioration of existing
relationships between the use of natural
resources within a watershed
􀀹RESTORING sustainable relationships which
had been destroyed due to actions in the past
THERE BY ENSURE THE BEST USE OF
RESOURCES IN A WATERSHED
Watershed Management Strategies
􀀹PREVENTION STRATERGIES
- Those Aimed at Preserving Suitable Existing Land Use
Practices
􀀹RESTORATIVE STRATEGIES
- Those Targeting to Overcome Identified Problems or
to restore conditions to a Desirable level both
Environmentally and Politically
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7. Watershed Development Approach
- Integrated and multi-disciplinary approach.
- To suggest possible exploitation of resources within the limits of tolerance.
-Approach is Preventive, Progressive, Corrective & Curative.
Objectives -
• Conservation of Soil and Water
• Improved ability of land to hold water
• Maintaining adequate vegetative cover for controlling soil
erosion
• Rain water harvesting and ground water recharging.
Benefits -
• Promotes economic and social development of community
• Employment generation and other income generation
• Ecological balance
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8. ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING
Useful for generating environmental indicators that can be
integrated with collateral data and social indicators.
- Synoptic view, Multi-resolution, multi-spectral, repetitive
offers appropriate method for quick, unbiased mapping and
monitoring of natural resources both in space and time
domain.
- Timely and accurate information on spatial distribution –
land use, soil, vegetation density, forest, geology, water
resources etc.
- RS data in conjunction with collateral data helps in
delineation of ridge line, characterization, prioritization,
erosion prone areas, etc.
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9. BASE MAP
SLOPE
LANDUSE
GEOLOGY &
STRUCTURAL
FEATURES
GEOMORPHOLOGICAL
MAP
HYDROLOGICAL
MAP
Water Harvesting Sites
Map
GIS CONCEPT
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10. The crop yield has increased by in dry land farming
The soil loss due to erosion was brought down
Large extents of barren hill slopes were covered by vegetation.
Large tracts of marginal lands brought under dry land Horticulture
Development of Agro-Horti and Agro-Forestry systems.
Water resources were harvested through nala bunds, farm ponds,
gully embankments
Regeneration of grass lands for more fodder and grass.
The income of farmers increased considerably.
Benefits derived from Watershed Methodology
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11. Human resource development (community development),
Soil and land management,
Water management,
Afforestation,
Pasture/fodder development,
Livestock management, rural energy management and
Farm and non farm value addition activities;
The watershed development approach,
as implemented in Karnataka,
consists of following components
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12. 􀀹Electromagnetic Spectrum –
Band Wavelength
Spectral Location Nominal Principal Application
(micro m)
0.45 - 0.52 Blue Coastal water mapping, soil / vegetation,
0.52 - 0.62 Green Vegetation discrimination,
0.62- 0.69 Red Chlorophyll absorption region,
0.76 - 0.90 Near IR Vegetation, water body, soil moisture
1.55 - 2.35 Mid IR Moisture content, Snow &Cloud, Mineral &
rock discrimination, vegetation moisture content
8- 14 Thermal IR Vegetation, Soil moisture discrimination
1 cm – 1m Microwave Soil moisture
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13. DATA REQUIREMENT
Satellite Imagery for updation.
(PAN+LISS III)
•Survey of India toposheets in
1 : 250,000 scale
1 : 50,000 scale
• Water bodies
• Drainage Network
• Contours
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14. Steps involved in watershed development
Generation of drainage map
Delineation of watersheds
Characterization of watersheds on a smaller scale
Prioritization of watersheds/selection
Characterization of watersheds on a larger scale
Preparation of action plan
Implementation
Monitoring of developmental activities
Impact assessment
Post treatment management
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16. Class
Water Resource
Region
Basin Catchment Sub-catchment Watershed
Nos. 6 35 112 500 3237
Averag
e Size
550,00,000 ha.
(55,00,000
Sq.Kms.)
95,00,000 ha.
(95,000
Sq.Kms.)
30,00,000 ha.
(30,000
Sq.Kms.)
7,00,000 ha.
(7,000 Sq.Kms.)
1,00,000 ha
(1,000 Sq.Kms.)
Region Basin Catchments Subcatchments Watersheds
2 6 15 48 234
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18. WATERSHED CODIFICATION
 Alpha-Numeric symbolic codes consisting alternative Arabic numbers and
English alphabet letters are used to designate different stages of
delineation.
 In the eighth stage of delineation small letter English alphabet has been
used by KSRSAC to indicate the least area of the watershed.
 WRR’s are assigned Arabic number 1,2,3,…..
 Basins are assigned alphabet capital letters A,B,C,…..
 Catchments are assigned Arabic numbers 1,2,3,…..
 Sub-catchments are assigned alphabet capitol letters A,B,C,…..
 Watersheds are assigned Arabic number 1,2,3,…..
 Sub-watersheds are assigned alphabet capital letters A,B,C,…..
 Mini-watersheds are assigned Arabic number 1,2,3,…..
 Micro-watersheds are assigned alphabet small letters a,b,c,….
Example,
 Sub-watershed will have the code 4D3D6A
 Mini-watershed will have the code 4D3D6A1
 Micro-watershed will have the code 4D3D6A1a
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19. 4 B 3 B 7 C 5 d
Micro- Watershed
Mini-Watershed
Sub-Watershed
Watershed
Sub-Catchment
Catchment
Basin
Region
4 B 3 B 7 C 5 dExample :
K
S
R
S
A
C
A
I
S
&
L
U
S4/24/2014

20. CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERSHEDS
All characteristics affect the disposal of water.
SIZE: It helps in computing parameters like
precipitation received, retained, drained off.
SHAPE: Different shapes based on morphological
parameters like geology and structure, eg. pear, elongated
etc.
PHISIOGRAPHY: Lands altitude and physical
disposition.
SLOPE: It controls the rainfall distribution and
movement:
CLIMATE: It decides the quantitative approach.
DRAINAGE: It determines the flow characteristics and
so the erosion behavior.
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21. CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERSHEDS
 VEGETATION: Information of species gives a sure
ground for selection plants and crops.
GEOLOGY AND SOILS: Their nature determines size,
shape, physiographic, drainage and groundwater
conditions. Soils, derivative of rocks are the basic to
greenery
HYDROLOGY: Basic to final goal of growing greenery in
a watershed. It helps in quantification of water available.
HYDROGEOLOGY: Availability of groundwater.
SOCIOECONOMICS: Statistics on people and their
health, hygiene, wants and wishes are important in
managing water.
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23. What is prioritization?
 Prioritization is a process of identifying areas of main
concern based on single or many parameters
 Selection of one or few watersheds out of many
watersheds by using predefined set of criteria
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24. Inputs Weightage Source
Silt Yield Index/Soil
Erosion Status
20 AIS and LUS / KSRSAC
SC/ST Population 20 Census of India,2001
Irrigated area 10 KSRSAC (Satellite Data,2000-2001)
Wastelands 20 KSRSAC (Satellite Data,2000-2001)
Rainfall 10
100 years average, Preliminary Data
from DES & analyzed at KSRSAC
Agricultural
Labourers
10
Census of India,2001
Forest Cover 10 KSRSAC (Satellite Data,2000-2001)
Criteria selected and Data source used for watershed
prioritisation
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25. Prioritization results of Gadag Taluk, Gadag District
Codes Names
Subwatershed
Area in
Hectares
Marks Obtained
PRIORITY
Rainfall SC/ST
Ag.
Labourer
s
Wasteland
Forest
Cover
Irrg. Area SYI Total
4D4A2O Dindur 3057.26 0.00 20.00 5.94 20.00 0.00 10.00 10.00 65.94 1
4D7C6J Madhalli 3236.63 0.00 13.66 10.00 3.79 10.00 10.00 10.00 57.46 2
4D4A1P Timmapura 4925.45 6.52 5.17 4.29 0.00 10.00 10.00 20.00 55.98 3
4D4A3I Shirhatti 4644.10 0.00 6.93 7.16 9.01 7.77 10.00 10.00 50.87 4
4D7C6F Kolivad 3147.73 0.00 9.40 7.84 1.87 10.00 10.00 10.00 49.11 5
4D7C6G Nilgund 6378.27 0.00 6.93 6.20 5.55 10.00 10.00 10.00 48.69 6
4D7C4O Belahoda 3648.44 3.95 4.90 6.60 1.38 10.00 10.00 10.00 46.83 7
4D4A2R Alur 3171.48 6.52 3.64 5.09 0.00 10.00 5.94 15.00 46.18 8
4D7C3X Nagaral 4403.38 0.92 6.05 5.73 0.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 42.70 9
4D7C4S Saidapur 5690.20 1.37 6.09 8.24 1.17 10.00 5.46 10.00 42.33 10
4D7C4M Venkatapur 4862.96 3.95 4.77 2.68 0.38 10.00 10.00 10.00 41.78 11
4D7C4R Kondihalla 4337.08 3.95 5.62 7.66 0.00 10.00 3.75 10.00 40.98 12
4D7C4E Guddehalla 4044.27 2.27 4.79 4.23 0.00 10.00 7.71 10.00 39.00 13
4D7C3Y Kanginhal 7035.79 4.93 4.89 3.97 0.00 10.00 3.41 10.00 37.20 14
4D7C3W Gadag 6581.62 4.93 3.95 0.88 0.68 10.00 6.53 10.00 36.97 15
4D7C4N Karadihalla 4910.41 4.93 3.74 0.76 0.00 9.43 7.45 10.00 36.30 16
4D7C3U Kadadi 6892.74 0.92 4.02 0.91 0.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 35.85 17
4D7C3Z Sambapura 6824.10 0.57 6.25 3.43 0.92 9.49 3.59 10.00 34.23 18
4D4A2Q Ramenahalli 5297.63 7.04 2.65 3.99 0.00 8.72 0.00 10.00 32.40 19
4D7C4P Asundi 3471.75 0.57 7.22 5.07 0.00 8.65 0.78 10.00 32.29 20
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29. MONITORING THE WATERSHED
The following parameters have been considered for
monitoring and evaluation purpose which could be
derived from satellite data:
Cropped Area Changes in areal extent
of agricultural crops
Plantations Increase in horticultural
and forest plantations
Wastelands Change in areal extent
Alternate Use Switch over of agricultural
land
Waterbody Change in number and
areal extent
Biomass Overall changes in
biomass/ canopy cover/
productivity
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30. POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED BEFORE TAKING UP IMPACT
STUDIES
1. SATELLITE IMAGES SHOULD BE OBTAINED ONLY AFTER CONSIDERABLE
TIME AFTER IMPLEMENTATION( 6-10 YEARS)
2. CONDITIONS SHOULD BE SIMILAR FOR PRE AND POST TREATMENT
RAINFALL- QUANTUM,DISTRIBUTION, ETC
SOWING SEASON- EARLY/DELAY
3. AVAILABILTY OF SATELLITE DATA FOR REQUIRED DATES
4. RESOLUTION OF SATELLITE DATA-
SHOULD BE SAME FOR PRE AND POST
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31. Address the overall impact on Natural Resources & Socio -Economic aspects
APPROACH
With
&
Without
• Before (Baseline)
• During (Midterm)
• End of the Project
• Post Project
Household level
Short term
Impact Community / Village
Long term
Micro / Sub Watershed
Before
&
After
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32. Indicators for Impact Assessment
Natural Resources
 Surface Runoff
 Water Resource
Development
 Ground Water level/Yield
 Change in Irrigated Area
 Crop Diversity
 Crop Yield
 Crop intensity
 Fodder Availability
 Afforestation
 Climate Change &
Biodiversity
 Land Use Change
Socio Economic
 Sustainability of
Structures /CBOs/IGA
 Micro Enterprises
 Employment
Opportunity
 Migration Status
 Economic potential of
Household Income
 BPL Family
 Animal Husbandry
 Impact on Milk yield
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33. Pre Treatment (1997) Image Post Treatment (2004)Image
Comparison of Satellite Images for Koralhalli Halla
Sub watershed
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36. •The interrelated nature of land and water resources calls for a holistic approach
towards watershed management.
•Because of the ability to obtain synoptic view and repetitive coverage, remote
sensing lends itself as a powerful input media.
•Unbiased reproduction of the natural features in the form of photograph
/imagery and thereby economising the multi disciplinary approach for planning
of natural resources in a watershed for integrated development.
•Technologies like GIS lend a helping hand in organisation of these huge
databases in a structured format.
•GIS integrate multi-thematic information ,analyse the information in an
objective manner.
•GIS help arrive at timely and appropriate decisions related to resource
management.
CONCLUSION
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37. •KARNATAKA WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT BOARD
•FUNDAMENTALS OF REMOTE SENSING:GEORGE JOSEPH
• CENTRAL WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT BOARD
•ALL INDIA SOIL AND LAND USE SURVEY
•KSRSAC
REFERENCES
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38. Thanks
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