occupational diseases caused by a physical, chemical, and biological agent on workers who are at risk.

1. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES CAUSED BY
VIBRATION, ARSENIC AND
LEPTOSPIROSIS
Samia Rehman
EP-1853026
MSc final (Eve)

2. DISEAESES CAUSED BY PHYSICAL AGENT
VIBRATION
• Vibration is the mechanical oscillations of an object
about an equilibrium point.
• Vibration is an everyday phenomenon, we meet it in
our homes, during transport and at work.
• Vibration enters the body from the part of the body
or organ in contact with vibrating equipment.

3. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO VIBRATION
• For occupational health the exposures to hand-arm
vibrations and whole-body vibrations are concerns.

4. HAND ARM VIBRATION
• When a worker operates hand-held equipment,
vibration affects the hands and arms.
• Such an exposure is called hand-arm vibration
exposure

5. chain saw jackhammer Straight grinder
EXAMPLE OF HAV EXPOSURE
Dental High-Speed Drill Ultrasonic Therapy Device

6. WHOLE BODY VIBRATION
• When a worker sits or stands on a vibrating floor or
seat, the vibration exposure affects almost the entire
body and is called whole-body vibration exposure.
• Example: operators of trucks, buses, tractors and
those who work on vibrating floors

7. EXAMPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL VIBRATION EXPOSURE

8. Industry: Agriculture
Type of vibration: Whole body
Source of Vibration: Tractor

9. Industry: Construction
Type of vibration: Whole body, hand-arm
Source of Vibration: Jack hammer, heavy vehicle pneumatic tools

10. Industry: Mining
Type of vibration: Whole body, Hand-arm
Source of Vibration: Vehicle operation
Rock drills

11. HEALTH EFFECTS OF VIBRATION

13. PREVENTATIVE MEASURES
Reduce or avoid exposure by
• limitation of the duration and intensity of the exposure
• Service and maintenance
• Use of vibration dampers, device for prevention, suppression,
damping and insulation of harmful vibrations
• Personal precautions include watching for symptoms, to apply
loose grip, to wear gloves and footwear with shock-absorbing soles
to damp vibration.

14. • Warm and weatherproof clothing
• Heating pads
Personal safety equipment
Anti vibration gloves
Anti vibration tools

15. OCCUPATIONALDISEASE CAUSEDBY BIOLOGICAL AGENT
LEPTOSPIROSIS
• Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects
humans and animals.
• It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira.
• Leptospirosis is potentially fatal, zoonotic,
occupational disease of worldwide importance,
especially in tropical and subtropical countries.

16. • Rats, Mice, Wild Rodents, Dogs, Swine, Cattle are
principle source of infection.
• Leptospires are harbored in the kidneys of
maintenance hosts and excreted into the surrounding
environment through their urine.
SOURCE OF INFECTION

17. TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION
• The bacteria can enter the body through skin or
mucous membranes (eyes, nose, or mouth), especially
if the skin is broken from a cut or scratch
• Drinking contaminated water can also cause infection.
• Animals and man become infected either directly with
infected urine or indirectly by contact with
contaminated fresh water, muddy soil, and,
occasionally, animal feedstuffs on farms

18. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
• Farmers
• Ranchers
• Slaughterhouse Workers
• Trappers,
• Veterinarians,
• Sewer Workers,
• Rice Field Workers,
• And waste disposal facility workers.

19. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Symptoms can take 2 - 26 days (average 10 days) to develop, and
may include:
• Dry cough
• Fever
• Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes)
• Red eyes
• Headache
• Muscle pain
• Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
Less common symptoms include:
• Abdominal pain
• Bone pain
• Enlarged spleen or liver
• Joint aches
• Skin rash
• Sore throat

20. Leptospirosis is treated with antibiotics, which should be
given early in the course of the disease.
TREATMENT

21. PREVENTION & CONTROL
• Control of infection source e.g. rodent control
• Wearing protective clothing.
• Vaccination of pets and occupational risk persons
• Strictly maintaining hygienic measures during care or
handling all animals

22. OCCUPATIONALDISEASE CAUSEDBY CHEMICAL AGENT
ARSENIC OR ITS COMPOUNDS
• Arsenic is an element which occurs naturally in the environment.
• It is associated with the mining of other metals; copper, silver, gold.
• It is recognized as a toxic and carcinogenic substance.

23. • Smelting of metals
• Pharmaceutical industry (medicines)
• Pesticide manufacture (very limited)
• Wood preservative
• Cattle and sheep dips
• Feed additives
• Dye stuffs
• Petroleum, coal, and wood burning •Semiconductor manufacture
• Drilling Wells
• Mineral Extraction

24. • Arsine gas can have a garlic-like or fishy odor at high
concentrations.
• Arsine gas is used commercially in the semiconductor
industry and in the manufacture of crystals for
computer chips and fiber optics.
• Arsine gas can be generated accidentally during the
smelting and refining of nonferrous metals and in
mining processes.
ARSINE GAS

25. • Agricultural or farm workers exposed to some
farming chemicals
• Employees involved in glass manufacturing
• Construction and mine workers exposed to arsenic-
containing soil
• Recyclers exposed to electronic or e-waste
• Workers who perform nonferrous smelting—
a process to extract metal from ore
EXAMPLES OF WORKERS AT RISK OF BEING EXPOSED TO ARSENIC

26. • Cleared in 1-3 days.
• Mainly via urine.
Accumulate in:
• Bones
• Hair
• Nails
• Organs (not in large amounts)
o Kidney
o Liver

27. HEALTH EFFECTS:

28. ACUTE EFFECTS:
• Tired
• Stomach Pains
• Dryness in throat – hoarse/difficult to speak
• Vomit – streaked with blood
• Diarrhea
• Difficult in urinating – burning
• Convulsions – twitching and shaking rapidly and
uncontrollably
• Delirium

29. CHRONIC EFFECTS

30.  Individuals working in industries utilizing or
producing arsenicals should be aware of the OSHA
regulations and use personal protective equipment as
supplied by their employer.
TO MINIMIZING ARSENIC EXPOSURE