CANPOY CLASSIFICATION AND CANOPY MANAGEMENT THROUGH ROOTSTOCK AND SCION Canopy classification and management through rootstock and scion selection play pivotal roles in optimizing fruit production. Canopies are categorized based on their architecture, density, and growth habits, aiding in tailored management approaches. Rootstock and scion interactions influence canopy development, with rootstocks impacting vigor, size, and adaptability, while scions dictate fruit characteristics. Through strategic rootstock and scion pairing, canopy vigor, fruit quality, and yield can be regulated. This method allows for customized canopy management, including canopy shaping, pruning, and thinning, optimizing light exposure, airflow, and resource allocation. The synergy between rootstock and scion ensures efficient canopy management, enhancing overall orchard productivity.

1. MASTER SEMINAR ON
CANPOY CLASSIFICATION AND CANOPY MANAGEMENT
THROUGH ROOTSTOCK AND SCION
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHVAVIDYALAYA
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, RAIPUR (C.G.)
PRESENTED TO
Dr. Prabhakar Singh
( Professor and Head )
Dept. Of Fruit Science
PRESENTED BY
Ankita Shandilya
M.Sc. ( Hort.)
Previous year

2. .
• Introduction
• Canopy classification
.
• Canopy managment
• Canopy managment- objective and principles
• Canopy managment through rootstock and scion
•.
.
• Case study
• Conclusion
• Referances
CONTENT

3. • Canopy is the above-ground
portion of vegetation in forests
consisting of the tops of tree
forming a kind of celling.
• In other words, canopy cover is
the layer formed by the branches
and crowns of plants or trees.
INTRODUCTION

4. BASED ON
METHODS OF
TRAINING
CANOPY CLASSIFICATION
Training
methods
• Central
leader
system
• Open centre
system
• Modified
leader
system
Some special
training methods
• Bush system
• Pyramid
system
• Espalier
system
• Cordon
system
• Tatura Trellis
Training methods
in Grape vines
• Head system
• Kniffin
system
• Bower
system
• Telephon
system
BASED ON CANOPY
SHAPED
1.Columnar shaped trees
2.Globular shaped trees
3.Spreading shaped trees
4.Conical sghaped trees
5.Vertical tree walls

5. CANOPY CLASSIFICATION
ON THE BASIS OF
METHODS OF TRAINING

6.  In this system the main stem of the tree is
allowed to grow uninterrupted.
 The first branch is allowed to grow at 45 to
50 cm height from ground level and other
branches are allowed to grow on main stem
at a distance of 15 to 20 cm.
 As the main stem grows continuously in
this system the tree attains robust shape.

7.  In this system when the plant attains a
height of 40 to 50 cm, it is beheaded.
 From the subsequent vegetative growth,
4 – 5 branches well scattered, arranged
and distributed all around the main
stems are selected.
 Widely used for peaches and good for
mechanical harvesting.

8.  This is intermediate form of central leader and open
centre system and draws benefits of both systems.
 In this system, the main stem is allowed to grow for
4 to 5 years . After that, it is cut at a height of 120 to
150 cm from ground level.
 On the main stem, the first shoot is selected at a
height of 40 cm from ground and 4 to 5 branches
located at a distance of 15 to 20 cm and placed all
around the main stem and are selected.

9. METHOD OF TRAINING FRUIT CROP
Modified centre leader system •Mango
•Ber
•Apple
•Pear
•Cherry
Oper center system •Guava
•Fig
•Apricot
•Pear (in India)
Centre leader system •Apple
•Pear
•pecans
EXAMPLES
Singh, J. 2002.Basic Horticulture,
Kalyani Publishers. pp.158-166.

10. SOME SPECIAL METHODS
OF TRAINING

11. In this system, the height of the plant is kept
to 2.0 metre.
 During first year, the plant is cut a height of
70cm .
No shoot is allowed to grow upto a height of
25cm to 30cm.
Above this height, 3 to 4 branches are
allowed to grow over which no of branches
emerge out.
This plant acquire the shape of bush .
Example- apple
BUSH SYSTEM

12. PYRAMID SYSTEM
In this system, the plants are trained in a
fashion so that the lower branches may
remain longer and higher branches
gradually smaller.
The branches are allowed to grow on
main stem at 20 cm height from ground
level.
The plants are pruned from the tip of
main stem and branches to maintain
pyramid shape.

13.  The word espalier is French in origin meaning a fence.
 It refers to the support used for training trees especially apple and pears.
 The tree trained through this system consists of three to six tiers of
horizontal branches trained to grow one foot apart from each others.
 Hence , branches are grow parallel to the ground.
ESPALIER SYSYEM

14. • Cordon refers to closely spurred single stemmed tree tied to a support eg
wires or bamboo canes ,either in vertical ,oblique or horizontal position.
• The trained plants bear early crop as compared to dwarf pyramid and bush
system.
• The plants are planted at a distance 1 to 1.5 cm.
• This system usually find favour in apple and pears.
CORDON SYSTEM

15.  This is a system of training fruit trees along with trellis of wire to harvest
early and high yield without use of dwarfing rootstock.
 The system was developed by David Chamlers ,Ban Van den Ende and
Leo van Heek during the year 1973 at Irrigation Research institute, Tatura,
Victoria, Australia.
 The orientation of trellis kept to north – south direction.
 This is suitable for training and maintaining orchard of apple, pear, peach,
plum, apricot, sweet cherry, kiwifruit and grape.
TATURA TRELLIS

16. TATURA TRELLIS

17. TRAINING METHODS
FOR GRAPE VINES

18.  The plants trained through this system,
develop in a bush system .
 The plants are allowed to grow a height
of 75 to 90 cm.
 At the terminal portion of shoots, 5 to 6
side branches are allowed to grow.
 This is practised in Beauty Seedless,
Delight, Perlette and Gold etc.
Cultivar.

19.  This also known as 4 cane system.
 The vines are cut a height of 1.65 metres from ground level.
 This system , first developed by William kniffin in 1850, is
being used to some extent India.
 This is practiced in Beauty Seedless Early muscat, Delight.
KNIFFIN SYSTEM

20.  This system is also known as 6 canes system.
 The vines are allowed to grow to a height of
1.5 to 1.6 cm and then trained with wires.
 This system is superior over kniffin system.
 In telephone system there is better penetration
of light and good ventilation is there in each
and every part of the vine.
TELEPHONE SYSTEM/ OVERHEAD TRELLIS SYSTEM

21.  The vines are trained on criss-cross network of wires .To create network of
wires, poles are fixed at a distance of 4.5 to 6 metres .
 It is most expensive of all systems but still practised at a commercial scale .
 bower system is best suited for training grapevines .
 This system has many advantages. As the grapes berries remain hidden
under canopy of leaves, the bird scaring is prevented in bower system. The
berries are not dessicated by wind.
 This system is well suited for vigorous cultivar like Anab-e-Shahi.
BOWER SYSYEM

22. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
SHAPE OF CANOPY

23. • The columnar plant forms consists
of a single stem with small side
branches.
• In this system 10000 trees/ha are
reached
• Trees are shaped like columns.
• Examples-Apple, peach.
COLUMNAR SHAPED TREE

24. • Vase shaped canopies
branches grow at sharp
upward angel from the trunk.
• Vase shaped trees are graceful
and perfect for lining, walk
ways.
• Example- Peach
VASE SHAPED TREE

25. • It is an open center canopy . The
most productive part is at the top
of the periphery.
• Large part of the trees remain
productive .
• The trees with their regular
rounded shape.
• Example – Peach , Plum
GLOBULAR SHAPED TREE

26.  These trees have an open ,
irregular shape that may be
wider than it is tall.
 They are very smaller,
bushy, specimen trees.
 Example-Cherry,mango,
sapota
SPREADING OR OPEN SHAPED TREES

27. • It forms light efficient
canopies in which the top of
trees does not heavily
shaded the bottom of
branches.
• This structure is similar to
pyramidal shape tree.
• EXAMPLE: Apple
CONICAL SHAPE TREES

28. • This provide uniform light
exposer to the entire bearing
surface.
• This canopy shape has a
potential for mechanical
harvesting of fruit.
• Example: Apple, pear , grapes
HORIZONTAL CANOPY

29. CANOPY MANAGEMENT

30.  Canopy management of the fruit trees
deals with the development and
maintenance of the structure in relation to
size, shape, orientation of branches & light
interception for the maximum productivity
and quality.
 In other words, Canopy management is the
manipulation of tree canopy to optimize its
production potential with excellent quality
fruits.
CANOPY MANAGEMENT

31. Principles of canopy
management
 Maximum utilization of light.
 Avoidance of built-up microclimate
favorable for diseases and pest
infestation.
 Convenience in carrying out the
cultural practices.
 Maximizing productivity with
quality fruit production.
Objectives of canopy
management
 To get the higher yield with
good quality.
 To maintain a good balance
between root and shoot growth.
 To remove unwanted,
overcrowding, dead disease and
pest affected shoots.
 To regulate the tree architecture.

32. CANOPY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Canopy management through PGR
Canopy management through training and
pruning
Canopy management through ROOTSTOCK
and SCION

33. Rootstock - Rootstock is the lower portion
of the graft which develops into the root
system of the grafted or budded plant. It
supply nutrient and water to plant.
Scion - The plant part grafted onto the
rootstock or upper part of the plants
usually called as scion. It will produce
the shoots, leaves, stems, flowers, and
fruit in future.
Interstock - It is a piece inserted between
scion and rootstock in grafting
(as to allow union of incompatible
varieties)

34. Characteristics of good rootstocks
o Should exhibit a high degree of compatibility with scion cultivars
and give maximum productive life to the trees.
o Should be well adapted to the agro- climatic conditions of the
particular locality like frost, cold and heat.
o Should be resistant to diseases and pests prevalent in the
concerned area.
o Should be tolerant to adverse soil conditions like salt and drought.
Benefits of dwarfing rootstocks
oReduce tree size
oEasy to prune
oImprove productivity
oEasy to spray

35. mechanisms Specific features Reference
Anatomy of dwarfing
rootstock
•Smaller xylem vessels and
less xylem fiber.
•Dwarfing rootstocks
induces two most important
effects i.e. precosity and
reduction in tree size
Hydraulic conductivity •Reduced root hydraulic
conductance help to
induces dwarfism.
Nardini et.al.,2006
Reduced root system of
dwarfing rootstocks
•Dwarf rootstock have
small and limited root
system
•More dwarfing s rootstock
the smaller is its root
system, i.e M9
Fernadez et.al.,1995
DWARFING MECHANISMS OF ROOTSTOCK

36. SN FRUIT CROP VARIETIES
1 Mango Amrapali, Mallika
2 Guava Pant Prabhat
3 Apple Red Chief, Red Spur, Stark Spur Gold, Well Spur
4 Cherry North Star, Meteor
5 Litchi Culcuttia, China
6 Peach Red Heaven
7 Sapota PKM-1, PKM-3
(Saroj and Singh, 2008)
Genetically dwarf scion cultivars

37. Dwarfing rootstocks
S.
N
FRUIT
CROPS
ROOTSTOCKS DESIRABLE CHARACTERS
1 Mango • Vellaikolamban
• Olour
• Rumani
Dwarfing rootstock for
Alphonso and Dasheri
2 Guava •Pusa Srijan
•P. friedrichsthalianum
•P. pumilium
Dwarfing rootstock for
Allahabad Safeda
Resistant wilt and nemetod
Highly dwarf
3 Custard apple Annona glabra Dwarf rootstock

38. S.N FRUIT
CROPS
ROOTSTOCKS DESIRABLE
CHARACTERS
4 Ber • Zizyphus rotundifolia
• Z. nummularia
dwarfing rootstock
5 Apple • M9
• M27
•G.41, G.16
Dwarf, suitable for HDP
Ultra dwarf, suitable for
HDP
New fully dwarf rootstock
6 Pear Quince C Ultra dwarf, suitable for
HDP

39. S.N FRUIT CROPS ROOTSTOCKS DESIRABLE
CHARACTERS
6 Plum Pixy Ultra dwarf rootstock
7 Peach Rubira, Tetra Semi dwarfing rootstock
8 Cherry Mazzard
Colt
Dwarf, commercial
rootstock for sweet cherry
Semi dwarf
9 Citrus • Flying Dragon
Trifoliate orange
• Troyer citrange
Potential dwarfing rootstock
Suitable dwarfing rootstock
for Kinnow in India
(Muthukumar et. al., 2017)

42. CONCLUSION
 Proper growth and definite shape of tree and more no. plants
per unit area can be obtained through canopy management.
 Reduced the infestation of insect pests and diseases through
canopy management to get good quality of fruits.
 Dwarfing rootstocks can be used in several fruit crop
production system, especially in high density planting.
 A better understanding of rootstock and scion interaction,
climatic factor needed to be studied, which would aid more
efficient selection and use of rootstock in future.

43. REFERANCES
1. Singh, J. 2002. Basic horticulture, Kalyani Publishers.pp.160-165.
2. Bal, J. S. 2006. Fruit Growing, Kalyani Publishers.
3. Sharma, y.k., Goswami, A.M. And Sharma R.R. 1992. Effect of
dwarfing aneuploid guava rootstock in high density orcharding. Indian
Journal of Horticulture, 49(1): 31-36.
4. Muthukumar, P. and Selvakumar, R. 2017. Glaustas horticulture, New
Vishal Publication new Delhi. Pp. 75-91.