2. The High Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages many
changes took place in Europe.
The growth of trade brought
about new business practices
and bigger towns. As people’s
lives changed one element
remained constant:
Religion continued to play a
huge role in people’s lives.
Religion inspired the arts and,
at times caused wars and
conflict among different
groups and nations.
3. Prominent
Religions
Complete the following
Questions in your History
workbook.
Questions:
1) Based on the map what
three religious groups
were prominent at the
time?
2) Which Religious group/s
dominated Europe?
4. Prominent
Religions
Complete the following
Questions in your History
workbook.
Questions:
1) Based on the map what
three religious groups
were prominent at the
time?
2) Which Religious group/s
dominated Europe?
Answers:
1) Christian, Muslim and
Eastern Orthodox
2) Eastern and Western
Europe were both mostly
Christian
5. The Roman Catholic Church
The Roman Catholic Church
was the prominent Religion
throughout most of Europe
during the Medieval period,
and therefore the majority
of individuals were Catholic.
The church was very
powerful and was
controlled by the Pope in
Rome, who was seen as
God’s representative on
Earth.
7. Religion was a very important part of
people’s lives.
• All people attended Church at least once a week
• They believed in Heaven, Hell and Purgatory (a
place of penance between Heaven and Hell,
where individuals remain until they were free
from their sins)
• The Church collected taxes, called tithe, which
had to be paid yearly by everyone. It was one
tenth of all new born animals and one tenth of
crops harvested.
• To seek forgiveness for their sins people would
attend confession, pay the church a sum of
money for their sins, donate money, goods and
gifts to religious establishments such as
monasteries or go on a pilgrimage to a shrine or
religious location. The two most popular shrines
in England were the:
– The Shrine of Our Lady at Walsingham
– The Shrine of St Thomas of Canterbury
8. Reviewing the Catholic Church
Complete the following questions in your
History workbook.
Questions
1) What was the religion of Medieval
Europe?
2) Who was the Pope?
3) What was a tithe?
4) Do you think the medieval church
controlled the people? Explain your
answer.
9. Reviewing the Catholic Church
Complete the following questions in your
History workbook.
Questions
1) What was the religion of Medieval
Europe?
2) Who was the Pope?
3) What was a tithe?
4) Do you think the medieval church
controlled the people? Explain your
answer.
Answers:
1) Roman Catholic Church
2) God’s representative on Earth
3) A yearly tax paid to the Church
which was one tenth of all
animals raised and one tenth of
all crops harvested.
4) Yes, the Church was very
powerful and dominated many
aspects of peoples lives. Its
influences spread from inspiring
arts, advising Kings and to
causing wars and conflicts. King
Henry IV almost lost his throne
because of a quarrel with the
pope.
10. The Crusades
Main Idea
The Crusades were a
series of attempts to gain
Christian control of the
Holy Land. They had a
profound economic,
political, and social impact
on the societies involved.
12. Three major religious groups all claimed
Jerusalem in the land of Palestine as their holy
city.
1) To Christians, it was the place where
Jesus was crucified and ascended to heaven
13. 2) To Muslims, it was the place where
Muhammad ascended to heaven
14. 3) Jews, it was the site of the ancient temple
built by Solomon
15. In 600 CE, Arabs entered the city and took control.
But the Arabs allowed Christian and Jewish
pilgrims to visit Jerusalem. In fact, Jews and
Christians could live in Palestine as long as they
paid their taxes like everyone else.
16. The Problem: Around 1095, a new group of Arabs
took control of Jerusalem. They closed the city to
Jewish and Christian pilgrims.
17. Launching the Crusades
Goal of the Crusaders
• European Christians launched series
of religious wars, Crusades, in the
Middle Ages
• Goal to take Jerusalem, Holy Land,
away from the Islamic Empire
• Jerusalem was the site of Holy
Temple of Jews, also where Jesus was
crucified, buried and to come again
• Jerusalem was vital to Christians and
they sort to control the city
Islamic Control of the Holy Land
• Jerusalem was in control of North
African Muslims during the 11th
Century
• Seljuk Turks ( Muslims who had
migrated from Central Asia) took
control of Persia and other lands
persecuting Christians visiting the
region
• Seljuk Turks attacked the Byzantine
Empire and destroyed Emperor
Alexius I’s army in 1071
• Emperor Alexius turned to Western
Europe and Pope Urban II, for help.
18. The Solution: The Pope acted. He called for a
crusade - a volunteer army whose goal was to
retake Jerusalem. Many people volunteered.
About 30,000 men left Western Europe to fight in
Jerusalem.
This became the first of a number of Crusades.
19. Complete the following Questions in your History workbook.
1) Which three religious groups showed an interest in Jerusalem and
why?
2) What was the aim of the first Crusade?
3) What event sparked the first Crusade?
4) Which Pope initiated the first Crusade?
20. Complete the following Questions in your History workbook.
1) Which three religious groups showed an interest in Jerusalem and why?
2) What was the aim of the first Crusade?
3) What event sparked the first Crusade?
4) Which Pope initiated the first Crusade?
Answers:
1) To Christians, it was the place where Jesus was crucified and ascended to
heaven. To Muslims, it was the place where Muhammad ascended to
heaven. To Jews, it was the site of the ancient temple built by Solomon.
2) To gain control of Jerusalem.
3) Seljuk Turks attacked the Byzantine Empire and destroyed Emperor
Alexius I’s army in 1071 who them sort help from Rome. At the same
time, Christians in Jerusalem were being persecuted.
4) Emperor Alexius turned to Western Europe and Pope Urban II, for help.
21. The Council of Clermont
Pope Urban II called church leaders to
the council in Clermont, in France:
• He described the dangers faced by
Byzantines
• He called on Christian warriors to
put aside differences and fight
against the Ottoman (Islamic)
Empire
– This was an effective call to
arms
– Hundreds of knights and
nobles volunteered for the
Crusade
– They all set out to meet foes
with the slogan “God wills it!”
22. Complete the following questions in your History workbook
Questions:
1) Is this a primary or secondary source and how do you know this?
2) What do you learn from this source about the first Crusade?
23. Complete the following questions in your History workbook
Questions:
1) Is this a primary or secondary source and how do you know this?
2) What do you learn from this source about the first Crusade?
Answers:
1) Yes, because it is an extract from a speech given by Pope Urban II at the council of Clermont in
1095 just before the first Crusade.
2) All people/Christians were encouraged to fight in this Holy War, Knights, nobles and peasants.
The population were lead to believe that by fighting in this war, their sins would be forgiven and
they would be granted entry to Heaven.
24. For knights, this was a chance to use their fighting skills,
something they enjoyed and did well. They were
delighted to have such a worthy battle to fight.
25. For peasants, this was a chance to escape from
their dreary life in the feudal system. The Pope
promised that if they died while fighting a holy
crusade, they would automatically be welcomed
into heaven.
26. For others, it was a chance to have an adventure,
and perhaps even to get rich.
27. Crusaders left France in 1096 for First Crusade. In all, nine Crusades
set out between 1096 and 1291 to claim or protect the Holy Land.
• Crusaders where from two
major groups, peasants and
knights
• Unskilled peasants answered
Pope’s call
– Eager to fight non-Christians in
the Holy Land
– On the way they attacked and
slaughtered German Jews
despite protests
– They fell to Seljuk Turkish army
at Jerusalem
First Crusade
• Better trained in warfare than
peasants, but unprepared for
hardship of journey
• Traveled for three years
• The siege of Jerusalem was a
victory for Crusaders and a
disaster for the city
• They renamed four states in
the Holy Land, intended to be
strongholds against future
Muslim conquests
Knights
Fighting the Crusades
28. Sign of the Crusade
(Heraldry) - The Red Cross:
Each crusader had a huge red
cross, made out of fabric,
stitched onto their shirts or
armour. It made all crusaders,
irrespective of rank or
background, appear to be a
unified army. It reminded the
crusaders that they were
fighting a holy cause. The red
cross was added to flags and
banners.
29. After a two-month siege of the city, the city fell. The
crusaders had won back Jerusalem. Some men stayed.
Some headed home. Those who returned brought back
new foods and new forms of culture.
The Results: After about
three years of harsh
travelling, hunger, disease,
freezing weather, and
quarrels amongst
themselves, the crusaders
finally arrived in Jerusalem.
30. More Crusades: It
was a short victory.
Less than 50 years
later, Muslims once
again conquered
Jerusalem. Again the
Pope called for a
crusade to take back
the city.
31. Third Crusade 1189-1192
• A new leader arose in Muslim world, 1177
• Salah ad-Din, known to Europeans as Saladin
• He overthrew Fatimids (Muslims from North Africa) and took the title
of sultan
• He set out to take back Crusader states, succeeded and drove
European Christians out of Jerusalem.
33. The 1st and 3RD
Crusades
Complete the following
Questions in your History
workbook.
Question:
1) Look at the map. What
difference/s do you notice
between the first and third
crusades? What conclusions
can you draw?
.
34. The 1st and 3RD
Crusades
Complete the following
Questions in your History
workbook.
Question:
1) Look at the map. What
difference/s do you notice
between the first and third
crusades? What conclusions
can you draw?
Answer:
1) More nations/ areas seemed
to be involved. Evident by
the increased localities
crusaders originated from.
First Crusades were mostly
from France and Holy Roman
Empire, third Crusaders from
England, France, Holy
Roman Empire. Frist
Crusaders, most travelled by
land, third Crusaders,
travelled by land and sea.
35. Three Kings
• Richard, Philip, Frederick set out from Europe on the Third Crusade
• Frederick was killed, Philip quarreled with Richard, and returned home
• Only King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought on in the Holy Land
Fierce Fighting
• Richard and Saladin fought fiercely for control of Holy Land
• Richard won several battles but was not able to drive Muslims forces out of
The Holy Land
• Richard could not take Jerusalem and had to return to England
Mutual Respect
• Richard and Saladin admired each other as military leaders and gentlemen
• They made proposals for peace, including marriage alliance of Richard’s
sister and Saladin’s brother; which never took place because of religious
differences
Third Crusade
36. Richard I- The Lion Heart
Richard was the third son of Henry II. He twice rebelled against his father before he became King
of England in 1189, but based himself in his Duchy in Aquitaine inherited from his mother
Eleanor. He spent only six months of his reign in England and spoke only French. He appointed
William Longchamp as Chancellor of England during his absence but he was overthrown by
Richard’s brother John.
Richard acquired a reputation as a leader and warrior becoming known as Richard ‘The Lion
Heart’ or ‘Coeur de Lion’. His experience in warfare came from controlling rebellions in Poitou in
the 1170s and against his father, Henry II, in 1183. He took up Henry's plans to recover Jerusalem
on his accession in 1189 and set out to establish bases for crusades in Sicily in 1190 and Cyprus,
which he took in 1191. Engaging in the siege of Acre, which he brought to a swift conclusion, he
set off down the coast to Jaffa, conducting a fighting march against Saladin.
In the third Crusade 1191–92 he won victories at Cyprus, Acre, and Arsuf
(against Saladin), but failed to recover Jerusalem. While returning overland
he was captured by the Duke of Austria, who handed him over to the
emperor Henry VI. He was held prisoner until a large ransom was raised.
On his release he returned briefly to England, where his brother John had
been ruling in his stead. His later years were spent in warfare in France,
where he was killed by a crossbow bolt while besieging Châlus-Chabrol in
1199. He left no heir.
37. The Frist and Third Crusade
Complete the following questions in your History
workbook:
1. When was the first Crusade?
2. When was the third Crusade?
3. Who won control of Jerusalem during the 1st
Crusade?
4. Who was Saladin?
5. Who was Richard I?
6. Who won control of Jerusalem during the 3rd
Crusade?
38. The Frist and Third Crusade
Complete the following questions in your History
workbook:
1. When was the first Crusade?
2. When was the third Crusade?
3. Who won control of Jerusalem during the 1st
Crusade?
4. Who was Saladin?
5. Who was Richard I?
6. Who won control of Jerusalem during the 3rd
Crusade?
Answers:
1. 1096 -1099
2. 1189 -1192
3. Christians
4. Saladin was the leader of the Muslim forces during the 3rd Crusade who fought
to win back Jerusalem.
5. Richard I was one of the three Christian Kings who set out to reclaim Jerusalem
during the 3rd Crusade.
6. The Islamic empire keep control of Jerusalem.
39. Over the next 70 years, there were several other crusade attempts, but they were
motivated more by personal gain than by religious purpose. None succeeded. By
1291, 200 years after the first crusade, European leaders lost interest. Western
Europe never admitted defeat. They simply stopped asking for new crusaders.
40. Economic Changes
• Historic evidence of trade between Muslims, Byzantines, Europeans prior to
Crusades
• Crusades enhanced existing trade
• Returning Crusaders brought more goods, spices, textiles, to Europe
• Increase in trade added to changing European economy during Middle Ages
• Crusades led to deaths of many
knights and nobles
• Lands were left vulnerable
• Other ambitious nobles took control
of unoccupied lands
• Nobles then had more power, and
influence in Europe
Political Changes
• Some Europeans respected other
cultures for others it lead to
intolerant
• Many viewed non-Christians as
enemies and persecuted Jews
• Holy Land Jews saw Crusaders as
cruel invaders
• Relations were strained for
centuries
Social Changes
Effects of the Crusades
