HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...
Philoweb presentation
1. Social Knowledge and the Web Reuben Binns Web Science DTC ECS, University of Southampton [email_address] Twitter: @RDBinns
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Editor's Notes
Epistemologists have traditionally been concerned with elucidating the conditions under which an agent knows some proposition, focusing on the state of a single individual, and her relation to the world. Whatever its merits, this approach to a theory of knowledge neglects the distinct phenomenon of social knowledge; knowledge that is held collectively by groups. However, we are fast approaching a world in which the sum of human knowledge is primarily stored on and accessed via the web, rather than existing in the minds of individuals. Our theory of knowledge must therefore be developed accordingly.
So let's start with some examples to help us distinguish between individual and social knowledge. The first is clearly focused on an individual. This is the paradigm for traditional epistemology.
Quinton's summative account is clearly appropriate when applied to certain claims concerning groups. Consider a crowd of pedestrians walking through a street as it rains. If we claim that 'the crowd believes it is raining', this claim is best interpreted as 'all or most of the individual members of the crowd believe it is raining'.
Another problem with the summative account can be seen in what Philip Pettit calls a discursive dilemma. Imagine a court of 3 judges must decide whether a defendant is guilty. To be found guilty the defendant must have both committed the action, and be contractually obliged not to do so.
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