1. Future Aspects of Artificial Intelligence
Pratik
2nd
Year IT Branch
MITS Engineering College
Rayagada, Odisha
gtapratik@gmail.com
Rahul Abhishek
2nd
Year IT Branch
MITS Engineering College
Rayagada, Odisha
rahulmithu.abhishek
@gmail.com
Payal Sinha
2nd
Year IT Branch
MITS Engineering College
Rayagada, Odisha
sinhapihu7@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we discussed about the future aspect of Artificial
Intelligence (AI). First we discuss what is AI? How it will be
used in future. Since AI is one of the branches of computer
science which aims at building machines that can think, feel and
take decisions just like humans do. It is used in Expert systems,
Robotics, Neuroscience, Gaming, and in many more fields. It
can be classified into two types first one is strong artificial
intelligence and other is weak artificial intelligence. As the
world is going towards advance technologies AI seems to be the
most emerging technology between us. Emerging technologies
and programming techniques increase our ability to create
intelligent software programs. With the advent of viable neural
networking solutions, we have come even closer to building
artificially intelligent machines. This paper outlines the future
aspect of artificial intelligence (AI). Computer systems will
continue to get more powerful, and will become increasingly
ubiquitous in the future, making the standards of development of
artificial intelligence a salient topic in modern engineering.
Development of a strong artificial intelligence would surely call
into question (for some) that which we define as “alive.”
Keywords
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Expert systems, Robotics,
Neuroscience, Gaming, Strong AI, Weak AI.
INTRODUCTION
Defining AI succinctly is difficult because it takes so many
forms. One area of agreement is that artificial intelligence is a
field of scientific inquiry, rather than an end product. The best
definition is coined by M.L. Minsky, "Artificial intelligence is
the science of making machines do things that would require
intelligence if done by men." Computers have made our lives
very easy. They can perform tasks at the speed of one click
which we humans would take hours to do. On top of that they
are much more efficient than humans, and unlike humans, never
feel exhausted. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a perfect example
of how sometimes science moves more slowly than we would
have predicted. The computers that impressed us so much back
then do not impress us now, and we are soberly settling down to
understand how hard the problems of AI really are. Now an
expert system is an interactive computer based decision tool that
uses both facts and heuristics to solve difficult decision making
problems, based on knowledge acquired from an expert. It is a
model and associated procedure that exhibits within a specific
domain and it is compared with traditional computer.
(Algorithm + Data structure = Program in traditional computer)
The connection between AI and robotics is means to control the
robot with a software agent that reads data from the sensors
decides what to do next and then directs the effectors to act in
the physical world.
AI can be used to handle nano-robots which will perform all
molecular repairs in human bodies making it effectively
immortal.
In gaming AI is used to learn a large variety of ways through
which the creatures learn about its surroundings, how to do
certain task, how sensitive to its desire, and which method is
applied in certain situations.
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE (AI)?
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is usually defined as the science of
making computers do things that require intelligence when done
by humans. AI has had some success in limited, or simplified,
domains. However, the five decades since the inception of AI
have brought only very slow progress, and early optimism
concerning the attainment of human-level intelligence has given
way to an appreciation of the profound difficulty of the problem.
AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of
intelligent agents” where an intelligent agent is a system that
perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its
chances of success. It is also define as "the science and
engineering of making intelligent machines."
2.2 Types of Artificial intelligence
The AI is broken down into to groups
• Weak AI
• Strong AI
Weak AI: - IT refers to technology that is able to manipulate
predetermined rules and apply the rules to reach a well-defined
goal. The most inspirational technologies that are emerged from
the development of weak AI are the robotics, genetics, and
nanotechnological revolution. These three are linked together.

2. Weak AI is presently in use and has a very promising future, but
is this technology truly intelligent?
Strong AI: - It refers to technology that has the ability to think
cognitively or is able to function in a way similar to the human
brain. Although strong AI is still only in the conceptive stage, it
is this technology that is the fuel that drives the fear associated
with artificial intelligence. Strong AI, which is in its infant
stage, promises a lot due to the recent developments in
nanotechnology. Nanobots, which can help us fight diseases and
also make us more intelligent, are being designed. Furthermore,
the development of an artificial neural network, which can
function as a proper human being, is being looked at as a future
application of Strong AI.
2.3 History of Artificial intelligence
Charles Babbage (1792-1871), an English mathematician, is
generally acknowledged to be the father of modern computing.
Around 1823 he invented a working model of the world's first
practical mechanical calculator. Then, he began work on his
"analytical engine," which had the basic elements of a modern-
day computer. Unfortunately, he was unable to raise the funds
needed to build his machine. Nevertheless, his ideas lived on.
Herman Hollerith (1860-1929), an American inventor, actually
created the first working calculating machine, which was used to
tabulate the results of the 1890 U.S. census. There ensued a
series of rapid improvements to machines which allegedly
"thought." The first true electronic computer, the Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), was developed in
1946. The so-called "giant brain" replaced mechanical switches
with glass vacuum tubes. ENIAC used 17,468 vacuum tubes and
occupied 1,800 square feet—the size of an average house. It
weighed 30 tons. Scientists began at once to build smaller
computers.
In 1959, scientists at Bell Laboratories invented the transistor,
which marked the beginning of the second generation of
computers. Ten years later, International Business Machines
Corp. (IBM) created third-generation computers when they
replaced transistors with integrated circuits. A single integrated
circuit could replace a large number of transistors in a silicon
chip less than one-eighth of an inch square! New software that
made use of increased speed and memory complemented these
third-generation computers—which themselves proved to be
short lived.
Only two years after the appearance of integrated circuits, Intel
Corp. introduced microprocessor chips. One chip contained a
computer's central processing unit. Prior to that time, computers
contained specialized chips for functions such as logic and
programming. Intel's invention placed all of the computers'
functions on one chip. Scientists continued to improve on
computers.
Miniaturization of chips led to large-scale integrated circuitry
(LSI) and very-large-scale integrated circuitry (VLSI). They also
contributed to the invention of microcomputers, which
revolutionized the role of computers in business. More
importantly, LSI and VLSI heightened scientists' interest in the
development of Al.
fig. (1) The evolution of Artificial Intelligence
FUTURE ASPECTS OF AI
Artificial Intelligence is often misunderstood. People’s eyes
often glaze over when we discuss AI. However, there is a
common misconception that to understand AI requires an IQ of
200 and a PHD in rocket science. Artificial intelligence in the
future will churn out machines and computers, which are much
more sophisticated than the ones that we have today. For
example, the speech recognition systems that we see today will
become more sophisticated and it is expected that they will
reach the human performance levels in the future. It is also
believed that they will be able to communicate with human
beings, using both text and voice, in unstructured English in the
coming few years. However, will artificial intelligence be able
to create machines that are self-aware and even more intelligent
than human beings - is a question that nobody has an answer to.
Also, even if this is possible, how much time it is going to take,
cannot be predicted at present.
fig. (2) Artificial intelligence robots
It is expected that in the future, such machines will be
developed, which have basic common sense, similar to human
beings, although pertaining to specific areas only. It is also
expected that the human mind functions, such as learning by
experience, learning by rehearsal, cognition and perception will
also be performed by future intelligent machines. In fact,
research and experiments are being conducted to recreate the
human brain. CCortex, a project by Artificial Development Inc.,

3. California, and Swiss government's IBM sponsored Blue Brain
Project, are two main ventures, whose goal is to simulate the
human brain. Whether this brain will have human consciousness
incorporated in it - there is still no answer for that.
fig: (3) Artificial intelligent robots learning from human
It is expected that the robots in future, will take on everybody's
work. Whether it is office work or the work at home, robots will
accomplish it even faster and efficiently than human beings. So
if somebody's falling ill, they can obtain a robot nurse who will
give periodic medicines to them. How much care, concern and
empathy the robot nurse will have towards the patient is
anybody's guess! In spite of its great advances and strong
promise, AI, in name, has suffered from low esteem in both
academic and corporate settings. To some, the name is
inexorably—and unfavorably—associated with impractical
chess-playing computers and recluse professors trying to build a
"thinking machine." As a result, many developers of Al theories
and applications consciously shun the moniker, preferring
instead to use the newer jargon of fuzzy applications, flexible
software, and data-mining tools. In avoiding the label Al, they
have found more receptive audiences among corporate decision-
makers and private investors for their Al-inspired technologies.
1.1 Expert systems in AI
Inference engine + Knowledge = Expert system
Expert systems are computer programs that are derived from a
branch of computer science research called Artificial
Intelligence (AI). AI's scientific goal is to understand
intelligence by building computer programs that exhibit
intelligent behavior.AI programs that achieve expert-level
competence in solving problems in task areas by bringing to
bear a body of knowledge about specific tasks are called
knowledge-based or expert systems. . The area of human
intellectual endeavor to be captured in an expert system is called
the task domain. Task refers to some goal-oriented, problem-
solving activity. Domain refers to the area within which the task
is being performed. These are illustrated below in fig. 4
fig: (4) Component of expert systems
APPLICATION OF AI
Artificial intelligence has different application in different
sectors some are robotics, games, nanotechnologies,
neuroscience, medicine, etc.
1.2 Robotics
Robots are manufactured as hardware. The connection between
those two is that the control of the robot is a software agent that
reads data from the sensors, decides what to do next and then
directs the effectors to act in the physical world. Robots have
become common in many industries. They are often given jobs
that are considered dangerous to humans. Robots have proven
effective in jobs that are very repetitive which may lead to
mistakes or accidents due to a lapse in concentration and other
jobs which humans may find degrading. Japan is the leader in
using and producing robots in the world. In 1999, 1,700,000
robots were in use worldwide.
fig: (6) Interaction by robot with the environment with the help
of AI.
1.3 Gaming
AI is used in gaming technology to enhance the gaming
experience by using it the creature used in games can learn
automatically how to get over the challenges, learn how to
interact with the environment and many other things. In present
there are many games such as Black & White, F.E.A.R, Halo,
Sim city etc. in which AI is used. The 1990s saw some of the
first attempts to mass-produce domestically aimed types of basic
Artificial Intelligence for education, or leisure. A mere year later
an improved type of domestic robot was released in the form of
Aibo, a robotic dog with intelligent features and autonomy. AI
has also been applied to video games.
fig: (7) Game with Robots
1.4 Neuroscience & Medicne
A medical clinic can use artificial intelligence systems to
organize bed schedules, make a staff rotation, and provide
medical information.

4. fig: (8) AI robots used in surgery
1.5 Online and telephone customer service
Artificial intelligence is implemented in automated online
assistants that can be seen as avatars on web pages. It can avail
for enterprises to reduce their operating and training cost. A
major underlying technology to such systems is natural language
processing. Similar techniques may be used in answering
machines of call centres, such as speech recognition software to
allow computers to handle first level of customer support, text
mining and natural language processing to allow better customer
handling, agent training by automatic mining of best practices
from past interactions, support automation and many other
technologies to improve agent productivity and customer
satisfaction.
RISK OF AI
Global Catastrophic Risks, "Cognitive biases potentially
affecting judgment of global risks".
The catastrophic scenario which stems from underestimating the
power of intelligence is that someone builds a button, and
doesn't care enough what the button does, because they don't
think the button is powerful enough to hurt them. Or, since
underestimating the power of intelligence implies a proportional
underestimate of the potential impact of Artificial Intelligence,
the (presently tiny) group of concerned researchers and grant
makers and individual philanthropists who handle existential
risks on behalf of the human species, will not pay enough
attention to Artificial Intelligence.
5.1 Artificial minds can be easily copied.
Since artificial intelligences are software, they can easily and
quickly be copied, so long as there is hardware available to store
them. Artificial minds could therefore quickly come to exist in
great numbers, although it is possible that efficiency would
favor concentrating computational resources in a single super-
intellect.
5.2 Emergence of super intelligence may be
sudden.
It appears much harder to get from where we are now to human-
level artificial intelligence than to get from there to super
intelligence. While it may thus take quite a while before we get
super intelligence, the final stage may happen swiftly.
5.3 Artificial intellects need not have human
like motives.
Human are rarely willing slaves, but there is nothing implausible
about the idea of a super intelligence having as its super goal to
serve humanity or some particular human, with no desire
whatsoever to revolt or to “liberate” itself. It also seems
perfectly possible to have a super intelligence whose sole goal is
something completely arbitrary, such as to manufacture as many
paperclips as possible, and who would resist with all its might
any attempt to alter this goal. For better or worse, artificial
intellects need not share our human motivational tendencies.
5.4 Artificial intellects may not have human
like psyches.
The cognitive architecture of an artificial intellect may also be
quite unlike that of humans. Artificial intellects may find it easy
to guard against some kinds of human error and bias, while at
the same time being at increased risk of other kinds of mistake
that not even the most hapless human would make.
CONCLUSION
The field of AI has a reputation for making huge promises and
then failing to deliver on them. Most observers conclude that AI
is hard; as indeed it is. But the embarrassment does not stem
from the difficulty. It is difficult to build a star from hydrogen,
but the field of stellar astronomy does not have a terrible
reputation for promising to build stars and then failing. The
critical inference is not that AI is hard, but that, for some reason,
it is very easy for people to think they know far more about
Artificial Intelligence than they actually do.
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Nikolopoulos, (1997), Mercell Dekker INC.