Project on ergonomics applied on college by Mayur and Yogesh of IIET, Kinana

“A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ERGONOMICAL ASPECTS
ON
ENGINEERING INSTITUTE”
Project -1
Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Mechanical Engineering
Under the Guidance of:
Er. VINEY JAIN
Assistant Professor
(Mechanical Engg. Deptt.)
SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-
Er. PANKAJ SINDHU 1. YOGESH(5611251)
(Asst. Prof. in ME deptt.) 2. MAYUR (5611279)
Dec-2014
INDUS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KINANA
(JIND)-HARYANA
SESSION-(2014-2015)

CERTIFICATE
We here by certify that the work is being presented in project–1, entitled “A
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ERGONOMICAL ASPECTS ON ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE” by us in partial fulfillment of requirement of the award of degree of
B.Tech, (Mechanical Engineering) submitted in department of Mechanical Engineering at
Indus Institute Engineering & Technology, kinana (Jind) under Kurukshetra
University is carried out during a period from August 2014 to December 2014 under the
guidance of Er. VINEY JAIN.
1.YOGESH(5611251)
2.MAYUR (5611279)
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidates is correct to the best of
our knowledge.
(Er. VINEY JAIN) (Er. PANKAJ SINDHU)
B.Tech. viva voice examination of Yogesh & Mayur has been held on …………..and
accepted.
(Er. VINEY JAIN) (Er. PANKAJ SINDHU)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We find words inadequate to express our deepest gratitude and indebtedness to our
supervisor Er. Viney Jain of Mechanical Engineering, I.I.E.T. Kinana for his active and
constant guidance throughout the entire course of work. It is only due to his constant
encouragement, painstaking guidance and discussions by which this work could come to
this stage. Again we give special thanks to Er. Viney Jain to help us regarding complete
project.
It makes us extremely happy to avail of an opportunity of tending our most sincere thanks
to Er. Somvir Arya, Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, I.I.E.T. Kinana for
providing us the necessary co-operation and guidance.
1. YOGESH (5611251)
2. MAYUR (5611279)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER-I. Introduction to Ergonomics 4-7
1. Introduction 4
2. MSD’s 4
3. Prevent from MSD 5
4. MSD Table 7
CHAPTER-II. Purpose of Study 8
1. Purpose of study 8
2. Aspects of ergonomics 8
CHAPTER-III. Case Study 9-39
1. Ergonomics applied on college classroom furniture 9
2. Comparison b/w old and new tradition 10
3. Ergonomics applied on green board 14
4. Comparison for short height person 15
5. Measurement of benches & green board 17
6. Prevention from risk 19
7. Ergonomics applied on college workshop 20
8. Ergonomics applied on lathe machine 20
9. Balance model figure 23
10. Schaublin 102N swiss lathe machine 23
11. Ergonomics applied on surface grinder machine 25
12. Ergonomics applied on power hack-saw 26
13. Ergonomics applied on Shaper machine 28
14. Ergonomics applied on milling machine 29
15. Advantages of ergonomics in workshop 30
16. Ergonomics applied on college bus 31
17. Ergonomics applied on college gate 37
CHAPTER-IV Results & Conclusion 40-44
1. Result during study of classroom furniture 40

2. Result during study of workshop 41
3. Result during study of college bus 43
4. Result during study of college gate 43
5. Conclusion 43
CHAPTER-V. Future Scope of Study 45
1. Future scope 45
2. Role of machine & human being 45
REFERENCES 46

LIST OF FIGURES
Sr. no. Description Figure no.
1. Bending position 3.1
2. Sitting straight acc. to bench 3.2
3. Studying when hand on desk 3.3
4. Relaxed position 3.4
5. Relaxed position but see on paddle foot side 3.5
6. Bent position during work on board 3.6
7. Below 170 cm height 3.7
8. Above 170 cm height 3.8
9. Hand is not reaching on upper side of board 3.9
10. Desk on hand and sitting straight 3.10
11. Front view of bench 3.11
12. Side view of bench 3.12
13. Measurement of bench and green board 3.13
14. Working on lathe straight position 3.14
15. Bending position 3.15
16. Pick up product and bending position 3.16
17. Straight position if not so 3.17
18. Balance model figure 3.18
19. Schaublin lathe 3.19
20. Grinder bending position 3.20
21. Grinder bending position of another position 3.21
22. Hacksaw m/c bending position 3.22

23. Student working on Copy lathe m/c 3.23
24. Student working on shaper m/c 3.24
25. ON/OFF switch of m/c 3.25
26. Main supply board of workshop 3.26
27. College bus 3.27
28. Driver seat 3.28
29. Hibbs table 3.29
30. Passenger seat 3.30
31. Entry gate of bus 3.31
32. College gate open 3.32

LIST OF TABLES
Sr. no. Description Table no.
1. Table of MSD’s 1
2. Measuring style and Index points 2
3. Standard and observed comparison for classroom 3
4. measuring points on lathe which is measured by us 4
5. Comparison b/w standard and observed for lathe 5

CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION TO ERGONOMICS
Ergonomics can be defined simply as the study of work. The Greek form of the word is
broken into Ergo (Work) and Nomo (Law of), and basically means “the laws of
work.”More specifically, ergonomics is the science of designing the job to fit the worker,
rather than physically forcing the worker’s body to fit the job. Adapting tasks, work
stations, tools, and equipment to fit the worker can help reduce physical stress on a
worker’s body and eliminate many potentially serious, disabling work related
musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs).Ergonomics draws on a number of scientific
disciplines, including physiology, biomechanics, psychology, anthropometry, industrial
hygiene, and it can be applied to any place u want either the place is college or the place
is school, either it is hotel or it is hospital.
Ergonomics, as a science, draws on many other disciplines as its base. Ergonomists draw
on sciences like physiology, and biomechanics. In order to understand how to fit the job to
the worker, student or anyone who doing any type of work, an understanding of how the
human body works is important.
Once there is an understanding of body mechanics, ergonomists focus on engineering.
Equipment that is “ergonomically engineered” assists in protecting workers from one or
more ergonomic risk factors so why don’t we start with student life whenever when
studying in schools and college.
Who needs to read Ergonomics:-
Everyone need to know about ergonomics if you are an employer or an employee in the
manufacturing, construction, maritime, and agricultural industries and you or your
employees’.
Either you are a student or you work at any places. The work activities and job conditions
include:
• Repeating the same motion throughout your workday,
• Working in awkward or stationary positions,
• Lifting heavy or awkward items,
• Using excessive force to perform tasks, and
• Being exposed to excessive vibration or
• Extreme temperatures.
MSD’s (Musculoskeletal disorders):-
MSDs, or musculoskeletal disorders, are injuries and disorders of the soft tissues (muscles,
tendons, ligaments, joints, and cartilage) and nervous system. They can affect nearly all
tissues, including the nerves and tendon sheaths, and most frequently involve the arms and
back. Occupational safety and health professionals have called these disorders a variety of
names, including cumulative trauma disorders, repeated trauma, repetitive stress injuries,
and occupational overexertion syndrome.

These painful and often disabling injuries generally develop gradually over weeks,
months, and years. MSDs usually result from exposure to multiple risk factors that can
cause or exacerbate the disorders, not from a single event or trauma such as a fall,
collision, or entanglement. MSDs can cause a number of conditions, including pain,
numbness, tingling, stiff joints, difficulty moving, muscle loss, and sometimes paralysis.
Frequently, workers must lose time from work to recover; some never regain full health.
These disorders include carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinitis, sciatica, herniated discs, and
low back pain. MSDs do not include injuries resulting from slips, trips, falls, or similar
accidents.
Parts of the Body Affected by MSDs:-
Arms, Hands, Fingers, Back, Wrists, Shoulders, Neck & Legs
Top Ten Occupations for MSDs:-
1. Nurses aides, orderlies, and attendants
2. Truck drivers
3. Laborers not involved in construction work
4. Assemblers
5. Cleaners
6. Students in colleges and schools
7. Stock handlers and baggers
8. Construction laborers
9. Cashiers
10. Carpenters
What can be done to prevent MSDs?
Whether it is to sit upright, lift properly, or take appropriate breaks, everyone can do
something to prevent MSDs. Considering the following concepts will supplement the
efforts to improve work place design and practices. These are common ergonomic
principles and can be easily adapted to all organizations and workstations, schools and
colleges also:-
1. Maintain a neutral posture:-
The neutral posture represents the natural stance the body wants to take. Work
surfaces should be about waist level to prevent reaching, while keeping the elbows
bent at about a 90-degree angle. While seated, keep the back straight and the knees
bent at about a 90-degree angle and feet flat on the floor. Design workstations and
offices with this in mind: “the closer the body is kept too neutral, the better.”
2. Prevent excessive repetition:-
One of the major causes of MSDs, such as carpal tunnel and tendonitis, is
excessive repetition. There are several ways to prevent excessive repetition while
working. If possible, try not to perform the same task all day. Work on some files,
then go and file them in the cabinet after 20 or 30 minutes instead of waiting until

the end of the day to file them all at once. Try varying your routine. If you always
perform the same tasks every day, try completing them in a different sequence.
3. Adjust work surfaces:-
Adjustable work surfaces are the best option if possible. This allows many different
people to work at the same workstation (i.e., warehouses, assembly lines).
If adjustable workstations are not feasible, adjust the station for the taller
employees and supply platforms or stepping stools for the shorter employees.
If more than one station exists in the company, adjust one higher than the other and
assign employees to the appropriate station.
4. Control environmental factors:-Extremes in temperature, hot or cold, put stress
on the body. Employees working in these environments should be given the proper
personal protective equipment and trained on its usage.
For example-the employees of the meat packing plants were issued gloves, but the
employees cut the fingers off enabling them to use the meat cutting saws.
Control the environmental factors where possible and supply the proper equipment
to operate safely where the factors cannot be controlled. This can be applied on
students also, this factor is very important for student specially the case when rays
coming from back window on blackboard.
5. Take time to recover:-
Recovery is an important part of preventing MSDs. One way to give the body some
recovery time is to take breaks while working.
• Workshop engineers during regular giving knowledge time should take
micro-breaks.
• Micro-breaks are short 20 – 30 second pauses where instructor stops
performing given tasks of college and stretch him. It is recommended to
take a micro-break every 15 minutes in any job
6. Understand the risk factors:-
The last but important step finding problems before they become issues. Some of
the known risk factors, as discussed earlier, are excessive vibration, repetitive
motions, awkward postures, extreme temperatures, heavy lifting, and overexertion
of force.
Once you understand what the risk factors are, it will be easier to spot them.
MSD’s table:-(TABLE-1)
Body
Parts
Affected
Symptoms Possible Causes occupants
Affected
Disease
Name
Thumbs pain at the base
of the thumbs
twisting and
gripping
butchers,
housekeepers,
packers,
seamstresses,
cutters
De
Quervain’s
Disease
Fingers difficulty
moving
finger;
snapping
repeatedly using
the index fingers
meatpackers,
poultry
workers,
carpenters,
trigger
finger

and jerking
movements
electronic
assemblers
Shoulders pain, stiffness working with the
hands above the
head & put hands
on table for long
time
power press
operators,
Welders,
painters and
students
rotator cuff
tendinitis
hands,
wrists
pain, swelling repetitive or
forceful hand and
wrist motions
core making,
poultry
processing,
meatpacking
Tenosynovit
is
fingers,
hands
numbness,
tingling; ashen
skin; loss of
feeling and
control
exposure to
vibration
chain saw,
pneumatic
hammer,
and gasoline
powered
tool
operators
Reynaud’s
syndrome
(white
finger)
fingers,
wrists
tingling,
numbness,
severe pain;
loss of strength,
sensation in the
thumbs, index,
or
middle or half
of
the ring fingers
repetitive and
forceful manual
tasks without
time to recover
meat and
poultry
and garment
workers,
upholsterers,
assemblers,
VDT
operators,
cashiers
carpal
tunnel
syndrome
back low back pain,
Shooting pain.
whole body
vibration
truck and bus
drivers,
tractor
and subway
operator
back
disability

CHAPTER-II
PURPOSE OF STUDY
The purpose of study named “Ergonomics applied on college” is only to aware those
students who sit not properly.
• We tell them through this study that they create big mistakes when sitting not
properly although this is very small problem for you all but for next time, it will
become very large so study is very important;
• And also to increase the production efficiency;
• Demand of furniture according to ergonomics standard is increased;
In this study we both, have to complete i.e our motto is to complete aspects of
ergonomics in any field; that are:-
1. Safety
2. Comfort
3. Ease of use
4. Productivity/performance
5. Aesthetics
These all five aspects have to be completed; and we proved it very well.

CHAPTER-III
CASE STUDY
We, Mayur and Yogesh, students of Mechanical Engineering final year. We both put a
comparative based study of “Ergonomical Aspects on Engineering Institute”. Our study
was in ABC Institute of Engineering & Technology.
The college contains various branches in engineering fields, it contained approximately
750 students it was a great college.
So, now during study we applied Ergonomics on college on following topics:-
1. Ergonomics applied on class room furniture;
2. Ergonomics applied on College Workshop;
3. Ergonomics applied on Buses of College;
4. Ergonomics applied on gate of college;
Lets these points explain one by one;
Ergonomics applied on college classroom furniture:-
We throw light on classroom furniture by applying ergonomics as according to sitting
posture and ergonomics vastus. Classroom furniture includes:-
1. Classroom benches.
2. Green board/Black board.
Purpose why we applied Ergonomics:-
The only purpose of this study was investigation the effects of classroom furniture on
back, neck, lumbar and leg fatigue in students when used them and to increase the cost
of product like benches and green board and of-course the furniture industry efficiency.
Procedure:-
In our class the total students are 60 & we collect information/Data as according with the
present year (2014):
1. Mean age:- Every different student have different age such as approximately
mostly having 22, 23, 24 & some have 19 and 20 years; so the mean age is-
(21.6±2.2) years.
2. Mean weight:-Similarly, as according for finding mean age the same procedure is
for weight mostly having 72, 79, 75 kg and aprox. from 70 to 80 and some
students, i.e. one or two have above 90 kg so in total the mean age is-(79.8±9.4) kg.
3. Mean height:-Similarly by adopting same procedure the mean height is-(169±9)
cm.
We choose 1 college i.e ABC college furniture for study of the urban community, and
performed on three students which were different in age, weight, and height and were
selected randomly from whole classroom in this study.

The tiring condition they complained from with regard to ergonomic disposition of the
furniture which were considered included 41.9% in the knee, 24.1% in the leg 51.2% in
the back, 47.8% in the neck, and 24.6% from the high blackboard. The current results in
addition to the incompatibility of the furniture used by the students with the
anthropometrical specifications and ergonomic standards clearly showed that tired feeling
and pain of the students were mainly due to the application of non-standard furniture and
underlined the observance of necessary standards during the manufacture and equipment
of college.
Comparison between old and new tradition:-
An experimental study is reported that compares the effects on classroom student’s
behavior and sitting position of traditional; classroom furniture with a recently designed
chair known as 'Chair 2000' and associated tables. It was found that students showed a
modest but significant improvement in on-task behavior and a marked change in sitting
positions following the introduction of the newly-designed furniture. However, these
benefits need to be considered in the light of polarized opinion for and against the new
furniture, and a high level of reported incidence of back pain significantly related to the
frequency of non-standard sitting. In the absence of radically redesigned furniture, it is
suggested that students should be given more choice in their seating, and better guidance
should be given to individuals involved in education in order to inform their decision-
making about classroom furniture and the postural, anthropometric and orthopedics
aspects of sitting and related activities.
Symptoms:-
Symptoms resulting from continual inconvenient sitting on non-standard furniture in the
classroom had been previously reported
• kidney and alimentary problems
• Lumbar pains.
• Changes in the passive flexion stiffness of the lumbar spine may increase the risk
of low back injury after prolonged sitting may contribute to low back pain.
The data indicate a mismatch between the students' bodily dimensions and the classroom
furniture available to them. The desks in the college are fully attached and are not
comfortable for the pupils.
This situation has negative effects on the sitting posture of the student especially when
reading and writing. As shown in below figure:-

Fig.3.1-The bending position in red mark (not perfect)
While in other figure the exact position of sitting but not so as shown in below figure:-
Fig.3.2-Sitting straight acc. to bench
Student sitting as according to shape of bench but he feels not very well as is shown to see
his shoulder, wrist but according to shape of bench back portion is right. Zacharkow
(1988) has shown that if the height of the bench is higher than normal, the knees will bend
90 degrees and as a result the angle between the legs and torso tend to be 90 degrees.
When the angle reaches 60 degrees, such a movement would be stopped by the tension of
the hamstring muscles and thus by a backward 30 degrees turning in the pelvis, efforts to
complete this movement will be made as shown in below figures of comparison:-
Student sitting as
according to shape
of bench and
according to his
habit of sitting

Bent sitting posture (left) Straight sitting posture (right)
Whiles relax position (left) pelvis turn backward and spinal column will bend. Polling the
pelvis (right) need muscle force to bend forward, hip flexion serves as sustaining point.
By increasing the height of the desks, students feel inclined to pull their shoulders and
arms forward and such as, find themselves more fatigue on the muscles of shoulder head
and shrink them into an oblique and trapezoid shape.
• Those sitting on the bench who are inclined to stretch their hands (arm, elbow and
wrist) and shoulders forward could hasten the deformation of their body and would
become hump back.
To overcome this deformation, the desks and benches should have optimal height to
keep the users in relaxed condition for the shoulders. In addition to the optimal slope of the
furniture used, consideration of a standard inclination of 10 to 15 degrees for the surface of
the desk would be a sage decision.
• Reading or writing on the desks with zero listing could cause great problems.
Usually in such cases the student holds his or her head with two arms putting the
elbows on the desk, nearing the head and eyes as close to the surface of the
desk as possible and shrink their body to anomalous extent. Continuing such
position for longer period would cause fatigue and pain in the areas of arms, neck
and shoulders.
Basic report comes in under, during study :-that the 65 to 70 percent of sincere
students time will be spend at college while they are in sitting position. There are other
complementary reports which shows that 60% of student’s time will be spend while their
arms are on the desk or in writing position and only almost 30% of their time are spending
on learn on the padding of the chair.
Studies of back care education have been conducted in Europe, but the inclusion of
this subject in college is not universal.

Fig.3.3-Studying when hand on desk Fig.3.4- Relaxed position
Fig.3.5-Relax position but see on paddle foot side
Condition 1st:-
• When see on figure 1st , we conclude that when a student sitting on his bench
during 50 minutes lecture he is studying but there is a gap between his back and
bench inclined position which is not right for his sitting.

Condition 2nd:-
• When seeing on figure 2nd & 3rd we can see that the person is sitting very well but
the foot is not touching at the stand which is in desk of class room.
Ergonomics applied on Black-board or Green-board:-
We are studying the case of black board also and following problem are considered at this
point:-
1. Light on green board from back window,
2. Written by a teacher on board to teach his/her students the all concept related to his
work and experience.
3. Distance of gap between viewer i.e. student’s eye and a blackboard.
These all three points that are very important from ergonomics point of view are explained
one by one and can be shown in below figure:
Fig.-3.6-Bent position during working on board
Case 1st:- Light on green board from back window: - Yes it is true when we sitting on
forward benches or backward benches we say “what is going on black board” especially
back benchers can’t see what is written on black board and also class teacher said to
student that they should sit on front benches there after they can see everything. This
factor is fully dependent on such type of cases.
Light from window also affect the teacher’s eyes when he is explaining anything to
his/her students.

Case 2nd:-As seen from figure above suppose a teacher write on green board and he is
written everything that he want to explain and when he write on a black board below side
he has to be bended in position as shown in above figure by black marking.
And when he standing back the pain in his back can be fill up a very long pain.
Case 3rd:- Distance of gap between viewer i.e. student’s eye and a blackboard:-it is
most important phenomenon that should be considered during study of black board we can
see when a student sitting on back benches he put a great effort on his eyes to see what is
written on green board
So gap should be as close as possible to see the blackboard/green board. So whenever to
design a class room the benches are standing as according to ergonomics classroom
standards.
What happens when ergonomics applied on a short height person:-
There is a much difference between above 170 cm height person and below 170 cm height
person; by the way, it is a god gift that we can’t replace it.
However on mind level they both are in perfect sense; they use their mind own mind;
When we study on our topic, the same question is developed in both minds that Is there a
dependency of height on ergonomics so we both say YES there is a perfect dependency
of height on ergonomics.
In cases of blackboard:-for comparison see below figures:-
Fig.3.7-Below 170 cm height Fig.-3.8-Above 170 cm height
Although both Teachers are differ in terms of height but they have same problem of
banding and back pain. For ergonomics the same problem of bending is in case of board as
in case of benches which is wrong according to ergonomics.
• See also one figure, below which can show that there is a need to change the board
height as according to ergonomics standards.

Fig.3.9-Hand is not reaching at upper side of green board
The teacher who has height below 150-160 cm can create his full efforts to write on board.
However whenever on day of seminar of students they also are very much differ in terms
of height so for all when after completing the upper portion of board they just going on
below portion of board and have banded.
• keeping fixed of the head in direct position for looking on blackboard with high
height create some pain in lower neck area and thoracic vertebra and this pain
brings to arms and causes to some side effects such as headache, nausea,
perspiration and vertigo.
Now,
In case of benches:-for comparison see below figures:-
Similarly, same comparison is for the case of benches you can see in below figures that
even the person is above 160 cm height or below 160 cm height.
• The same miss-happening created even the person of long height or short height;
This can be shown below.
Fig.3.10-Desk on hand and sitting straight of small height student

Measurements and comparison between actual data & standard data:-
Anthropometric measurements are an important factor that should be taken into height,
knee height, is necessary in order to determine college furniture dimensions that enable the
correct sitting posture.
The science of human factors has rarely been incorporated into the design of college and
school furniture students sit on chairs designed by tradition.
By the way; using furniture that promotes proper posture is more important to children
than adults because it is at this young age that sitting habits are formed. Bad sitting habits
acquired in childhood are very difficult to change later in adolescence or adulthood.
Static posture and prolonged sitting in a forward bending position, as students often
acquire, puts an extreme physiological strain on the muscles, the ligaments and in
particular on the discs. So correct standing and sitting posture is an important factor for the
prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms.
1. Measurement of classroom benches is shown in below diagram and block
diagram:-all dimensions are in cm.
Fig.-3.11-Front view of bench Fig.-3.12-Side view of bench
36.4 103cm
48.4
92.7
38
48
89 cm
Side view Front view
2. Measurement of classroom green board is shown in block diagram:- all
dimensions are in cm.

121.5
304.1 cm
84.8
Ground level
Fig.3.13-Measurements of bench and green board
Individual and hygienic information/data is also collected through close questionnaire.
Evaluated materials in two sections reacted to student’s anthropometrics data and furniture
standards, which collected using of related tools the following: desk height, bench height,
blackboard height, sitting height, bench width and sitting eye height (distance between eye
lower corners to sitting surface). Measuring style and index points have been shown in
below table:- (TABLE-2)
Bench height Desk height
Seating height in natural position Sitting eye height
Black board height Bench width
Height backrest Buttocks width
The study data were calculated and evaluated by “scale-proportion” method and we use
inches tape of about 5 meters. And all data is in cm.
Anthropometric measures of each individual student were compared to the relative
furniture measures in order to identify a match or mismatch between the specific student
and the furniture he uses. The questionnaire focused on the occurrence of back pain while
sitting during college hours as well as on the student subjective perception of the college
furniture. See results and conclusion chapter;
Prevention from Risk:-
1. Reduce back angle to exact standard:-
We don’t observance of 15 to 20 degree inclination in the desk surface and also
seat. Non –observance of back angle of the desk may create a torso 110 angle with
the tight in users, and in addition to increasing muscular tension on shoulder and
arm can create much pressure on hip flexion and lumber such a stress could make

individual prone to bad back and reduce the pelvis angle and spend more energy of
his body in upright position and causes more fatigue.
So an adjustable angle between the seat and the backrest would appear
favorable. Armrests are also recommended for certain activities.
2. Chair should be adopted:-
It is important that the chair can be adapted to the dimensions of the individual,
and to the needs dictated by the surroundings. Make a digital class!!!!!
3. Personnel should consider results:-
It is recommended that college authorities, producers of college furniture, and
relevant medical personnel consider these results for alternative designs of school
furniture.
4. Benches and board should make up of exact standard data:-for being affected
one can take any decision so why authorities of college don’t take! If benches are
made up with exact information or data then there is no need to take any type of
risk.
In addition to confirm of the former researchers findings, this result have shown that
ergonomic standard used in college furniture-making include desk and bench height,
padding height and blackboard height are not proportional with the users
anthropometrics dimensions. And not only can causes to early fatigue, cervical, backbone
and lumbar pain and reducing in efficiency, but also may causes to incidence of postural
disorder in long term such as: forward head, scoliosis, hypnosis and lordosis. Because long
sitting of most students in sitting and static position at college.In this direction, in order to
suitable use of mentioned furniture, right sitting and displacing their situation on behalf of
the teacher. Design of chairs, benches, desk and desk inclination, chair inclination change
if may changeable .
Ergonomics applied on college workshop:-
Ergonomics is a process which deals with increasing the production rates , quality of the
product, improved efficiency, reduced down time, improved comfortable and then reduced
turnover & absentation .
Today’s companies, now more than ever, have to deal with the health and welfare of their
employees. Employees have to deal with rises in production rates and the demands on
quality, while employers are trying to overcome budget reductions, increases in workers’
compensation claims and lost time due to injuries. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are
one of the most frequent workers’ compensation claims with back injuries, one type of
MSD, leading the list.

Ergonomics applied on lathe machine :-
Fig-3.14- working on lathe straight position Fig-3.15-bending position
The figure shows that there is a student work on the lathe machine for perfoming their job
or produce product but there is a problem in doing the job with a well comfortably because
according to ergonomic there is a defect in machine is shown in figure clearly.
In fig -3.1 we can see the student do their job comfortably but it is wrong if the height of
the machine is greater than now , actually the student work their job as shown in fig-3.2
,their the student do not work comfortably because he would bend to rotate the chuck but he
take lot of time due to uncomfortable & there is a case of injuries.
Effect of uncomfortableness :-
• More time consuming per student.
• Quality of product is not good.
• Case of injuries.
• Poor efficiency.
• Cost of production is increase.
• Absent of student increases .
According to ergonomics solution of these problems:-
• The height of machine may be fluctuate.
• The machine is maintained in a manner the student can do their job with seating
comfortably.
• The chuck handle may be fluctuating or changing position up then back.

Another problem in lathe machine during working:-
In figure show in below during the job on the lathe machine there is also a problem of un-
comfortableness because travelling area is more to travel. For picking the tool the student
would bend so much there is a case of injuries & for reducing this problem we must apply
the ergonomics.
In figure -3.3 we see the student is working comfortably & correctly but it is wrong
according to ergonomics because there is case of bending position during the operation ,
due to this ergonomics defect the student may be injured due to back pain & their fore the
absence of student is increased & if he does not work properly then they take more time
per job in comlition so there is a case of time loss.
So according to ergonomics the correct position of student is shown in fig-3.4 but in that
position the machine height is less for better comfortable . The machine should be fluctuate
according to student or width of lathe machine should be less so the travelling distance of
student is reduced so they can produce with fast & rapid rate and take less time as
comparison now there for the cost per product is reduced. This is similarly applied on
industry or company where worker is work for mass production, we can see in all good
industries there should applied ergonomics according to the worker comfort so the
production is going with rapid rate & no loss of money, time, reduced down time of worker
& machine, so the machine should be according to worker or student which one is working
on machine.

Fig-3.16-bending position Fig -3.17-straight position
Effect of uncomfertableness :-
Balance model figure :-
Fig- 3.18
Balance model figure
The balance model shows clearly that the human working is directly depend on the
following four factors :-
1) Environment
2) Tasks
3) Tools
Tasks
Tools
organization
Environment
HUMAN

4) Organization
If any one factor is not according to the human comfort then student, worker , employees
doesn’t working properly.
Schaublin 102N swiss lathe :-
During study wgen we checking on some point on internet we found a person we get a
knowledge from him about topic let see what he is talking:- I have a Schaublin 102N
Swiss Toolroom Lathe (about 8 x 18" capacity). It is mounted on a cast-iron base.
Normally these lathes sit directly on the floor, or sometimes on wooden "skids". In order
to move my machine into position, I made a set of aluminum channels with heavy duty
casters to move the machine in position. I have kept it jacked up (bottom of the base is 6
inches off the floor).Now, I am going to put the machine mounts in (Royal brand machine
mounts with thick rubber base and threaded shaft). I was thinking about keeping the height
where it is, or near to that, and using blocks of wood under the machine mounts.This
brings me to the thought, has anyone ever done a study to determine what the best height
of a lathe is in terms of ergonomics?
On the Schaublin, the base is 34" high, the hand wheels are 6" above the top of the base,
and the spindle center 9.5" above the base. This gives the following if the base were sitting
directly on the floor:
Base top: 34"
Handwheel: 40"
Spindle: 43.5"
This is the info/rule of thumb I was looking for. I checked and at the current height (+6")
the lower handwheel lines up with my elbow with arm bent at 90º. The upper handwheel is
a little higher.I think I will keep the machine at the current height and just raise myself up
about an inch using some wood and some plastic tiles I already bought.Interesting about
that "ergonomic lathe". Especially the slant-bed. How does that work out with leveling?
Schaublin makes such a big deal about leveling in the manual. For that reason I am using
three machine mounts, so it's possible to get more accurate leveling with no possibility of
rocking (the lathe base has five mounting points).

Fig-3.19
SCHAUBLIN LATHE
ERGONOMICS APPLIED ON SURFACE GRINDER MACHINE :-
Fig.3.20-bending position of student Fig.3.21-bending position of another student
The figure shows that there is a student work on the Surface grinder machine for
perfoming their job or produce product but there is a problem in doing the job with a well

comfortably because according to ergonomic there is a defect in machine is shown in
figure clearly.In fig -3.7 & Fig -3..8 shows there is two students working on the surface
grinding machine of different height but both have an problem in doing their job because
when the chuck is required to rotate then the student must be high bend as shown in
figure. If any student & any worker do their for long time then their must be back pain
due to long time or repetition of work like as shown in figure. If you want to reduce this
problem then you must be apply ergonomics on that machine.
Effect of un-comfortableness :-
• Cost of production is decrease.
• The height of machine may be fluctuating.
comfortably.

POWER HACK SAW MACHINE :-
Fig-3.22- bending position of student when working on hack saw machine
There is same problem in hack saw machine like as other machine in workshop lathe,
surface grinder machine . The figure shows that when the student is picking the hack saw
cutter the machine is required must be bending position of student or worker when
working on machine.
Effect of uncomfertableness :-

• The height of machine may be fluctuate.
comfortably.
COPY LATHE MACHINE :--
Fig-3.23-student working on copy lathe machine
Similarly as lathe machine in copy lathe machine there is problem in completed the job as
shown in figure. The figure shows that there is a student work on the copy lathe machine
for perfoming their job or produce product there is a problem in doing the job with a well
comfortably because according to ergonomic there is a defect in machine is shown in
figure clearly.
All students have an problem in doing their job because when the chuck is required to
rotate then the student must be high bend as shown in figure. If any student & any worker
do their work for long time then their must be back pain due to long time or repetiotion of
work like as shown in figure. If you want to reduce this problem then you must be apply
ergonomics on that machine.
Effect of copy lathe machine :-

SHAPER MACHINE :-
Fig-3.24- shows student working on shaper machine
The figure shows the student working on shaper machine to complete their job . The have
pass through lot of pain or uncomfortable when the student working for long time because
when we pick the spindle for shape the we must bend continuously for their job. All
students have an problem in doing their job because when the spindle is required to pick
then the student must be high bend as shown in figure. If any student & any worker do
their work for long time then their must be back pain due to long time or repetiotion of
work like as shown in figure. If you want to reduce this problem then you must be apply
ergonomics on that machine.
Effect of shaper machine :-
MILLING MACHINE :-

Fig -3.25- ON/OFF switch of machine Fig -3.26- main supply board of workshop
Switching position in workshop or other machine in workshop: - Figure shows the
board of main supply of workshop for all machine & separate control switch of milling
machine. The both main supply board or switch are at wrong position in workshop.
If any problem or hazard situation is created with machine then we first think to off the
supply of machine but the machine supply switch is far from worker place and if the
switch is near to student or worker place then we fast off the switch during any hazard.
The student required to switch off the supply then he first travel to near the switch to off
the supply.
The student can strike with main supply board during the job completion ,this can be
dangerous for student or all person working in the workshop.
• According to ergonomics the switch must be place which is best for comfortable work or
ON / OFF the switch when required.
• The switch must be at the position where all of them reaches of different heights.
ADVANTAGES OF ERGONOMICS IN WORKSHOP :-
Physical ergonomics deals with the human body’s responses to physical and physiological
stress. It takes into account characteristics of the human such as anatomy, physiology, and
biomechanics as they relate to physical activity. Physical ergonomics issues, primarily in
the workplace, typically dominate the public view and understanding of ergonomics.
There are many other benefits:

• Increased productivity: It is common for ergonomic improvement to increase
productivity by 10–15 percent. In fact, studies have shown a 25 percent increase in output
at computer workstations when using ergonomic furniture, while concurrently improving
employee wellbeing.
• Improved quality: With increased comfort, errors and, thus, product defects are less
likely.
• Improved efficiency: This can come about by bringing items closer to the work area or
completing a task with fewer motions. In each case, the task can take less time and there
is a lessened chance of muscular fatigue.
• Reduced downtime: Maintenance tasks can be optimized by improving access points
during changeover tasks. This allows for a faster task time, which leads to a decrease in
machine downtime.
• Improved employee morale: Ergonomics allows businesses to spread the “I care”
message to all levels of the organization, from the plant floor to the office employee.
• Reduced turnover and absenteeism: When people are comfortable at their
workstations, they are less likely to take time off from work or leave the company
because of discomfort. An ergonomist analyzes the risk factors that a given job brings.
Task variables in the workplace that may each increase the risk of MSDs or cause
decrements in performance are examined. Risk factors can be broadly classified into task
physical characteristics and environmental characteristics.
Ergonomics applied on college bus:-
The reason of apply ergonomics on college bus is due to the comfort of driver or passenger
of the bus. The figure shows the bus of over college ,now we apply the ergonomics on
each part of the bus like as, bus driver seat, passenger seats or luggage stand and entry gate
of the bus etc. This research on the occupational health of urban bus drivers Several
electronic databases were searched and 27 key studies were identified, which form the
basis of this paper. Early findings that bus drivers are liable to suffer ill health as a result
of the job remain true today. The research has, however, demonstrated a greater
understanding that specific stressors result in certain physical (cardiovascular disease,
gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal problems, fatigue), psychological (depression,
anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder) and behavioral outcomes (substance abuse). Bus
driver ill health will have consequences for organizational performance in terms of
employee absence, lab our turnover and accidents.

Fig.3.27- college bus
Driver seat :-
The figure shows the driver is drive the bus with comfortably but if the driver height more
than comparison therefore the driver is not comfortably work. According to ergonomics
the size of steering is small as comparison now because during rotation the driver has un-
comfortable when rotates the vehicle in a direction.
• The driver is using a ‘brick’ for comfortably press the accerlator but it is temporary not
permanent successful , so we must provide a height to driver for accerlator.

Fig.3.28- Driver seat
• We must provide the flexible driver chair to driver fo comfortably drive the vehicle, we
can provide except of sliding motion of chair as up & down movement of the chair with
using the jack .
• We can provide the future need of driver like wind glass function is favorable with driver
as no effect of sun or light of other vehicle.
• The distance of break ,clutch or accerlator padel is according to comfortnance of all
height person which want to drive.
It was in 1829 when horse-drawn passenger services (omnibuses) were first introduced to
the UK. The advent of regular motorbus services did not arrive until circa 1898 (Hibbs,
1968). Today in the UK (2000/ 01), there is an estimated 116,400 bus/coach drivers and
crew, operating on 79,700 vehicles covering a total 2542 million kilometres a year
(Department for Transport, 2003). Like many other passenger transport industries, the
safety of travellers and other road users is of prime importance. Bus drivers must
successfully balance the competing demands of safety, customer-focused service and
company operating regulations. The physical and psychological health of the bus driver is
a critical factor in driving performance. Any impairment can have undesirable
consequences for passengers and bus operating companies alike. Acknowledging that the
bus is :--

Stressors
Fig.3.29-
Key job stressors, mediating/moderating variables, and outcomes of occupational stress
for bus drivers.
Stressors Mediators/Moderator Outcomes
Physical environment:
Cabin ergonomics
Violence
Traffic congestion
Job design:
Time pressure
Shift patterns
Rest breaks
Social isolation
Organizational issues:
Reduced driver
decision-making
authority
Demographics:
Gender
Personality:
Locus of control
Negative affectivity
Hardiness
Other:
Social support
Control
Physical:
Cardiovascular
disease
Gastrointestinal
Musculoskeletal
Fatigue
Psychological:
Anxiety/
depression
Behavioural:
Substance abuse
Organisational:
Absenteeism
Labour turnover

Passenger seat (student seat):-
Fig.3.30-Passenger seat
• The figure shows that the passenger seating in the bus but he have lot of problem in
seating not seating comfortably.
• The passenger height is 5’9’’ & have problem due to the space between the chairs, due to
this the legs of passenger is strike with the front seat.
• The passenger should be comfortably seating according to ergonomics,if the route of travel
is large or long then passenger may be back pain or other any disease.
• The total seating area is 60 c.m but it is less as shown in figure it should be according to
standard size is more than 70 c.m.
• The leg space between the two seat is 25 c.m ,but according to standard it should be more
than 35 c.m.
Un-comfortableness of passengers due to luggage stand:-

• The figure shows the uncomfortable of passenger due to the luggage stand height is
less.
• Due to this luggage standthe passengers maybe injured when he stand up ,strike with
the stand.
• The actual height of luggage stand is 165 c.m but it is less as shown in figure.
• The height of luggage stand according to ergonomics should six foot.
The height of the luggage stand
should be more than six foot
,,because it should be comfortable
for all height passengers
The figure shows the person
cannot stand properly due to the
luggage stand height is less than
person

Entry gate of bus :-
Fig.3.31-Entry gate of bus
• The figure shows the passenger go down from the bus gate.
• The passenger has no more height but he strike with the gate of bus ,if height is more
then more problem is arise towards the researcher.
• So according to ergonomics the height of entry gate should be grater than the normal
height of person.
• The bus gate height is 193 c.m but from the step it remain 158 c.m so it should be
from the step is 190 c.m.
• The person entering area in the bus is 58 c,m but it less for health person which have
thickness is more than gate.
Ergonomics applied on college gate:-Designing anything for the large-sized
users means that the higher percentile values of all dimensions should be considered,
Hazard or risky
when passenger
down fast with
ignore the height
of entry gate

because when the maximum number of the population has lower values than those of
large-sized users, the users with lower percentile values will not be able to get easy reach
and hence will keep away from those unwanted things beyond their reach, thereby
ensuring safety.
For designing doors, stature heights of higher than the maximum value, must be
considered with appropriately defined allowances for articles supposed to be carried on the
head by intended users. A feeling of psychological clearance may be an added dimension.
The higher percentile value of the maximum body breadth for passageways, etc,maybe
taken into account to provide free movement facilities.
Small-sized users should also be considered while designing things of easy reach. This has
to be done keeping in mind the contextual use, the application of strength or any other
consideration involving human endeavor.
Our college gate is our entry gate by which we can enter into the college and as shown in
figure below:-
Fig.3.32-College gate open

Design measurements:- it can be shown in below block diagram and all its dimensions
are in cm by measured tool:-
227cm
Clearance
177cm
Why the study on college gate is important:-
• Similarly as taken from benches and desks and board’s study, the all study related
to ergonomics applied on the preferable system is used for study;
• By the way it is important to study all aspects which are under the ergonomics;
During study:-
College gate study
according to its
design

Our college in which we study has strength near about 750 students approximately.
Suppose if there is any miss-happening in college created by GOD like earthquake and
similarly happening then where students go?
It was found that then they will go from one or two main gate so the gate of college should
be as possible as large in height as well as width to avoid running situation which is
created at that time.

CHAPTER-IV
RESULTS & CONCLUSION
Results during study of classroom furniture:-
Also the study data were calculated and evaluated by the reference anthropometrics
formula as well as the t-student test (p 0.05). The questionnaire information’s evaluated
by descriptive statically.
Observation table:-(TABLE-3)
The result of test between reference standards(P 0.05) and observated data.
Sr.
no.
Task to be
measured
Reference
standards(P 0.05)
Calculated
value
1. Desk height 83.6 92.7
2. Bench height 87.4 94
3. Blackboard
height
187.15 206.3
4. Sitting height 111.1 103.4
5. Buttocks width 53.19 38.75
6. Height
backrest
32.6 18.6
7. Sitting eye
height
68.07 78.5
Take a look at the Chart also:- For this see on next page;

So from chart it may be calculated that none conforming of the blackboard installation
with the student’s height may cause problem of forward head, mechanical there were
significant differences in the shrinkage of the spine between the horizontal gaze and the
20° and 40° angles below the horizontal.
Results during study of workshop:-
Comparison of lathe with standard & calculated data :-(TABLE-4)
The above table shows that the calculated value by the students is like as overall travelling
distance by the students , height from base to ground , height of head stock , width of head
stock , height of tail stock , width off tail stock etc. is shown in table.
(TABLE-5)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Standard value
Calculated value
Sr. no. Measuring points Calculated data
1. Overall travelling distance by
the student
208 c.m.
2. Height from base to ground 52.5 c.m.
3. Height of head stock 77.4 c.m
4. Width of head stock 43.7 c.m
5. Height of tail stock 79.8 c.m
6. Width of tail stock 42.7 c.m

The result of correlation test between research data and reference standards
Sr. no. Measuring points Standard
data
(c.m)
Calculated
data
(c.m)
Diff, b/w
S&C
(c.m)
1. Overall travelling
distance by the
students
150 208 -58
2. Height from base
to ground
60.75 52.5 8.25
3. Height of the
head stock
89.2 77.4 -11.8
4. Width of the
head stock
49.90 43.7 -6.2
5. Height of the tail
stock
85.6 79.8 -5.8
6.. Width of the tail
stock
46 42.7 -3.3
We can see that if the lathe machine is according to the above standard data then student or
worker can do work on that machine comfortably & give the fast production rate.
GRAPH B/W STANDARD & CALCULATED VALUES OF LATHE :-

The graph clearly shows the difference between the standard and actual values.
Again there is a mismatch between standard data and calculated data;
Results during study of college bus:-
It was found that there is no comfort at some places in bus like driver seat, entry gate and
the luggage stand there is no perfectness;
Results during study of college gate:-
It was found during study of gate that some gate was very small and some are very large
so it is not easy to be go from small gates.
• They are not formed like exact standard from every aspects for a college especially
in any case of miss-happening.
Conclusion:-
From our study the conclusion in each case are given below:-
1. College class furniture:-
From college classroom furniture it is concluded that if the Benches &
Blackboard/green board is perfect as according to standard data then it is very
helpful to us; sitting not straight is a common mistake that we done at every stage
of life so we want to give knowledge that in classroom make you as ergonomic
want!!!!
2. Workshop of college:-
We found a conclusion that every instructor is not following the ergonomics
standards and rules. Firstly they don’t know how to exactly live in a class as the
system is going to change know according to sitting posture and ergonomic vastus.
0
50
100
150
200
250
Overall
travelling
distance
by the
students
Height
from base
to ground
Height of
the head
stock
width of
the head
stock
Height of
the tail
stock
Width of
the tail
stock
Standard data
Calculated data

• Every machine is not made up with ergonomics standard and we throw a light on it
very well. We must tell to college that even what we talk is right and all
department should convey them towards ergonomics
3. College bus:-
The bus not formed like exact standard from every aspects for a college especially
in any case of miss-happening. The aspects like safety should increase;
4. College gate:-
It was found that a college gate is not properly design especially in case of miss-
happening & it is concluded that a gate should be design according to ergonomics.
So all over it is concluded from study that the all five aspects can be completed in
college but with some care; and these five aspects are:-
1. Safety
2. Comfort
3. Ease of use
4. Productivity/performance
5. Aesthetics

CHAPTER-V
FUTURE SCOPE
The scope of Ergonomics is extremely wide and is not limited to any particular industry or
application. Ergonomics comes into everything which involves people. Work systems,
sports and leisure, health and safety should all embody ergonomics principles if well
designed.
The ability of people to do their job is influenced by the person's capabilities (physical and
mental), the job demand (physical and mental) and the condition (physical and
organizational environment) under which the person is carrying out the job.
The Objectives of the Ergonomics is to enhance the effectiveness with which work and
other human activities are carried out and to maintain or enhance certain desirable human
values in the process, health, safety, satisfaction etc.,
The Roles of the Machine and the Human:
Controlling machines was not a very significant problem until recently. Technological
development resulted in more elaborated controls and higher output, with the consequent
need for more accurate interpretation of the information displayed. This made operator's
task more complex and demanding and as a result of that, the 'human factor' in such
system became increasingly important for making safer and more efficient systems.
The future scope of ergonomics in college is also preferable; because it will
• It helps college in safety very much
• It helps the student to provide the physical and mental feel of goodness;
• To increase productivity of all furniture industry and many more!
• Great increment in economy of our country if we put a small investment in it in
terms of safety to reduce accidents.
• To provide comfort level in aspects of life
These are some future scope of our project named “A comparative study of
ergonomically aspects on engineering institute”.
This is the study which can be applied same at many more colleges and
universities!!!!
In future probably in next semester we will definitely do study on INDUSTRY LEVEL
so that we may calculate observations at big level and it will help us at a smart level
competition in world!!!!

REFERENCES
1. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics
2. encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/ergonomic
3. www.allsteeloffice.com/SynergyDocuments/ErgonomicsAndDesign... · PDF file
4. www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg90.pdf · PDF file
5. www.nuigalway.ie/.../occupational-safety-engineering-ergonomics.html
6. www.healthyschools.org/downloads/Ergonomics.pdf · PDF file
7. www.technologystudent.com/designpro/ergo1.htm
8. www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/kinrec/bsal/miniu/summer/backpacks.pdf · PDF file
9. ergo.human.cornell.edu/IEA2000/iea2000imw.pdf · PDF file
10. www.journals.elsevier.com/applied-ergonomics/recent-articles
11. information-technology.crcpress.com/browse/series/crcadvinhum
12. www.alibris.com/search/books/author/Human-Factors-and-Ergonomics...
13. www.worldcat.org/title/guide-to-human-factors-and-ergonomics
Reference books:-
1. Handbook Factors Ergonomics by Gavriel-Salvendy
2. Human Factors in Product Design by William H. Cushman, Daniel
J. Rosenberg
3. The Measure of Man and Woman: Human Factors in Design by
Alvin R. Tilley (Editor), Stephen B. Wilcox (Introduction), Henry
Dreyfuss assoc

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