1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 19 Evolution of Animals

2. Key Innovations Distinguish Invertebrate Groups 19-

4. Figure 19.1 Developmental stages of a frog 19-

6. Figure 19.2 The colonial flagellate hypothesis 19-

7. Radial and Bilateral Symmetry 19-

8. 19.3 The traditional evolutionary tree of animals is based on seven key innovations (figure 19.3A) 19-

11. Figure 19.4A Proposed new evolutionary tree 19-

12. Figure 19.4B Roundworms and arthropods are molting animals 19-

14. 19-

16. Figure 19.6 Sponge anatomy 19-

18. Figure 19.7A Cnidarian diversity 19-

19. Figure 19.7B Anatomy of Hydra , a polyp 19-

21. Figure 19.8 Planarian anatomy 19-

23. Figure 19.9A Tapeworm ( Taenia solium ) anatomy and life cycle 19-

24. Figure 19.9B Sexual portion of blood fluke ( Schistosoma spp.) life cycle 19-

27. Figure 19.10C Elephantiasis 19-

29. Figure 19.11 Protostomes compared to deuterostomes 19-

31. Figure 19.12A Body plan of a typical mollusc 19-

32. Figure 19.12B Three groups of molluscs 19-

34. Figure 19.13A Earthworm anatomy 19-

35. Figure 19.13B Other annelids 19-

37. Figure 19.14A Exoskeleton and jointed appendages of a crayfish, an arthropod 19-

38. Figure 19.14B Monarch butterfly metamorphosis 19-

40. Figure 19.15A Crustacean diversity 19-

41. Figure 19.15B Centipede and millipede 19-

42. Figure 19.15C Spider and relatives 19-

44. Figure 19.16 Insect diversity 19-

46. Figure 19.17 Echinoderm structure and diversity 19-

47. Further Innovations Allowed Vertebrates to Invade the Land Environment 19-

49. Figure 19.18 The four chordate characteristics 19-

51. Figure 19.19 The invertebrate chordates 19-

53. Figure 19.20 Evolutionary tree of the chordates 19-

55. Figure 19.21A Evolution of jaws 19-

56. Figure 19.21B Diversity of fishes 19-

57. Figure 19.21C This transitional form links the lobes of the lobe-finned fishes to the limbs of ancestral amphibians 19-

59. Figure 19.22 Frogs and salamanders are well-known amphibians 19-

61. Amniotic Egg 19-

62. Figure 19.23 Reptilian diversity 19-

64. Figure 19.24A Bird flight 19-

65. Figure 19.24B Types of bird beaks 19-

68. Figure 19.25A Monotremes and marsupials 19-

70. Figure 19.25B Placental mammals 19-

72. Figure 19.26 Vertebrates used for medical purposes 19-