1. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
AJD21603 ROTORCRAFT SERVICING,
MAINTENANCE & ROLE EQUIPMENT
WEEK 7:
BASIC HELICOPTER GROUND HANDLING
1SABRI OMAR

2. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
LEARNING OBJECTIVES & OUTCOMES
 OBJECTIVES:
1. GAIN KNOWLEDGE ON INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNISED
HELICOPTER MARSHALLING SIGNALS
2. KNOW THE SAFETY PRECAUTION WHEN PERFORMING THE
GROUNDHANDLING ACTIVITIES ON HELICOPTER
 OUTCOMES:
1. DESCRIBE THE MARSHALLING SIGNALS APPLICABLE TO
HELICOPTERS.
2. EXPLAIN THE SAFETY PRECAUTION WHEN CARRYING OUT
GROUND HANDLING ACTIVITIES ON HELICOPTER
© Allen Peter Diman 2

3. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
GROUND HANDLING DEFINITION
In aviation, aircraft ground handling defines the
servicing of an aircraft while it is on the ground and
(usually) parked at a terminal gate of an airport.

4. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
INTRODUCTION
Aircraft marshalling is visual signaling between
ground personnel and pilots on an airport or
helipad.
Marshalling is one-on-one visual communication
and a part of aircraft ground handling.
It may be as an alternative to, or additional to,
radio communications between the aircraft and air
traffic control.
The usual attire of a marshaller is a reflecting safety
vest, a helmet with acoustic earmuffs, and
illuminated beacons or gloves.

5. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
At airports, the marshaller signals the pilot to keep
turning, slow down, stop, and shut down engines,
leading the aircraft to its parking stand or to the
runway.
Sometimes, the marshaller indicates directions to
the pilot by driving a "Follow-Me" car (usually a
yellow van or pick-up truck with a checkerboard
pattern) prior to disembarking and resuming
signalling.
This, however, is not an industry standard.

6. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
EXAMPLE

7. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
“FOLLOW-ME CAR”

8. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
PREPARATIONPOSITIONING.
1. Will stand at the outer edge of the landing zone
perimeter on the windward side, with his/her back
to the wind.
2. Apparatus Lieutenant/Captain will have the
primary responsibility for the marshalling duties.
3. An additional firefighter who is assigned to the
Marshaller will maintain constant radio contact
with the helicopter as well as visual and verbal
contact with the Marshaller.
4. Remain in eye contact with the pilot at all times.
5. DO NOT approach the helicopter; remain vigilant
at your post.

9. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
EQUIPMENT
1. Helmet with chin strap tightly secured.
2. Goggles on or visor down.
3. Gloves.
4. Full bunker gear with collar up.
5. Flash lights with wands for night operations.

10. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
EQUIPMENTS
REQUIED

11. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
1. Stay well clear of the tail rotor area.
2. Use caution when traversing uneven terrain.
3. Approach helicopter in pilot’s field of vision and
ONLY after an "All Clear" signal has been given by
a helicopter crewmember.
4. Use low crouch when approaching and departing
the helicopter.
5. DO NOT use road flares. DO NOT shine spotlights or
headlights
6. at the helicopter or into the LZ. The pilot will utilize
the "night sun" to light up the LZ as needed.
Shinning lights or strobes at the LZ may cause
vertigo, night blindness or seizures of the pilot.

12. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

13. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

14. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

15. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
AFFIRMATIVE (I’LL
COMPLY OR I
UNDERSTAND)
DAY: HAND RAISED,
THUMB UP
SAME AS DAY SIGNAL
WITH WAND HELD AS
EXTENTION OF THE ARM
AIRCREW: ONE FLASH
OF FLASHLIGHT
CONFORMS TO ICAO
SIGNAL – ‘ALL CLEAR’

16. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
NEGATIVE (NOT CLEAR
OR I’LL NOT COMPLY)
DAY: ARM HELD OUT,
HAND BELOW WAIST
LEVEL, THUMB TURNED
DOWNWARD.
SAME AS DAY SIGNAL
WITH WAND HELD
DOWN.
AIRCREW: FLASHLIGHT
STEADY “ON”
NO ICAO SIGNAL

17. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
THIS WAY
DAY: ARMS ABOVE HEAD
IN VERTICAL POSITION
WITH PALMS FACING
INWARD
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS
HELD VERTICALLY AND
HELD AS EXTENSION OF
THE ARMS.
CONFORMS TO ICAO
SIGNAL

18. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
PROCEED TO NEXT
MARSHALLER
DAY: RIGHT OR LEFT ARM
DOWN, OTHER ARM MOVED
ACROSS THE BODY AND
EXTENDED TO INDICATE
DIRECTION TO THE NEXT
MARSHALLER.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS HELD
AS AN EXTENSION OF THE
ARMS
CONFORMS TO ICAO SIGNAL

19. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
SLOW DOWN
DAY: ARMS DOWN
WITH PALMS TOWARD
GROUND, THEN MOVED
UP AND DOWN
SEVERAL TIMES.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS
HELD HORIZOTALLY
CONFORMS TO ICAO
SIGNAL

20. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
TURN TO LEFT
DAY: POINT RIGHT ARM
DOWNWARD, LEFT ARM
REPEATEDLY MOVED
UPWARD AND BACKWARD.
SPEED OF ARM MOVEMENT
INDICATING RATE OF TURN.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS HELD
AS EXTENSION OF THE
ARMS
USED FOR SPOT TURNS FOR
HOVERING HELICOPTERS
CONFORMS TO ICAO SIGNAL

21. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
TURN TO RIGHT
DAY: POINT LEFT ARM
DOWNWARD, RIGHT ARM
REPEATEDLY MOVED
UPWARD AND BACKWARD.
SPEED OF ARM MOVEMENT
INDICATING RATE OF TURN.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS HELD
AS EXTENSION OF THE
ARMS
USED FOR SPOT TURNS FOR
HOVERING HELICOPTERS
CONFORMS TO ICAO SIGNAL

22. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
MOVE AHEAD
DAY: ARMS A LITTLE
APART, PALMS FACING
BACKWARDS AND
REPEATEDLY MOVED
UPWARD-BACKWARD FROM
SHOULDER HEIGHT
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS HELD
AS EXTENSION OF ARMS
CONFORMS TO ICAO SIGNAL

23. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
STOP
DAY: ARMS CROSSED
ABOVE THE HEAD PALMS
FACING FORWARD.
SAME AS DAY SIGNAL
WITH WANDS HELD AS
EXTENSION OF ARMS
CONFORMS TO ICAO
SIGNAL

24. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
MOVE BACK
DAY: ARMS BY SIDES,
PALMS FACING
FORWARD, SWEPT AND
UPWARD REPEATEDLY
TO SHOULDER HEIGHT
SAME AS DAY SIGNAL
WITH WANDS HELD AS
EXTENSION OF THE
ARMS
CONFORMS TO ICAO
SIGNAL

25. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
TURNS WHILE BACKING
TAIL TO LEFT
DAY: POINT RIGHT ARMS
DOWN AND LEFT ARM
BROUGHT FROM OVERHEAD
VERTICAL POSITION TO
HORIZONTAL POSITION,
REPEATING LEFT ARM
MOVEMENT.
SAME AS DAY SIGNAL WITH
WANDS HELD AS
EXTENSION OF THE ARMS
CONFORMS TO ICAO SIGNAL

26. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
TURNS WHILE BACKING TAIL
TO LEFT
DAY: POINT RIGHT ARMS DOWN
AND LEFT ARM BROUGHT FROM
OVERHEAD VERTICAL POSITION
TO HORIZONTAL POSITION,
REPEATING LEFT ARM
MOVEMENT.
SAME AS DAY SIGNAL WITH
WANDS HELD AS EXTENSION OF
THE ARMS
CONFORMS TO ICAO SIGNAL

27. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
REQUEST BY MARSHALLER
TO MOVE PERSONNEL
TOWARD AIRCRAFT
DAY: LEFT HAND RAISED
VERTICALLY OVERHEAD,
PALM TOWARDS AIRCRAFT.
THE OTHER HAND
LOWERED, PALM FACING
INWARDS.
NIGHT: SAME S DAY SIGNAL
BUT ONLY THE RAISED
WAND ILLUMINATED AND
FLASHING
NO ICAO SIGNAL

28. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
PERSONNEL APPROACH THE
AIRCRAFT
DAY: EITHER HAND RAISED
VERTICALLY OVERHEAD,
PALM TOWARD AIRCRAFT.
THE OTHER HAND
INDICATED TO PERSONNEL
CONCERNED AMD
GESTURES TOWARD
AIRCRAFT
SAME AS DAY SIGNAL WITH
WANDS HELD AS
EXTENSION OF ARMS
CONFORMS TO ICAO SIGNAL

29. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
INSERT CHOCKS
DAY: ARMS DOWNS,
FIST CLOSED, THUMBS
EXTENDED INWARDS,
SWING ARMS FROM
EXTENDED POSITION
INWARDS.
NIGHT: NIGHT: SAME
AS DAY SIGNAL WITH
WANDS HELD AS
EXTENSION OF ARMS
CONFORMS TO ICAO
SIGNAL

30. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
REMOVE CHOCKS
DAY: ARMS DOWN.
FISTS CLOSED, THUMBS
EXTENDED OUTWARDS,
SWING ARMS
OUTWARDS.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS
HELD AS EXTENSION
OF ARMS
CONFORMS TO ICAO
SIGNAL

31. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
DOWN LOCKS OR
UNDERCARRIAGE PINS
INSTALL
DAY: LEFT ARM BENT
VERTICALLY IN FRONT WITH
FIST CLENCHED, RIGHT ARMS
BENT HORIZONTALLY IN
FRONT WITH FIST CLENCHED
ND HELD MOTIONLESS AT
LEFT ELBOW
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY WITH
ADDITON OF WANDS.
PERPENDICULAR TO AIRCRAFT
NO ICAO SIGNAL

32. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
DOWN LOCKS OR
UNDERCARRIAGE PINS
REMOVE
DAY: LEFT ARM BENT
VERTICALLY IN FRONT
WITH FIST CLENCHED,
RIGHT ARM BENT
HORIZONTALLY IN FRONT
WITH FIST CLENCHED AT
LEFT ELBOW. RIGHT FIST
MOVES HORIZONTALLY
AWAY FROM LEFT ELBOW.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY WITH
ADDITION OF WANDS
NO ICAO SIGNAL

33. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
GROUND ELECTRICAL POWER
SUPPLY INSERT
DAY: HANDS ABOVE HEAD,
LEFT FIST PARTIALLY
CLENCHED, RIGHT HAND
MOVED IN DIRECTION OF LEFT
HAND FIRST TWO FINGERS
EXTENDED AND INSERTED
INTO CIRCLE MADE BY
FINGERS OF THE LEFT HAND.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY SIGNAL
WITH LEFT WAND HELD
VERTICAL AND RIGHT WAND
HELD HORIZONTAL.
NO ICAO SIGNAL

34. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
GROUND ELECTRICAL
POWER SUPPLY DISCONNECT
DAY: HANDS ABOVE HEAD,
LEFT FIST PARTIALLY
CLENCHED, RIGHT HAND
MOVED AWAY FROM LEFT
HAND WITHDRAWING FIRST
TWO FINGERS FROM CIRCLE
MADE BY FINGERS OF THE
LEFT HAND.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH LEFT WAND
HELD VERTICAL AND RIGHT
WAND HELD HORIZONTAL.
NO ICAO SIGNAL

35. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
START ENGINE(S)
DAY: LEFT HAND OVERHEAD
WITH APPROPRIATE NUMBER
OF FINGERS EXTENDED TO
INDICATE THE NUMBER OF
THE ENGINE TO BE STARTED,
AND CIRCULAR MOTION OF
RIGHT HAND AT HEAD LEVEL.
NIGHT: SIMILAR TO THE DAY
SIGNAL EXCEPT IN THE LEFT
HAND WILL BE FLASHED TO
INDICATE THE ENGINE TO BE
STARTED.
CONFORMS TO ICAO SIGNAL

36. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
SLOW DOWN ENGINE(S) ON
INDICATED SIDE
DAY: ARMS DOWN, WITH
EITHER RIGHT OR LEFT ARM
MOVED UP OR DOWN, PALM
FACING DOWN, INDICATING
THAT LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE
ENGINES REPECTIVELY
SHOULD BE SLOWED DOWN.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY SIGNAL
WITH ONE WAND MOVED
HORIZONTAL TO GROUND
CONFORMS TO ICAO SIGNAL

37. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
CUT ENGINES
DAY: EITHER ARM AMD
HAND, LEVEL WITH
SHOULDER, WITH HAND
MOVING ACROSS THROAT
PALM DOWN.
NIGHT: SAME AS THE DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS HELD
AS EXTENSION OF ARMS.
CONFORMS TO ICAO SIGNAL

38. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FIRE
DAY: MAKE RAPID
HORIZONTAL FIGURE OF
EIGHT MOTION AT WAIST
LEVEL WITH EITHER ARM,
POINTING AT SOURCE OF
FIRE WITH THE OTHER.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS
HELD AS EXTENSION OF
ARMS
CONFORMS TO ICAO
SIGNAL

39. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
TAIL WHEEL LOCK
DAY: WRISTS TOGETHER,
OPENED TO FORM IN A V, THEN
CLOSED SUDDENLY.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY SIGNAL
WITH WANDS USED AS
EXTENSION OF HANDS
NO ICAO SIGNAL

40. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
ABANDON AIRCRAFT
DAY: SIMULATE
UNFASTENING SEAT BELT
AND SHOULDER STRAPS
AND THROWING THEM UP
AND OFF.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS HELD
AS EXTENSION OF ARMS
NO ICAO SIGNAL

41. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
TAKE OFF
DAY: ARMS EXTENDED
HORIZONTALLY
SIDEWAYS BECKONING
UPWARDS.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS
HELD AS EXTENSION OF
ARMS
NO ICAO SINAL

42. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
HOVER
DAY: ARMS EXTENDED
HORIZONTALLY
SIDEWAYS, PALMS
DOWNWARDS.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS
HELD AS EXTENSION
OF ARMS
CONFORMS TO ICAO
SIGNAL

43. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
VERTICAL MOVEMENT –
MOVE UPWARDS
DAY: ARMS EXTENDED
HORIZONTALLY
SIDEWAYS BECKONING
UPWARDS, WITH PALMS
TURNED UP. SPEED OF
MOVEMENT INDICATES
RATE OF ASCENT.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS
HELD AS EXTENSION OF
ARMS
CONFORMS TO ICAO
SIGNAL

44. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
MOVE TO LEFT
DAY: RIGHT ARM
EXTENDED HORIZONTALLY
SIDEWAYS IN DIRECTION OF
MOVEMENT AND OTHER
ARM SWUNG OVER THE
HEAD I SAME DIRECTION IN
A REPEATING MOVEMENT.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS HELD
AS EXTENSION OF ARMS
CONFORMS TO ICAO SIGNAL

45. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
MOVE TO RIGHT
DAY: LEFT ARM EXTENDED
HORIZONTALLY SIDEWAYS
IN DIRECTION OF
MOVEMENT AND OTHER
ARM SWUNG OVER THE
HEAD I SAME DIRECTION IN
A REPEATING MOVEMENT.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS HELD
AS EXTENSION OF ARMS
CONFORMS TO ICAO SIGNAL

46. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
CLEAR
DAY: BOTH ARMS
EXTENDED ON SAME SIDE
ABOVE SHOULDER LEVEL
IN DIRECTION CLEAR TO
FLY OFF.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS
USED AS EXTENSION OF
ARMS
NO ICAO SIGNAL

47. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
WAVE OFF
DAY: WAVING OF ARMS
OVER HEAD.
SAME AS DAY SIGNAL
WITH WANDS HELD AS
EXTENSION OF ARMS
COMFORMS TO ICAO
SIGNAL

48. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
LANDING DIRECTION
DAY: MARSHALLER STANDS
WITH ARMS RAISED
VERTICALLY ABOVE HEAD AND
FACING TOWARDS THE POINT
WHERE THE AIRCRAFT IS TO
LAND. THE ARMS ARE
LOWERED REPEATEDLY FROM
A VERTICAL TO A HORIZONTAL
POSITION, STOPPING FAMILY IN
THE HORIZONTAL POSITION.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY SIGNAL
WITH WANDS HELD AS
EXTENSION OF HANDS.
CONFORMS TO ICAO SIGNAL

49. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
MOVE DOWNWARDS
DAY: ARMS EXTENDED
HORIZONTALLY
SIDEWAYS BECKNONING
DOWNWARDS WITH
PALMS TURNED DOWN.
SPEED OF MOVEMENT
INDICATES RATE OF
DESCENT.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS
HELD AS EXTENSION OF
ARMS.
CONFORMS TO ICAO
SIGNAL

50. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
REMOVE BLADE TIE-DOWNS
DAY: LEFT HAND ABOVE
HEAD, RIGHT HAND
POINTING TO INDIVIDUAL
BOOTS FOR REMOVAL.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS HELD
AS EXTENSION OF ARMS
CONFORMS TO ICAO SIGNAL

51. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
ENGAGE ROTOR(S)
DAY: CIRCULAR MOTION IN
HORIZONTAL PLANE WITH
RIGHT HAND ABOVE HEAD.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY SIGNAL
WITH WANDS HELD AS
EXTENSION OF ARMS

52. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
HOOK UP LOAD
DAY: ROPE CLIMBING
MOTION WITH HANDS.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS HELD
AS EXTENSION OF HANDS

53. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
WINCH DOWN
DAY: LEFT ARM
HORIZONTAL IN FRONT OF
BODY, FIST CLENCHED,
RIGHT HAND WITH PALM
TURNED DOWNWARD
MAKING DOWNWARD
MOTION.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS HELD
HORIZONTALLY,
PERPENDICULAR TO
AIRCRAFT.
NO ICAO SIGNAL

54. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
CUT CABLE
DAY: RIGHT ARM
EXTENDED FORWARD
HORIZONTALLY, FIST
CLENCHED, LEFT ARM
MAKING HORZONTAL
SLICING MOVEMENT BELOW
THE RIGHT FIST, PALM
DOWNWARD.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS USED
AS EXTENSION OF ARMS
NO ICAO SIGNAL

55. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
SPREAD PYLON
DAY: BEND ELBOW
ACROSS CHEST, PALM
DOWNWARD. EXTEND
ARM OUTWARD TO
HORIZONTAL POSITION
KEEPING PALM OEN AND
FACING DOWNWARD.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS
USED AS EXTENSION OF
ARMS.
NO ICAO SIGNAL

56. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
COMMENCE
FUELLING/CLEAR TO
COMMENCE FUELLING/
PRESSURE ON
DAY: HELO CREW
MEMBER MAKES
CIRCULAR MOTION WITH
RIGHT HAND.
NIGHT: HELICOPTER
CREW MEMBER MAKES
CIRCULAR MOTION WITH
FLASHLIGHT, GROUND
CREW MEMBER USES
WAND.
NO ICAO SIGNAL

57. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
READY TO DISCONNECT
AND RETURN HOSE (WHEN
MADE BY HELICOPTER
CREW MEMBER) AND
RETURN HOSE (WHEN MADE
BY GROUND CREW)
DAY: HELICOPTER CREW
MEMBER/ GROUND CREW
MEMBER MAKES VERTICAL
MOTION OF HAND.
NIGHT: HELICOPTER CREW
MEMBER MAKES VERTICAL
MOTION OF FLASHLIGHT.
NO ICAO SIGNAL

58. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FUEL LOAD IS CLOSE TO BEING
REACHED
DAY: RIGHT HAND IS HELD
ACROSS THE CHEST AT THE
LEFT SHOULDER INDICATING
THAT THE REQUIRED FUEL
LOAD IS CLOSE TO BEING
REACHED. THIS SIGNAL IS
NORMALLY FOLLOWED BY THE
SIGNAL, STOP REFUELLING.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY SIGNAL
WITH WANDS HELD AS
EXTENSION OF HANDS.
PILOT: PILOT’S FLASHLIGHT
STEADY “ON”.
NO ICAO SIGNAL

59. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
STOP REFUELLING
DAY: RIGHT HAND IS
WAVED LATERALL
REPEATEDLY. UNLESS IN
EMERGENCY, THIS SIGNAL
NORMALLY FOLLOWS THE
SIGNAL, FUAL LOAD IS
CLOSE TO BENG REACHED.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS HELD
AS EXTENSION OF HANDS.
PILOT: PILOT’S FLASHLIGHT
STEADY “ON”, MOVE
LATERALLY IN REPETITION.
NO ICAO SIGNAL

60. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
FUEL SPILL
DAY: RIGHT HAND IS
DRAWN ACROSS THE
FOREHEAD WITH THE LEFT
HAND EXTENDED AND
POINTED TOWARD FUEL
SPILL.
NIGHT: SAME AS DAY
SIGNAL WITH WANDS HELD
AS EXTENSION OF HANDS
NO ICAO SIGNAL

61. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHEN HANDLING
THE HELICOPTER ON HELIPAD
Only authorized personnel, vehicle and equipment can
approach the area for helicopter takeoff and landing. The
ground crew must not approach the helicopter body before it
comes to a complete stop.
When approaching or leaving the helicopter, the ground
service personnel can only walk before the helicopter and in
the area within the pilot’s eyesight. Never approach or leave
the helicopter behind the aircraft.
All luggage and carried cargo need to be examined, weighed.
The load weighing operation must be done accurately

62. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Always bend your body and do not stand straight in front of the
helicopter. The height must be lower than the shoulder. Do not carry
an object that is too long. If it must be carried, lay down the object
and move it in a horizontal direction.
If the helicopter lands on a sloped area. Approach the helicopter
from the downhill side. The uphill area is more dangerous than the
downhill area.
Do not smoke on the takeoff/landing area and the area around the
refueling vehicle (fuel storage area) and the helicopter.
Be aware that clothes or hat must be tied or secured closely to
prevent Foreign Object Damage (FOD)

63. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
When approaching the helicopter, the operating personnel
must wear hardhat and other personal protective equipment.
When refueling, follow the procedure closely. Truly perform
water drainage on bottom of the fuel storage containers or
storage tank.
When taking off or landing, the pilot must follow the
instruction given by the instructor in front of the helicopter.
Always keep the radio communication on.
Do not drink 12 hours before assuming a task. Never take
drugs.

64. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS DURING
REFUELLING
Operator must have a procedure for handling and dispensing
fuel.
Procedure manual must include:
1. Dispensing equipment control procedure
2. Electrostatic Protection Procedure
3. Contamination protection procedure
4. Related record keeping procedure

65. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
ROTORS RUNNING REFUELLING

66. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Operator’s responsibility:
1. The procedure is conveyed
to the fuel vendor and
organization's rep.
2. Ensure that the fuel meets
the specification
3. Ensure fuel is free from
contaminants
4. Observing safety measures
Fuel vendor’s responsibility:
1. To ensure that operator’s
specific requirement has
been understood by the
people in the field who will
be carrying out refueling.
2. The fuel in dispenser meets
the specification and
purchaser can be satisfied
by document on demand.

67. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Fuel vendor’s responsibility
(continued).
3. The fuel in dispenser is free
from contaminants
4. All standard industry
precautions will be
observed to ensure safety
of aircraft and human lives
5. Satisfy the customer in
term of quality and quantity
Types of fuel:
1. Aviation Gasoline (Avgas )
2. Jet Fuels
Type of contaminants :
1. Solid contaminants
2. Water
3. Microbiological growth

68. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Precautions to be observed:
1. Positioning of vehicle
2. Strict compliance of No
Smoking.
3. Positioning Fire
extinguishers
4. Proper electrical bonding
5. Observing limitation of
pressure in dispensing
6. APU with its exhaust
discharge into the fuelling
zone shall be started before
filler cap is removed or
fuelling connection made
7. GPU if used should be
more than 6 metres away
from fuelling zone
8. Do not refuel if brakes are
very hot.

69. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Fuelling should cease when
1. An aircraft maneuvers to
bring its jet exhaust within
43 Meters of fueling zone
2. During severe lightening
disturbances
3. During heavy rain if over
wing fuelling is used
4. In case of fuel spillage.
1. Do not operate any
electrical switches when
the fuelling is on.
2. Do not operate weather
radar
3. Do not use any tool which
can generate spark
4. Use special care when
refueling with passenger on
board

70. FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Training of personnel
1. Personnel both at the
vendor’s establishment and
operator’s must be fully
conversant with
requirements of the aircraft,
Safety precautions, Fire
fighting, how to summon
Airport Fire
tenders,disposal of spilled
fuel etc.
2. This training should be
documented and refreshed
at agreed regular interval.
Various roles of fuel in
Aviation:
1. Fuel as a source of Thermal
energy
2. Fuel as a source of Muscle
power
3. Fuel as a coolant
4. Fuel as a lubricant
5. Fuel as structural strength
6. Fuel as a ballast AND
7. Fuel as a Fire hazard