2.  Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome
 HIV is the virus that causes AIDS
 Disease limits the body’s ability to
fight infection
 A person with AIDS has a very
weak immune system
 No permanent cure

3.  “HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME”
 A specific type of virus ( a retrovirus)
 HIV invades the helper T cells, macrophages
and dendrite cells to replicate itself
 It directly or indirectly destroys CD4+ T cells

4.  HIV infections are
considered pandemic by
the World Health
Organization(WHO).
 As of 2010 approximately
34 million people have HIV
globally.
 Of these approximately
16.8 million are women and
3.4 million are less than
15 years old. It resulted in
about 1.8 million death in
2010, down from 3.1 million in
2001.
 Sub-Saharan Africa is the
region most affected.
 South & South East Asia is the
second most affected; in
2010 this region contained
an estimated 4 million cases.

5.  HIV retrovirus is divided into
:-
H1
HIV
H2
 It is a retrovirus
 Consist of 9,749
nucleotides in its 2
identical ssRNA genome
 Contain reverse
transcriptase

7.  HIV ENTERS THE BLOOD STREAM
THROUGH
 Open cuts
 Breaks in the skin
 Mucous membranes
 Direct injection
 COMMON FLUIDS THAT ARE A
MEANS OF TRANSMISSION
 Blood
 Semen
 Vaginal secretions
 Breast milk

11.  SEXUAL CONTACT: male-to-male
male-to-female/vice-versa
female-to-female
 BLOOD EXPOSURE: injecting drug use/needle sharing
occupational exposure
transfusion of blood products
 PERINATAL: transmission from mom to baby
breastfeeding

12.  Short, flu-like illness occurs 1-6 weeks
after infection
 No symptoms at all
 Infected person can infect other people

13.  Last for an average of 10 years
 This stage is free from symptoms
 There may be swollen glands
 The level of HIV in blood drops to very
low levels
 HIV antibodies are detectable in the
blood

14.  The symptoms are mild
 The immune system deteriorates
 Emergence of opportunistic infections &
cancers

15.  The immune system weakens
 The illnesses become more severe
leading to an AIDS diagnosis

17.  Requires a blood or oral
fluid sample
 HIV test detects the
body’s antibody response
to HIV infection
 The test does NOT detect
the HIV virus

18.  Those recently exposed should be retested at least six
months after their last exposure
 Screening test (EIA/ELISA) vs. confirmatory test (IFA)
EIA/ELISA(reactive)
REPEAT EIA/ELISA(reactive)
IFA(reactive)
POSITIVE FOR HIV TEST

20.  Treatment with anti – retroviral drugs
e.g.- Azidothymidine.
 ABACAVIR- a nucleoside analog reverse
transcriptase inhibitors (NARTIs or NRTIs)
 There is currently no vaccine or cure for
HIV or AIDS

21.  Awareness & educations
 Avoid sex with strangers
 Use condoms
 Use of sterile needle
 Careful during blood transfusion
 Avoid drugs and alcohol