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 What is a robot
 The anatomy of a robot
 What is meant by ‘Degrees of Freedom’
 What makes a robot intelligent
Robots are machines which are used in industry to
perform a range of tasks.
There are two types of robots:


 • Stationary Robots
 • Mobile Robots
   An industrial robot is ‘a
    reprogrammable, multi-functional
    manipulator designed to move
    material, parts, tools or specialised
    devices through various
    programmed motions for the
    performance of a variety of tasks’.
       Industrial robots are comprised of three
        parts:
    ◦     The manipulator – this is the moving ‘arm’ to
          which various end-effectors/tools can be
          attached.
    ◦     The power supply – usually a hydraulic
          compressor (for robots that need lots of
          strength) or electrical generator (for lightweight
          robots).
    ◦     The controlling computer – which controls the
          robot.
These are fixed in one spot to perform their task, eg. a robot
arm stationed at the side of a conveyor belt in a factory in
order to weld parts onto a car body; a robot arm used to
spray paint body parts; a robot arm used to pick
mushrooms.
This is the tool fitted to the end of the arm. This can
be changed for different jobs, for example, a gripper
to pick up objects, a spray gun to spray a car with
paint, a magnet to lift
metal objects, a
screwdriver, a welding
gun and so on.
Most robotic arms have the same basic structure:




                                    Waist
                                    Shoulder
                                    Elbow
                                    Wrist
   This is a measure of the number of movements which
    the joints can move.
   This example has 6 degrees of freedom

                                   Waist
                                   Shoulder
                                   Elbow
                                   Wrist – pitch
                                   Wrist – Yaw
                                   Wrist - Roll
 In your jotters, draw and label an arm robot
 Indicate the different movements that the robot arm

  can make.
 What is a mobile robot
 Types of mobile robot
 How mobile robots are guided
   Sometimes robots need to move from one location to
    another (e.g. robotic fork lift trucks in an automated
    warehouse).

   These robots require self-contained power sources
    (e.g. batteries) and additional autonomy (i.e. the
    ability to make simple decisions based on limited
    information).
They are often fitted with wheels or tracks and are
powered by electric motors to enable them to move
about.

A mobile robot might be used for transporting dangerous
chemicals inside a chemical plant, or disabling a bomb.
•
   This robot uses tracks
The two main methods which make robots move are:

   magnetic guidance systems
   Light guidance systems
A cable is set into the floor which gives off a magnetic
field. The robot is fitted with magnetic sensors which can
detect a magnetic field and feed the data back to the
processor. The processor adjusts the motors controlling
the wheels to make sure the robot travels along the path
set by the magnetised cable.
A path for a robot is set by a white line painted on the
factory floor. The robot is fitted with a light source which
shines light directly onto the white line. Sensors on either
side of the light source detect and measure the amount of
light being reflected off the floor. Data is then fed to the
computer. If the robot strays to the left of the line, the
readings on the left sensor fall and the processor then sends
control signals to the motor to correct the course of the
robot.
   They are controlled by software which is processed
    either by microprocessors fitted to, for example, the
    mobile robot or by a central computer.

   The software programs are written in a high level
    language known as a control language. This is usually
    held in ROM.

   Storing it in ROM makes it immediately accessible to
    the processor as well as making it unalterable.
Some control languages allow the user to ‘teach’ a robot
how to do a particular task by ‘leading it through’ the
series of steps required to complete the task.




                         contents
   Because Automated Systems are programmable it
    makes them flexible and can be reprogrammed to carry
    out a range of tasks.

   If a robot arm were required to
    stop spraying paint and to begin
    lifting objects onto a conveyor
    belt, the end-effector would be
    changed and a new program
    loaded with suitable instructions.
Intelligent robots are ones which have:
Powerful on-board processors
Their own memory
An expert/knowledge system which allows them to
learn from their mistakes
A variety of sensors that allow them to interact with the
environment and even with other robots:
  ◦ Cameras to see
  ◦ Pressure sensors
  ◦ Humidity and temperature sensors etc.
 ASIMO is an intelligent robot.
 Find out what features Asimo has that make it an

  intelligent robot.
Robots are here to stay, in one way or another.


There is a huge amount of information, articles and
exhibits on the internet for you to peruse.


Search for some of your own

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Robots

  • 1.  What is a robot  The anatomy of a robot  What is meant by ‘Degrees of Freedom’  What makes a robot intelligent
  • 2. Robots are machines which are used in industry to perform a range of tasks. There are two types of robots: • Stationary Robots • Mobile Robots
  • 3. An industrial robot is ‘a reprogrammable, multi-functional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools or specialised devices through various programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks’.
  • 4. Industrial robots are comprised of three parts: ◦ The manipulator – this is the moving ‘arm’ to which various end-effectors/tools can be attached. ◦ The power supply – usually a hydraulic compressor (for robots that need lots of strength) or electrical generator (for lightweight robots). ◦ The controlling computer – which controls the robot.
  • 5. These are fixed in one spot to perform their task, eg. a robot arm stationed at the side of a conveyor belt in a factory in order to weld parts onto a car body; a robot arm used to spray paint body parts; a robot arm used to pick mushrooms.
  • 6. This is the tool fitted to the end of the arm. This can be changed for different jobs, for example, a gripper to pick up objects, a spray gun to spray a car with paint, a magnet to lift metal objects, a screwdriver, a welding gun and so on.
  • 7. Most robotic arms have the same basic structure: Waist Shoulder Elbow Wrist
  • 8. This is a measure of the number of movements which the joints can move.  This example has 6 degrees of freedom Waist Shoulder Elbow Wrist – pitch Wrist – Yaw Wrist - Roll
  • 9.  In your jotters, draw and label an arm robot  Indicate the different movements that the robot arm can make.
  • 10.  What is a mobile robot  Types of mobile robot  How mobile robots are guided
  • 11. Sometimes robots need to move from one location to another (e.g. robotic fork lift trucks in an automated warehouse).  These robots require self-contained power sources (e.g. batteries) and additional autonomy (i.e. the ability to make simple decisions based on limited information).
  • 12. They are often fitted with wheels or tracks and are powered by electric motors to enable them to move about. A mobile robot might be used for transporting dangerous chemicals inside a chemical plant, or disabling a bomb.
  • 13.
  • 14. This robot uses tracks
  • 15. The two main methods which make robots move are:  magnetic guidance systems  Light guidance systems
  • 16. A cable is set into the floor which gives off a magnetic field. The robot is fitted with magnetic sensors which can detect a magnetic field and feed the data back to the processor. The processor adjusts the motors controlling the wheels to make sure the robot travels along the path set by the magnetised cable.
  • 17. A path for a robot is set by a white line painted on the factory floor. The robot is fitted with a light source which shines light directly onto the white line. Sensors on either side of the light source detect and measure the amount of light being reflected off the floor. Data is then fed to the computer. If the robot strays to the left of the line, the readings on the left sensor fall and the processor then sends control signals to the motor to correct the course of the robot.
  • 18. They are controlled by software which is processed either by microprocessors fitted to, for example, the mobile robot or by a central computer.  The software programs are written in a high level language known as a control language. This is usually held in ROM.  Storing it in ROM makes it immediately accessible to the processor as well as making it unalterable.
  • 19. Some control languages allow the user to ‘teach’ a robot how to do a particular task by ‘leading it through’ the series of steps required to complete the task. contents
  • 20. Because Automated Systems are programmable it makes them flexible and can be reprogrammed to carry out a range of tasks.  If a robot arm were required to stop spraying paint and to begin lifting objects onto a conveyor belt, the end-effector would be changed and a new program loaded with suitable instructions.
  • 21. Intelligent robots are ones which have: Powerful on-board processors Their own memory An expert/knowledge system which allows them to learn from their mistakes A variety of sensors that allow them to interact with the environment and even with other robots: ◦ Cameras to see ◦ Pressure sensors ◦ Humidity and temperature sensors etc.
  • 22.  ASIMO is an intelligent robot.  Find out what features Asimo has that make it an intelligent robot.
  • 23. Robots are here to stay, in one way or another. There is a huge amount of information, articles and exhibits on the internet for you to peruse. Search for some of your own