Designing Effective Search and Discovery Experiences for the Enterprise, Using the Language of Discovery
The oncoming tidal wave of Big Data, with its rapidly evolving ecosystem of multi-channel information saturated environments and services, brings profound challenges and opportunities for the design of effective user experiences that UX practitioners are just beginning to engage with in a meaningful fashion. In this coming Age of Insight, 'discovery' is not only the purview of specialized Data Scientists who create exotic visualizations of massive data sets, it is a fundamental category of human activity that is essential to everyday interactions between people, resources, and environments. Search is the gateway to discovery, and thus is indispensable as a capability.
To provide architects and designers with an effective starting point for creating satisfying search and discovery experiences this session presents a simple analytical and generative vocabulary for understanding how people conduct the broad range of discovery activities necessary in the information-permeated enterprise, and defining the search experiences they need.
Specifically, this session will present:
A simple, research-derived language for describing search and discovery needs and activities that spans domains, environments, media, and user types
Observed and reusable patterns of discovery activities in individual and collaborative settings
A practical model that defines actionable patterns of information engagement throughout the enterprise
Examples of the architecture of successful discovery experiences at small and large scales
A vocabulary and perspective for discovery as a critical individual and organizational capability
Guidance on using this vocabulary to drive large scale IT portfolio management as well as the design of individual search solutions
4. “In the next ten
years, digital data
alone is expected
to grow 44 times.
By 2020, there
will be 4 billion
people online
creating 50
trillion gigabytes
of data.”
HP Intelligent Research
Wednesday, May 15, 13
5. Volume: yotta, yotta, yotta
Varied data ‘materials’
social, cultural, personal, environmental, economic, scientific
Full spectrum of granularity
Real-time & historical perspectives
Commoditized infrastructure
storage, processing, distribution, publishing
Data ecosystem(s)
Wednesday, May 15, 13
13. “The ability to take data - to be able to understand it, to
process it, to extract value from it, to visualize it, to
communicate it's going to be a hugely important skill in the
next decades, not only at the professional level but even at the educational level for
elementary school kids, for high school kids, for college kids. Because now we
really do have essentially free and ubiquitous data. So the
complimentary scarce factor is the ability to understand
that data and extract value from it.”
Hal Varian
http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Hal_Varian_on_how_the_Web_challenges_managers_2286
Wednesday, May 15, 13
14. “the ...scarce factor is the ability
to understand that data...”
http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Hal_Varian_on_how_the_Web_challenges_managers_2286
Wednesday, May 15, 13
21. Insight
Grasping or understanding meaning,
significance, and/or a solution.
A valuable change in perspective or
understanding that enables or guides
further action.
Wednesday, May 15, 13
30. ‘Cliodynamics’ is a
transdisciplinary area of
research integrating
historical macrosociology,
economic history/
cliometrics, mathematical
modeling of long-term
social processes, and the
construction and analysis of
historical databases.
scientific disciplines
Wednesday, May 15, 13
37. “The datasexual looks a lot like
you and me, but what’s different is
their preoccupation with personal
data.
They are relentlessly digital, they
obsessively record everything
about their personal lives, and
they think that data is sexy. In
fact, the bigger the data, the sexier
it becomes.
Their lives - from a data
perspective, at least - are perfectly
groomed.”
data as lifestyle
Wednesday, May 15, 13
40. As I was waiting for a table at a
local restaurant the other day, I
flipped through a couple of the
free classified papers.
I was shocked to realize how
dependent I’ve grown on
three simple features that just
aren’t available in the analog
world: search, sort and filter.
http://uxdesign.smashingmagazine.com/2012/04/10/ui-patterns-for-mobile-apps-search-sort-filter/
Wednesday, May 15, 13
41. Discovery is Everyware
multi-channel experiences
networked devices & places
ubicomp
environments
information
shadows
product, service, personal avatars
mixed realities
Wednesday, May 15, 13
42. Discovery is the most
important interaction in the
emerging Age of Insight
Wednesday, May 15, 13
43. How to design discovery
experiences...?
Wednesday, May 15, 13
55. “Understand the quality performance of a part and module set in
manufacturing and the field so that I can determine if I should replace
that part.”
- Engineering
“Understand a lead's underlying positions so that I can assess the
quality of the investment opportunity.”
“Understand a portfolio's exposures to assess portfolio-level
investment mix.”
- Portfolio Manager
“I need to understand the cost drivers for this commodity so I can
negotiate better terms with my suppliers and forecast business risk
based on market indices.”
- Procurement
User Scenarios
Wednesday, May 15, 13
56. The Language of Discovery:
A concrete descriptive language for
human discovery activity in diverse
contexts.
A simple and consistent vocabulary that
is independent of domain, role,
information type, etc.
The Language of Discovery:
A concrete descriptive language for
human discovery activity in diverse
contexts.
A simple and consistent vocabulary that
is independent of domain, role,
information type, etc.
Wednesday, May 15, 13
62. Identifying Modes
“Understand the quality performance of a part and module set in manufacturing
and the field so that I can determine if I should replace that part.”
- Engineering
“Understand a lead's underlying positions so that I can assess the quality of the
investment opportunity.”
“Understand a portfolio's exposures to assess portfolio-level investment mix.”
- Portfolio Manager
“I need to understand the cost drivers for this commodity so I can negotiate better
terms with my suppliers and forecast business risk based on market indices.”
- Procurement
Wednesday, May 15, 13
63. Comprehending
‘To generate insight by understanding the nature or
meaning of something’
e.g. “I need to analyze and understand consumer-customer-market trends to inform
brand strategy & communications plan” – Director, Brand Image
Wednesday, May 15, 13
64. Locating
‘To find a specific (possibly known) item’
e.g. “I need to find a new part with particular technical attributes and then source it from
the most qualified supplier”
– Engineer
Wednesday, May 15, 13
71. Exploring
‘To proactively investigate or examine something for the
purpose of serendipitous knowledge discovery’
e.g. “I need to identify the cost drivers for this commodity so I can negotiate better
terms with my suppliers and forecast business risk based on market indices”
– Procurement
Wednesday, May 15, 13
73. Monitoring
‘To maintain awareness of the status of something for
purposes of management or control’
e.g. “I need to monitor at risk/failing customers/dealers so I can prompt my Account
Reps to fix the problems”
– Sales Manager
Wednesday, May 15, 13
75. Locating
‘To find a specific (possibly known) item’
e.g. “I need to find a new part with particular technical attributes and then source it from
the most qualified supplier”
– Engineer
Wednesday, May 15, 13
77. Evaluate
‘To use judgement to determine the significance or value
of something with respect to a specific benchmark’
e.g. “I need to determine my current state in my prints so I can evaluate if I have price
variation to negotiate a better price”
– Procurement
Wednesday, May 15, 13
79. Verify
‘To confirm or substantiate that something meets some
specific criterion’
e.g. “How can I determine if I am looking at the latest information for a part or supplier?”
– Supply Chain Specialist
Wednesday, May 15, 13
81. Compare
‘To examine two or more items to identify similarities and
differences’
e.g. “I need to compare our module set teardowns with competitive teardown
information to see if we’re staying competitive for cost, quality and functionality”
– Engineer
Wednesday, May 15, 13
84. Locate
To find a specific (possibly known) thing
e.g. I need to find a new part with particular technical attributes and then source it from the most qualified supplier -
Engineering
Verify
‘To confirm or substantiate that an item or set of items meets
some specific criterion’
e.g. How can I determine if I am looking at the latest information for a part or supplier? - Supply Chain Specialist
Monitor
‘To maintain awareness of the status of an item or data set for
purposes of management or control’
e.g. I need to monitor at risk/failing customers/dealers so I can prompt my Account Reps to fix the problems - Sales
Manager
Wednesday, May 15, 13
85. Compare
To examine two or more things to identify similarities & differences
e.g. I need to compare our module set teardowns with competitive teardown information to see if we’re staying
competitive for cost, quality and functionality - Engineering
Comprehend
To generate insight by understanding the nature or meaning of
something
e.g. I need to analyze and understand consumer-customer-market trends to inform brand strategy & communications
plan – Director, Brand Image
Explore
To proactively investigate or examine something for the purpose of
knowledge discovery
e.g. I need to understand the cost drivers for this commodity so I can negotiate better terms with my suppliers and
forecast business risk based on market indices - Procurement
Wednesday, May 15, 13
86. Analyze
To critically examine the detail of something to identify patterns &
relationships
e.g. I need to know the cost drivers for a part such as materials that impact cost. Is the relationship a correlation or
step function for a part cost driver? - Engineering
Evaluate
To use judgement to determine the significance or value of something with
respect to a specific benchmark or model
e.g. I need to determine my current state in my prints so I can evaluate if I have price variation to negotiate a better
price - Procurement
Synthesize
To generate or communicate insight by integrating diverse inputs to create
a novel artifact or composite view
e.g. I need to prepare a weekly report for my boss (sales mgr) of how things are going - Account Rep
Wednesday, May 15, 13
94. Monitor
Explore
...currently popular colors over useful
intervals
...currently popular colors, or colors
popular in the past
Verify
That a color is popular now or in the
past
When I use the tool, I can...
Wednesday, May 15, 13
96. Monitor
Explore
...articles to see what is new and
available.
...available articles and topics to
identify those of interest to me.
Locate
... and read articles of interest,
supporting information, and
related materials.
As a reader, I can...
Wednesday, May 15, 13
97. Monitor
Explore
...the tweets of people I follow, my
followers, community interactions.
...trends and active topics, and
suggestions for people to follow.
..tweets, people, hashtags / topics
My twitter home page allows me to...
Locate
Synthesize
...new tweets via composition,
retweet, or favorite tweets.
Wednesday, May 15, 13
101. 1. Replace a problematic part
(from sourcing, cost or technical
perspective)
2. ...with an equivalent or better
part
3. ...without compromising quality
and cost.
Wednesday, May 15, 13
102. 1. Replace a problematic part
(from sourcing, cost or technical
perspective)
2. ...with an equivalent or better
part
3. ...without compromising quality
and cost.
Analyze
Compare
Evaluate
Wednesday, May 15, 13
103. Comparative Search
1. Replace a problematic part
(from sourcing, cost or technical
perspective)
2. ...with an equivalent or better
part
3. ...without compromising quality
and cost.
Analyze
Compare
Evaluate
Wednesday, May 15, 13
104. 1. Analyze
2. and understand gaps between
current cost of commodity
3. versus best in class
manufacturing costs.
Wednesday, May 15, 13
105. 1. Analyze
2. and understand gaps between
current cost of commodity
3. versus best in class
manufacturing costs.
Analyze
Compare
Evaluate
Wednesday, May 15, 13
106. Comparative Search
1. Analyze
2. and understand gaps between
current cost of commodity
3. versus best in class
manufacturing costs.
Analyze
Compare
Evaluate
Wednesday, May 15, 13
108. Comparative Search
Identify parts used for same function as candidates for commonization and complexity reduction - Core Engineer
Replace a problematic part (from sourcing, cost or technical perspective) with an equivalent or better part without
compromising quality and cost. - Engineering
Compare our module set teardowns with competitive teardown information to see if we’re staying competitive for cost,
quality and functionality. - Engineering
Compare a lead's performance claims with relevant benchmarks to assess the lead's claims - Portfolio Manager
See the difference between what we are spending and what we should be spending to maximize savings (between
actual PO and should costs). - Procurement
Analyze & understand gaps between current costs of commodity versus best in class manufacturing costs - Cost
Estimators
Analyze Compare Evaluate
Wednesday, May 15, 13
109. Exploratory Search
Identify opportunities to optimize use of tooling capacity for my commodity/parts - Core Engineer
Identify sales opportunities and targets (increased key customer market share across categories/brands; upsell-cross
sell; promotional targets - District Manager
Evaluate & optimize our product portfolio: Which products should we de-list and retire? What new products should we
be making/selling? - Category Manager
Identify the best customer/consumer/region targets for our brand/products - Brand Manager
Determine suppliers to use for parts in my program and execute sourcing agreements - Core Buyer
Identify customers/marketers/dealers failing & at risk of de-branding based on performance problems - Program
Administrator
Explore Analyze Evaluate
Wednesday, May 15, 13
110. Strategic Oversight
Monitor how well we are tracking to revenue and margin targets by division - SVP Sales
Monitor and grade incoming incidents; close incidents, add incident close codes - Supervisor/Inspector
Monitor global commodity use in relation to plan/guidelines to identify gaps that require corrective action - Core
Engineer
Monitor how well we are tracking to revenue and margin targets by division - District Manager
Monitor & evaluate how our brand is performing in re: revenue, margin, and market share targets - Brand Manager
Financial Analyst: Monitor & assess commodity status against strategy/plan/target
Monitor Analyze Evaluate
Wednesday, May 15, 13
111. Strategic Insight
Track module cost versus functionality over time to determine trends. - Engineering
Understand the quality performance of a part and module set in manufacturing and the field so that I can determine if I
should replace that part. - Engineering
Understand a lead's underlying positions so that I can assess the quality of the investment opportunity - Portfolio
Manager
Understand a portfolio's exposures to assess portfolio-level investment mix - Portfolio Manager
I need to understand the cost drivers for this commodity so I can negotiate better terms with my suppliers and forecast
business risk based on market indices. - Procurement
Analyze Comprehend Evaluate
Wednesday, May 15, 13
112. Comparative Synthesis
Analyze and understand consumer-customer-market trends to inform brand strategy & communications plan -
Director, Brand Image
Find out how many parts I have in my module set of parts and find ways to reduce cost across them - Engineering
Formulate scope & strategy for sourcing and gap closure - Core Buyer
Analyze and understand a market: marketer network, competitive position, customer sat, & share, etc. to inform brand
strategy and communications plan - Brand Image Analyst
Analyze Compare Synthesize
Wednesday, May 15, 13
115. 277 ‘micro-scenarios’ - brief narratives that illustrate the
end user’s goal and the primary task/ action they take to
achieve it.
• Find best offers before the others do so I can have
a high margin.
• Get help and guidance on how to sell my car safely
so that I can achieve a good price.
• Understand what is selling by area/region so I can
source the correct stock.
• See year-on-year ad spend trends for TV and online
to supply to the Head of Global Media.
Wednesday, May 15, 13
116. Qualified Search
A variant of the stereotypical findability task in which immediate verification is required:
“Find trucks that I am eligible to drive” (29 instances)
Locate Verify
A"Model"of"Consumer"Search"Behaviour"
Tony
Russell-‐Rose
and
Stephann
Makri
http://red.cs.nott.ac.uk/~mlw//EuroHCIR2012-‐Proceedings.pdf
Wednesday, May 15, 13
117. Insight-driven Search
An exploratory search for insight to resolve an explicit information need:
“Assess the proper market value for my car” (45 instances)
Explore Analyze Comprehend
A"Model"of"Consumer"Search"Behaviour"
Tony
Russell-‐Rose
and
Stephann
Makri
http://red.cs.nott.ac.uk/~mlw//EuroHCIR2012-‐Proceedings.pdf
Wednesday, May 15, 13
118. Opportunity-driven Search
A semi-directed exploration aiming at serendipitous discovery:
“Find useful stuff on my subject topic”(31 instances)
Explore Locate Evaluate
A"Model"of"Consumer"Search"Behaviour"
Tony
Russell-‐Rose
and
Stephann
Makri
http://red.cs.nott.ac.uk/~mlw//EuroHCIR2012-‐Proceedings.pdf
Wednesday, May 15, 13
122. Analyze
Evaluate
Comparative Search
1. Analyze the popularity
and importance of colors
over time to see patterns
2. Compare colors in terms
of importance and
popularity at various
cycles, trends, and
moments.
3. Evaluate colors vs. their
current and historic
importance and popularity.
Color Forecast users can...
...of colors I may use for my purposes
Compare
Wednesday, May 15, 13
123. Analyze
Comprehend
Evaluate
Strategic Insight
1. Analyze events and
topics using the data and
tools provided
2. Understand the events
and topics using the
Guardian’s perspective
and my own.
3. Evaluate all perspectives,
as well as the actions and
decisions based on them.
Data blog readers can...
into events & actions of government & society
Wednesday, May 15, 13
124. Analyze
Comparative synthesis
1. Analysis of the causes,
participants and events of
the UK riots
2. Comparison of
suggested causes,
insights and explanations
into the events.
3. Synthesis of these
insights into a coordinated
perspective on the riots
Data blog readers can...
of all insights into the causes of the UK riots
Compare
Synthesize
Wednesday, May 15, 13
125. Evaluate
Exploratory search
1. Explore the author’s
profile, activity and
community interactions.
2. Analyze the author’s
followers, activity, tweets,
community interaction,
who they follow.
3. Evaluate the author to
decide their relevance and
value.
Twitter users can...
... for valuable people streams to follow
Explore
Analyze
Wednesday, May 15, 13
130. Exploratory Search
Identify opportunities to optimize use of tooling capacity for my commodity/parts - Core Engineer
Identify sales opportunities and targets (increased key customer market share across categories/brands; upsell-cross
sell; promotional targets - District Manager
Evaluate & optimize our product portfolio: Which products should we de-list and retire? What new products should we
be making/selling? - Category Manager
Identify the best customer/consumer/region targets for our brand/products - Brand Manager
Determine suppliers to use for parts in my program and execute sourcing agreements - Core Buyer
Identify customers/marketers/dealers failing & at risk of de-branding based on performance problems - Program
Administrator
Explore Analyze Evaluate
Wednesday, May 15, 13
132. Identify opportunities to optimize use of tooling capacity for my commodity/parts - Core Engineer
Identify sales opportunities and targets (increased key customer market share across categories/brands; upsell-cross
sell; promotional targets - District Manager
Evaluate & optimize our product portfolio: Which products should we de-list and retire? What new products should we
be making/selling? - Category Manager
Identify the best customer/consumer/region targets for our brand/products - Brand Manager
Determine suppliers to use for parts in my program and execute sourcing agreements - Core Buyer
Identify customers/marketers/dealers failing & at risk of de-branding based on performance problems - Program
Administrator
Explore Analyze Evaluate
Initial SummaryOperative
Wednesday, May 15, 13
137. To inform the core principles for the user
experience of the product
To coordinate the design of product
features and functions across channels
and form-factors
To evaluate the quality and success of
product designs, in terms of usability,
engagement, value, etc.
To establish a roadmap for the product's
evolution and determine development
efforts
To shape strategy for a portfolio of
products by understanding the value
proposition of current and potential new
products
Product
Strategy,
Definition
& Design
Wednesday, May 15, 13
138. To guide the deployment of the product
as part of a solution for customers
Identifying needs via scenarios and
other solution specification tools
Crafting functional requirements and
interaction designs for deployed
applications
To describe and publish patterns and
best practices in implementation of the
product - workspace, application,
application suite
solution
design for
product
customers
Wednesday, May 15, 13
143. Define & Review the Goals, Problems, & User Context
Goals & Scenarios
§Plan
§Optimize
§Launch
§Build
User
Types
§Knowledgeable
§Enthusiast
§Uncertain Explorer
§Manager
Business
Goals
§Engagement
§Conversion
§Cross-Sell
§Adoption
§Acquisition
Discovery Assets
§Product info
§Rich Media
§Textual Info
§Social Media
§Metrics
What decision-
discovery
support and
information
assets will help
them achieve their
goals?
What are business-
user critical goals &
scenarios? What
do they need to
know to succeed?
What are the
business
strategies,
objectives, &
priorities?
Modes & Chains
§Locate
§Explore
§Strategic Insight
§Qualified Search
How do people
need to interact
with information
assets & each
other to achieve
their goals?
Who are the
critical users and
how do their
discovery needs
& behaviors
vary?
Wednesday, May 15, 13
144. Supply Chain Process
Source ManufacturePlan Distribute Replenish
Planning Team Planner / Analyst Planning Manager
Wednesday, May 15, 13
145. Planners: Needs & Goals
Planner / Analyst
•
Create and update accurate forecasts on a weekly basis at a
very detailed level, such as the number of packs of each
product SKU needed for a single store. Forecasts evolve
through several iterations before reaching their final state,
allowing and requiring Planners to incorporate data on sales,
inventory, customer activity, etc. as it accumulates in real
time.
•
Improve the accuracy of forecasts and forecasting methods
by understanding the nature, degree, and source of
forecasting errors in reference to a large number of defined
metrics and performance measures.
•
Analyze and understand changes in the factors affecting
forecast accuracy, and enhance forecasting methods to
reflect these changes.
Wednesday, May 15, 13
146. Planning Manager
•
Monitor and review the accuracy of Planners’ forecasts to
assess individual and team performance
•
Determine the specific metrics and performance
measurements that Planning teams use for reference,
based on the long-term goals of the organization.
•
Evaluate and improve the effectiveness of forecasting
practices and tools used by planning teams
Managers: Needs & Goals
•
Achieve 100% forecast accuracy
•
Maintain forecast accuracy over time, and in all
situations.
Planning Team
Wednesday, May 15, 13
148. Synthesize
Analyze
To create new forecasts, Planners:
Analyze their previous forecasts and newly
identified causal factors
Compare them to accuracy baselines and
the expected impact of correlating factors
such as seasonal events or weather
Create new forecasts that reflect insights
from analytical activities
Planners: Mode Chains
Comparative Synthesis
Compare
Wednesday, May 15, 13
150. To improve forecasting accuracy, Planners:
Analyze cumulative and historical accuracy
and error rates to
Understand the factors affecting forecasts
Evaluate the relevance and usefulness of
newly identified causal factors by
retrospectively including them in previous
forecasts
Planners: Mode Chains
Analyze
Comprehend
Evaluate
Strategic Insight
Wednesday, May 15, 13
152. Analyze
Managers assessing Planner performance:
Monitor the accuracy of forecasts made by
individual analysts and the team
Analyze forecasts for patterns and trends in
variance and accuracy
Evaluate the effectiveness of analysts, and
forecasting methods.
Planning Managers: Mode Chains
Evaluate
Strategic Oversight
Monitor
Wednesday, May 15, 13
159. Planners Monitor the
accuracy of their own
forecasts compared
with established
baselines and targets.
Planning Managers
Monitor the accuracy
of all the forecasts
made by the Planning
team.
Dashboard Screen
Planner / Analyst Planning Manager
Monitor Analyze Evaluate
Strategic Oversight
Wednesday, May 15, 13
160. One pane enables
monitoring of each
major area of supply
chain activity, such as
Inventory or Capacity.
Provides summary
status of processes via
KPIs and
measurements.
Dashboard Screen
A chart presents historical
values of these measures
for Analysis.
Wednesday, May 15, 13
161. Alerts allow Planners to
monitor, analyze, and
evaluate changes to
supply chain flow.
Initiate the Strategic
Insight chain: follow
linked data points in
charts, metrics and
alerts ‘deeper’ into the
information space.
Dashboard Screen
Wednesday, May 15, 13
163. Focused on one sub-function of the supply
chain: forecasts and activity for
‘restocking’ of products in retail settings
through stages of the supply chain.
Search, Breadcrumb, and Faceted
Navigation components allow the user to
understand & manage the data that is
presented in the workspace tables, charts,
while analyzing the information.
Summarize and communicate
workspace context to users to provide
orientation and comprehension.
Analysis Screen
Wednesday, May 15, 13
164. ‘Metric summary’, which follows on from the performance indicators
identified on the Dashboard,
Visibility into the smaller scale measures that determine the status of the
supply chain; specifically, the accuracy of forecasts (compare & evaluate).
Analysis Screen
Wednesday, May 15, 13
165. Below the summary, a group of components presents a visualization and data
grid of a single metric grouped by one or more variables (e.g. quantity by product
type) to enable analysis.
These ‘metric breakouts’ help Planners and Managers comprehend the factors
contributing to the status of each metric. This combination facilitates a wider
range of analysis methods than either presentation method supports alone.
Analysis Screen
Wednesday, May 15, 13
166. Supporting tables provide lists of the individual
transactions for detailed analysis and evaluation.
Analysis Screen
Wednesday, May 15, 13
168. Planning teams use the Trends screen to explore and
understand the state of the supply chain, and the
accuracy of their forecasts over time.
For this purpose, the Trends screen is primarily designed
to support the Exploratory Search (Explore-Analyze-
Evaluate) and Comparative Synthesis (Analyze-
Compare-Synthesize) chains, in which Planners and
Managers seek to identify new patterns in time and
supply chain activity and suggest potential causal
factors.
The value of the Trends screen is best understood in the
context of sequences of mode chains, such as Strategic
Oversight in companion with Comparative Synthesis or
Exploration Driven Search in companion to Strategic
Insight.
Trends Screen
Analyze Compare Synthesize
Comparative
Synthesis
Explore Analyze Evaluate
Exploration-driven
Search
Planner / Analyst Planning Manager
Wednesday, May 15, 13
170. Planners will follow the Strategic Oversight chain for
visibility into the status of their published final forecasts
vs. actual activity in the supply chain;
When errors or variances beyond an acceptable
threshold emerge in one or more forecasts, they will
switch to the Strategic Insight chain in order to
understand the new situation.
They will move on to the Comparative Synthesis
chain to revise their forecasts to reflect their newly
generated insights and improved understanding.
They will then switch back to Strategic Oversight to
maintain ongoing awareness of the accuracy and
effectiveness of their revised forecasts over time.
Strategic
Insight
Comparative Synthesis
Strategic
Oversight
Strategic
Oversight
Planners: Mode Sequences
Planner / Analyst
Wednesday, May 15, 13
171. Strategic
Insight
Comparative Synthesis
Strategic
Oversight
Strategic
Oversight
Mode Sequences
Business Process Optimization
“Process optimization is the discipline of adjusting a process so as to optimize some specified
set of parameters without violating some constraint. The most common goals are minimizing
cost, maximizing throughput, and/or efficiency. This is one of the major quantitative tools in
industrial decision making.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_optimization
A business process or business method is a collection of related, structured activities or tasks
that produce a specific service or product (serve a particular goal) for a particular customer or
customers.
Wednesday, May 15, 13
172. Planning Managers seeking to improve the forecasting
practices and methods of their teams will employ a
sequences of mode chains that begins with Exploratory
driven Search, to identify exemplars of particularly strong
or weak forecasts and forecasting practices.
They will move to Strategic Insight to understand how
and why these practices exhibit strength or weakness.
Comparative Synthesis will help Managers formulate
new or improved measurements and forecasting
practices.
They will rely on Strategic Oversight to gauge the
effectiveness of new or enhanced practices once in effect.
Strategic
Insight
Comparative
Synthesis
Exploratory
Search
Strategic
Oversight
Managers: Mode Sequences
Planning Manager
Wednesday, May 15, 13
177. Monitor
• New tweets by people the user follows
• Interactions with other twitter users
• Activity related to the user’s profile
• People, topics, or items recommended
Wednesday, May 15, 13
178. • New tweets by people the user follows
• Interactions with other twitter users
• Activity related to the user’s profile
• People, topics, or items recommended
Monitor Analyze Evaluate
Strategic Oversight
Wednesday, May 15, 13
187. • Using the modes as a generative design tool requires
mapping of information assets.
• Not a one-to-one correspondence between a composite of
modes such as a chain, and an interaction component of
any size or scope.
• Modes are useful as alignment tool for product’s concept
model and users’ mental models.
• Well designed interaction components combine modes
together into compact functions that accomplish more than
one ‘micro-task’ at the same time – e.g. Show conversation
link locates and presents info for exploration /
comprehension/ analysis.
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188. • Every individual system will have its own idiosyncratic network of
modes and chains that arises from the particular user journeys it
needs to support. Designers must understand and reference this
local map to create effective systems, and specifically to define
the right UX architecture.
• Local mode networks should be analyzed along three axes: for
recurring modes and mode chains, for intersecting or overlapping
modes and mode chains, and for sequences of modes and
chains.
• Constructive units need ‘linkages’ – not sure what / how to
represent linkage using current language. Continuity is one thing
linkages address and enable. Need an understanding / definition
of continuity.
• Scope of information needed for an activity and the interaction
component that enables it can be addressed via density of info,
or scope of interaction component.
•
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189. learn hearts & minds
rely on known modes & sequences
parsimonious composition
hunt cross-channel flows
optimize for core scenarios
every interaction enhances insight
Wednesday, May 15, 13
193. Publications
Russell-Rose, T., Lamantia, J. and Burrell, M. 2011. A Taxonomy of Enterprise Search and Discovery.
Proceedings of EuroHCIR 2011, London, UK. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-763/paper4.pdf
Russell-Rose, T., Lamantia, J. and Burrell, M. 2011. A Taxonomy of Enterprise Search and Discovery.
Proceedings of HCIR 2011, California, USA. https://docs.google.com/a/kent.edu/viewer?
a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxoY2lyd29ya3Nob3B8Z3g6NzdmYjc3OWY2ZjQ2Zjg4MQ
Russell-Rose, T. and Makri, S. 2012 A Model of Consumer Search Behavior. Proceedings of EuroHCIR 2012,
Nijmegen, NL.
Designing the Search Experience: forthcoming
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194. References & Resources
The sensemaking process and leverage points for analyst technology as identified through cognitive task
analysis, Pirolli, P., & Card, S. (2005)
https://analysis.mitre.org/proceedings/Final_Papers_Files/206_Camera_Ready_Paper.pdf
Exploratory search: from finding to understanding, Gary Marchionini, Communications of the ACM, Volume
49 Issue 4, April 2006
http://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~i385t-sw/readings/Marchionini-2006-Exploratory_Search.pdf
Lamantia, Joe. “Goal Based Information Retrieval Experiences” JoeLamantia.com, (June 20, 2006).
http://www.joelamantia.com/informationarchitecture/goalbasedinformationretrievalexperiences
Lamantia, Joe. “10 Information Retrieval Patterns” JoeLamantia.com, (June 29, 2006).
http://www.joelamantia.com/information-architecture/10-information-retrieval-patterns
Lamantia, Joe. “Discovering User Goals / IR Goal Definitions” JoeLamantia.com, (June 24, 2006).
http://www.joelamantia.com/information-architecture/discovering-user-goals-ir-goal-definitions
Spencer, D. 2006. “Four Modes of Seeking Information and How to Design for Them”. Boxes & Arrows:
http://www.boxesandarrows.com/view/four_modes_of_seeking_information_and_how_to_design_for_them
Bates, Marcia J. 1979. "Information Search Tactics." Journal of the American Society for Information Science
30: 205-214
Bates, Marcia J. 1989. "The Design of Browsing and Berrypicking Techniques for the Online Search
Interface." Online Review 13: 407-424.
Broder, A. 2002. A taxonomy of web search, ACM SIGIR Forum, v.36 n.2, Fall 2002
Wednesday, May 15, 13
195. References & Resources
Cool, C. & Belkin, N. 2002. A classification of interactions with information. In H. Bruce (Ed.), Emerging
Frameworks and Methods: CoLIS4: proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Conceptions of
Library and Information Science, Seattle, WA, USA, July 21-25, 2002, (pp. 1-15).
Glaser, B. & Strauss, A. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New
York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Jarvelin, K. and Ingwersen, P. 2004. “Information seeking research needs extension towards tasks and
technology”, Information Research, Vol. 10, No. 1. (October 2004)
Kuhlthau, C. C. 1991. Inside the information search process: Information seeking from the user's perspective.
Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 42, 361-371.
Marchionini, G. 2006. Exploratory search: from finding to understanding. Commun. ACM 49(4): 41-46
Norman, Donald A. 2006. Logic versus usage: the case for activity centered design. Interactions 13, 6
O'Day, V. and Jeffries, R. 1993. Orienteering in an information landscape: how information seekers get from
here to there. INTERCHI 1993: 438-445
Rose, D. and Levinson, D. 2004. Understanding user goals in web search, Proceedings of the 13th
international conference on World Wide Web, New York, NY, USA
Salton, G. 1989. Automatic Text Processing: The Transformation, Analysis, and Retrieval of Information by
Computer. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
Sutcliffe, A.G. and Ennis, M. 1998. Towards a cognitive theory of information retrieval. Interacting with
Computers, 10:321–351.
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196. References & Resources
Cool, C. & Belkin, N. 2002. A classification of interactions with information. In H. Bruce (Ed.), Emerging
Frameworks and Methods: CoLIS4: proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Conceptions of
Library and Information Science, Seattle, WA, USA, July 21-25, 2002, (pp. 1-15).
Cool, C. & Belkin, N. 2002. A classification of interactions with information. In H. Bruce (Ed.), Emerging
Frameworks and Methods: CoLIS4: proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Conceptions of
Library and Information Science, Seattle, WA, USA, July 21-25, 2002, (pp. 1-15).
Ellis, D. 1989. A Behavioural Approach to Information Retrieval System Design. Journal of Documentation,
45(3), pp. 171-212.
Ellis, D., Cox, D. & Hall, K. 1993. A Comparison of the Information-seeking Patterns of Researchers in the
Physical and Social Sciences. Journal of Documentation 49(4), pp. 356-369.
Ellis, D. & Haugan, M. 1997. Modelling the Information-seeking Patterns of Engineers and Research
Scientists in an Industrial Environment. Journal of Documentation 53(4), pp. 384-403.
Makri, S., Blandford, A. & Cox, A.L. 2008. Investigating the Information-Seeking Behaviour of Academic
Lawyers: From Ellis’s Model to Design. Information Processing and Management 44(2), pp. 613-634.
Meho, L. & Tibbo, H. 2003. Modeling the Information-seeking Behavior of Social Scientists: Ellis’s Study
Revisited. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 54(6), pp. 570-587.
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