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2. SUMMARIZING
 Keep in mind four Cs
 Concentration
 Comprehension
 Condensation and
 composition

3. SUMMARIZING
 Concentration
 Understand the text thoroughly
 Pick essential
 Reject inessential

4. SUMMARIZING
 Comprehension
 Read the text thoroughly for comprehension of main ideas and their
development. (has two steps)
step 1 – 1st reading
• Done quickly to get main idea
• For prose appropriate title is given (think of topic sentence/key phrases)
• The title should aptly summarize the text
Step 2
 Concentrate on key information
 Try to differentiate between main ideas and supporting details.
 Underline the main ideas

5. SUMMARIZING
 Condensation
 According to the required length of summary, start
reducing the matter.
 Composition
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6. SUMMARIZING
 Techniques for reducing the matter
 A long phrase into one word
The dim light in the evening
Twilight
• A clause into a phrase
When the sun was rising in the eastern horizon
At dawn
• A clause into a word
That which can easily be understood
Intelligible
• A long catalogue into a generic form
He bought pens, pencils, papers, pins, erasers etc.
He bought stationary

7. SUMMARIZING
Notes
 Omit everything that is not related to central theme
 Avoid illustrations, images, figures of speech and long-winding
sentences

8. SUMMARIZING
 Guidelines for writing a good summary
 The words in the title of the summary, except prepositions and
conjunctions, should begin with a capital letter.
 First prepare a draft, which can be revised after checking for
repetition and extra words.
 Ideas must be presented logically and systematically. Follow the
order of ideas in original text.
 A good summary has a proper organization of ideas, logical
sequencing of points and use of language as the situation
demands.
 Main ideas should be reproduced in your own language
 Retain the tense of the original text. (contd…)

9. SUMMARIZING
 If the text is in first person, summary should be written in
third person.
 Convert direct speech into indirect speech.
 Don’t try to elaborate, explain or give any personal opinion.
Summary should be impersonal in nature.
 Summary must not be written picking up sentences or
clauses randomly from the original text.
 Before writing the final draft, ensure that there are no missing
links.
 The summary should appear as an independent piece of
writing.

10. Abstract and Summary
ABSTRACT AND SUMMARY
 Most of the reports contain a synopsis, which is called an abstract or
a summary.
Some people regard these two terms as same.
 The difference between abstract and summary can be explained in
terms of function.
An abstract is a concentrated form of a report whereas; a summary
gives the substance of a report.

11. Abstract and Summary
 Difference between abstract and summary
 Abstract
 An abstract tells in concentrated form what the report is all about.
 Abstract is shorter than summary
 Length of abstract is generally two to five per cent of the original report (no
fixed rule for the length of abstract)
 Summary
 Summary gives the substance of the report.
 Summary presents the report in a nutshell, without any illustrations and
explanations.
 Summary gives information on method of analysis, the significant findings,
the important conclusions and major recommendations.
 Length is about five to ten per cent of the original report.