Pollution And Human Health

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    Pollution And Human Health - Presentation Transcript

    1. Mike Slater
    2. Content
      • Sources of pollution
      • How pollutants affect humans
      • Examples of common pollutants and their effects
    3. Notes and Slides
      • http://sites.google.com/site/diamondtrainingsite
      • [email_address]
    4.  
    5.  
    6.  
    7.  
    8. "All substances are poisons ; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy"
    9. Pollution Effects on Human Health
      • Direct effects
      • Indirect effects
    10.  
    11. Inhalation Skin contact Ingestion
    12.  
    13. Inhalation
      • Gases
      • Aerosols
    14.  
    15.  
    16.  
    17. Absorption Through Skin
      • Many organic compounds readily absorbed
        • solvents
        • pesticides
        • organo-metal compounds
    18. Ingestion
      • Foodstuff contamination
      • Drinking water contamination
    19. Absorption Through Gut
      • Better absorption with un-ionised, fat soluble substances
    20. Distribution
      • Transport by blood
      • Substances released from storage
    21. Storage
      • Fat
        • lipophilic compounds
        • e.g. some pesticides (DDT), dioxins, PCBs
      • Bones
        • chemicals similar to calcium
        • fluorine, lead, strontium
      • Blood
      • Liver and kidney
      • Other organs / tissues
    22. Biotransformation
      • Occurs mainly in liver
      • Also in lungs, kidney & intestine
      • Phase I reactions
      • Oxidation
      • Reduction
      • hydrolysis
      • Phase II reactions
      • Conjugation
      • Synthesis
      Metabolites Elimination
    23. Biotransformation
      • Sometimes biotransformation increases toxicity
    24. Excretion
      • Kidney
        • urine
        • water soluble compounds
    25. Excretion
      • Lungs
        • volatile compounds
        • gaseous metabolites
    26. Excretion
      • Liver
        • bile
        • fat soluble compounds
    27. Excretion
      • Other routes
        • Hair
        • Nails
        • Skin
        • Sweat
        • Milk
    28.  
    29. Some Half Lives
      • Toluene ~ 10 hours
      • Selenium ~ 10 days
      • Mercury ~ 6 weeks
      • Lead ~ 10 years or more
    30.  
    31. Site of Effect
      • Local
        • at point of contact with the body
      • Systemic
        • following distribution
    32. Types of Effect
      • chronic
      • sub-chronic
      • sub-acute
      • acute
      timescale
    33. Types of Effect
      • Asphyxiant
      • Irritant
      • Corrosive
      • Sensitisers
      • Systemic toxicity
      • Carcinogens
      • Mutagens
      • Teratogens
      • Reproductive effects
    34.  
    35.  
    36. Threshold Dose
    37. Susceptibility
      • Variation in susceptibility between individuals
      • Different doses required to produce same effect
    38. Susceptibility
      • Most susceptible groups include
        • Elderly,
        • Children,
        • People with pre-existing disease
      • Inter-species variation
    39.  
    40.  
    41. Some LD50s
      • ETHYL ALCOHOL 7060
      • SODIUM CHLORIDE 3000
      • NAPHTHALENE 1760
      • FERROUS SULFATE 1500
      • ASPIRIN 1000
      • FORMALDEHYDE 800
      • AMMONIA 350
      • CAFFEINE 192
      • PHENOBARBITAL 150
      • CHLORPHENIRAMINE MALEATE 118
      • DDT 100
      • STRYCHNINE SULFATE 2
      • NICOTINE 1
      • DIOXIN 0.0001
      • BOTULINUS TOXIN 0.00001
      mg/kg body weight
    42.  
    43. Pollution Effects on Human Health
      • Direct effects
      • Indirect effects
    44. Chemicals in the Environment
      • Chemical reactions
      • Photochemical reactions
      • Biological transformation
      • Bioaccumulation
    45. Exposure to Pollutants
      • Concentration
      • Accumulation
      • Mixed exposures
      • Animal experiments
      • Human volunteer studies
      • Epidemiological evidence
      Evidence for Effects of Pollution
    46. Types of Effect
      • Asphyxiant
      • Irritant
      • Corrosive
      • Sensitisers
      • Systemic toxicity
      • Carcinogens
      • Mutagens
      • Teratogens
      • Reproductive effects
    47. Sensitisers
      • Respiratory
        • Rhinitis
        • Asthma
        • Allergic alveolitis
    48. Cancer
      • Unregulated growth and proliferation of cells
    49. Carcinogens
      • Long latency period
    50.  
    51. Toxicological Interactions
      • Independent
      • Additive
      • Synergistic
      • Potentiation
      • Antagonism
    52. London 1952
    53.  
    54.  
    55.  
    56.  
    57.  
    58. Air pollution estimated to cause 800,000 deaths per year worldwide Source: WHO, The world health report 2002 - Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life (Page 69) http://www.who.int/whr/2002/en/
    59.  
    60. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/globatmos/gagccukem.htm
    61. Carbon Dioxide
      • No direct effects to humans at atmospheric concentration
      • Indirect effects due to climate change
    62. Carbon Monoxide - Effects
      • Chemical asphyxiant
      • Binds with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin
      • Reduces oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
    63. Sulphur dioxide Sulphur dioxide
    64. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/airqual/kf/aqkf20.htm
    65. Sulphur Dioxide - Effects
      • Soluble acid gas
      • Upper respiratory tract irritation
    66. Sulphur Dioxide - Effects
      • Increased effect on people with pre-existing respiratory disease
    67. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/airqual/aqemnox.htm
    68. Nitrogen Dioxide
      • Deep lung irritant
      • Less evidence for effect on pre-existing conditions
    69. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/airqual/kf/aqkf23.htm
    70. VOCs - Direct effects
      • Depends on compound
    71. VOCs - Indirect effects
      • Photochemical ozone formation
      • Ozone depletion
    72.  
    73. Ozone
      • Produced by photochemical reactions
      • Deep lung irritant
    74. Ozone - Acute effects
      • Reduced lung function
      • Aggravates asthma
      • Damages lining of respiratory passages
    75. Ozone - Chronic effects
      • Permanent reduction in lung function?
    76.  
    77.  
    78.  
    79.  
    80.  
    81.  
    82. Toxic Metals
      • Lead
      • Cadmium
      • Mercury
      • Chromium
      • Nickel
      • etc.
    83. Water and Land Pollution
    84.  
    85.  
    86.  
    87. Mercury - The Minamata Incident
      • Minamata Bay, Japan, 1950s
      • Chisso Corporation
    88. Mercury - The Minamata Incident
      • Inorganic mercury discharged
      • Biotransformed to methylmercury
      • Bioaccumulation in fish
      • Ingestion by humans
    89.  
    90. Initial Symptoms
      • Peripheral sensory loss
      • Delirium
      • Disturbed speech, vision and hearing
      • Disturbed gait
    91. Severe cases
      • General paralysis, involuntary movements
      • Convulsions, brain damage,
      • Death
    92. Camelford Incident
      • 1988, Camelford, Cornwall
      • Aluminium sulphate contamination of water supply
    93. Camelford Incident
      • Short term effects
        • nausea
        • vomiting
        • mouth ulcers
        • skin rashes
    94. Camelford Incident
      • Longer term effects
        • memory loss?
        • effects on cerebal function?
    95.  
    96. Effects of Arsenic Pollution
      • Skin
        • keratonosis
        • Melanosis
    97. Effects of Arsenic Pollution
      • Gastrointestinal disturbances
      • Cancer
        • skin
        • lung, liver, bladder
      • http:// www.diamondenv.co.uk
      • http://occhygiene.blogspot.com/
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