4. Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat Atmosphere Earth’s surface Section 4-1 The Greenhouse Effect

5. Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat Atmosphere Earth’s surface Sunlight Most direct sunlight Sunlight Sunlight Sunlight 90°N North Pole 66.5°N 23.5°N 0° 23.5°S 66.5°S 90°S South Pole Arctic circle Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Arctic circle Section 4-1 Figures 4-1 and 4-2 Heating of the Earth’s Surface and Some Factors That Affect Climate Greenhouse Effect Different Latitudes

8. Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM Abiotic Factors Section 4-2 Abiotic and Biotic Factors

9. Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM Abiotic Factors Section 4-2 Abiotic and Biotic Factors

10. Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Yellow-Rumped Warbler Feeds in the lower part of the tree and at the bases of the middle branches Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Spruce tree Section 4-2 Figure 4-5 Three Species of Warblers and Their Niches

14. Section 4-3 Compare/Contrast Table Ten Major Biomes medium absent low poor summer mild, winter cold low Tundra sparse dense moderate poor, acidic summer mild, winter cool moderate Boreal Forest sparse dense low rocky, acidic summer mild, winter cold high Northwestern Coniferous Forest sparse dense high rich summer moderate, winter cold moderate Temperate Forest medium medium low poor summer hot summer low, winter moderate Temperate woodland and Shrubland dense absent moderate rich summer hot moderate Temperate Grassland sparse sparse moderate poor variable low Desert dense medium sparse Grasses sparse medium dense Trees moderate clay mild variable Tropical Savanna moderate rich mild variable Tropical Dry Forest high poor hot high Tropical Rain Forest Diversity Soil Temperature Precipitation Biome

15. Tropical rain forest Tropical dry forest Tropical savanna Temperate woodland and shrubland Desert Temperate grassland Boreal forest (Taiga) Northwestern coniferous forest Temperate forest Mountains and ice caps Tundra Section 4-3 Figure 4-11 The World’s Major Land Biomes

19. Spoonbill Duck Dragonfly Phytoplankton Frog Water lilies Mosquito larvae Snail Diving beetle Trout Pickerel Duckweed Snail Benthic crustaceans Hydra Section 4-4 Freshwater Pond Ecosystem Crayfish Frogs lay eggs in the shallow water near shore.The eggs hatch in the water as tadpoles and move to the land as adults. The shore is lined with grasses that provide shelter and nesting places for birds and other organisms. The roots of water lilies cling to the pond bottom, while their leaves, on long flexible stems, float on the surface. The bottom of the pond is inhabited by decomposers and other organisms that feed on particles drifting down from the surface. Fish share the pond with turtles and other animals. Many of them feed on insects at the water’s edge. Plankton and the organisms that feed on them live near the surface where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis. Microscopic algae are among the most important producers.

20. land Coastal ocean Open ocean Ocean trench Aphotic zone Photic zone Continental shelf Continental slope and continental rise Abyssal plain 200m 1000m 4000m 6000m 10,000m Section 4-4 Figure 4-17 Zones of a Marine Ecosystem

23. Video 2 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 2 Earth’s Many Biomes, Part 2

25. Section 1 Answers Interest Grabber Answers 1. When does the area in which you live experience the lowest temperatures? Does the temperature ever get below freezing? If so, how often does this occur? 2. When does the area in which you live have the highest temperatures? About how high is the highest temperature? 3. How often does it rain where you live? Is one season rainier than the others? 4. Does it ever snow where you live? If so, what is the heaviest snowfall you can remember? Question 1–4:Answers will vary depending on local conditions. If students have lived in a different part of the country, you may wish to have them contrast the climate in that area with the local climate. 5. What are two factors that may affect climate? Possible answers: latitude, wind, ocean currents, shape and elevation of land masses