brief about genetically modified organisems

1. UNIVERSITY OF
AGRICULTURAL
SCIENCES, BANGLORE
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, HASSAN
TOPIC :Genetically Modified Organism
PRESENTED TO:
DR. Nagesh .N.
Asst. professor ,
Dept.of Biotechnology,
Agricultural college, Hassan.

2. GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)

3. What is a GMO?What is a GMO?
A genetically modified organism is oneA genetically modified organism is one
whose genetic material has beenwhose genetic material has been
altered using genetic engineering.altered using genetic engineering.
Genetically modified organisms, orGenetically modified organisms, or
GMOs, are commonly used in foodsGMOs, are commonly used in foods
and medicines. This has led to concernand medicines. This has led to concern
about the dangers they might cause toabout the dangers they might cause to
the environment and to human healththe environment and to human health

4. How?
By eliminating, modifying or adding copies of specific genes often
from other organisms through modern molecular biology techniques.
Other names: Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
Genetic engineering
Gene splicing

5. The two most commonThe two most common
types of GMO’s aretypes of GMO’s are
 Foods – canola , soya bean , golden riceFoods – canola , soya bean , golden rice
corn and aspartamecorn and aspartame
 Medicines - Insulin, hormones andMedicines - Insulin, hormones and
vaccinevaccine

6. Food GMO’sFood GMO’s
 Crops are modified so when farmer killCrops are modified so when farmer kill
weeds with herbicides the crops can withweeds with herbicides the crops can with
stand the exposure to the herbicide – killingstand the exposure to the herbicide – killing
the weeds and not the cropthe weeds and not the crop
 Although it is not as common, some types ofAlthough it is not as common, some types of
GMOs are modified to increase theirGMOs are modified to increase their
nutrient content. Corn and soybeans are twonutrient content. Corn and soybeans are two
examples of crops that have higher-nutrientexamples of crops that have higher-nutrient
GMO versions available.GMO versions available.

7. Medicine GMO’sMedicine GMO’s
 Genetically modified medicines can beGenetically modified medicines can be
produced cheaper and easier.produced cheaper and easier.
 Some GMO's are : insulin, thyroidSome GMO's are : insulin, thyroid
hormones and the hepatitis B vaccinehormones and the hepatitis B vaccine
(insulin being the oldest)(insulin being the oldest)

8. Other Types of GMO’sOther Types of GMO’s
• Plants and CropsPlants and Crops
• MicrobesMicrobes
• MammalsMammals
• InsectsInsects
• Aquatic LifeAquatic Life

9. GMOs HistoryGMOs History
 First GMO created in 1973First GMO created in 1973
 After years of testing andAfter years of testing and
research, GMOs wereresearch, GMOs were
introduced to farmersintroduced to farmers
 In the 1990s, geneticallyIn the 1990s, genetically
modified foods becamemodified foods became
available in storesavailable in stores

10. 19781978
GenentechGenentech
 Becomes the first toBecomes the first to
synthesize insulin, later theysynthesize insulin, later they
create a human growthcreate a human growth
hormone which was used tohormone which was used to
enable dwarf children to growenable dwarf children to grow
to a normal size.to a normal size.
Genentech’s Humulin is theGenentech’s Humulin is the
first consumer productfirst consumer product
developed through moderndeveloped through modern
bioengineering.bioengineering.

11. 19821982
MonsantoMonsanto
 Introduced a bovineIntroduced a bovine
growth hormone usedgrowth hormone used
in cows to increasein cows to increase
milk production.milk production.
 They were among theThey were among the
first to geneticallyfirst to genetically
modify a plant cell inmodify a plant cell in
1983.1983.

12. 19921992
 Calgene’s Favr SavrCalgene’s Favr Savr
tomato is approved fortomato is approved for
commercial production by thecommercial production by the
US department of agriculture.US department of agriculture.
This was geneticallyThis was genetically
engineered to remain firm forengineered to remain firm for
a longer period of time. Thea longer period of time. The
FDA declares that geneticallyFDA declares that genetically
engineered foods are notengineered foods are not
dangerous and do not requiredangerous and do not require
special regulation (History ofspecial regulation (History of
genetic engineering, 2012genetic engineering, 2012).).

13. TodayToday
SoybeansSoybeans
 93% of soybeans93% of soybeans
planted in the U.S.planted in the U.S.
are geneticallyare genetically
modified. Soybeansmodified. Soybeans
are used in productsare used in products
such as animal feed,such as animal feed,
prepackaged mealsprepackaged meals
and the oil is used inand the oil is used in
many industrialmany industrial
applications.applications.
CornCorn
86% of corn planted in the U.S86% of corn planted in the U.S
falls under the category of afalls under the category of a
GMO. Maize is the most widelyGMO. Maize is the most widely
grown grain crop in thegrown grain crop in the
Americas, it is used to makeAmericas, it is used to make
sugar substitutes such as highsugar substitutes such as high
fructose corn syrup, a largefructose corn syrup, a large
quantity of processed foodsquantity of processed foods
contain corn and is also used tocontain corn and is also used to
make ethanol, a biofuel that ismake ethanol, a biofuel that is
mixed with gasoline to decreasemixed with gasoline to decrease
the amount of pollutants emittedthe amount of pollutants emitted
by motor vehicles.by motor vehicles.

14. TomorrowTomorrow
Still in DevelopmentStill in Development
 Various productsVarious products
including vaccines,including vaccines,
vitamin enrichments,vitamin enrichments,
hormones that result inhormones that result in
faster maturation andfaster maturation and
disease resistance.disease resistance.
 Only time can tell if theOnly time can tell if the
risks involved in usingrisks involved in using
GMOs will outweigh theGMOs will outweigh the
benefits.benefits.

15. Golden riceGolden rice
Advantage:
It contains Vitamin-A,
so children in developing
countries won’t become blind
Disadvantage:
Poor countries become
depentent on rich countries
which have the technics for
engineering
Examples of the potential benefits and
risks of GM

16. Sweet cornSweet corn
Advantages:
- No longer use of insecticides
- The farmer don’t need to deal
with toxic
Disadvantages:
- Insects can become resistant
to the poison
- Endangered butterflies are in
bigger threat

17. Long- lasting tomatoesLong- lasting tomatoes
Advantages:
- GM tomatoes can remain fresh
longer
- GM tomatoes can tolerate a
lengthier transport time
Disadvantage:
- Tomatoes are resistant to
antibiotics

18. What are people’s concernsWhat are people’s concerns
 Is this food safe?Is this food safe?
 Should food be labeled?Should food be labeled?
 Are there adverse environmentalAre there adverse environmental
effects?effects?
 Patenting of seedsPatenting of seeds
 Discrimination against the poorDiscrimination against the poor
 Who benefits?Who benefits?
All of these concerns
apply to food and
agriculture in general

19. Genetic Modification of ConventionalGenetic Modification of Conventional
CropsCrops
 61% of corn61% of corn
 83% of cotton83% of cotton
 80% of canola80% of canola
 89% of soybeans89% of soybeans
 Other crops: rice, tomatoes, potatoes,Other crops: rice, tomatoes, potatoes,
Hawaiian papaya , chicory , crook neckHawaiian papaya , chicory , crook neck
squashsquash

20.  Reduce use of pesticide and other Toxic chemicals
 Desired characteristics of food are achieved and in
a shorter time
 Improves nutritional value.
 Many people rely on GM food for medicines.
 Gene technology is the best solution to the problem
of world hunger.
Advantages

21. Environmental Hazards from Pesticides
• Substantial health impacts
on workers
• Pollution of natural
ecosystems/ waterways
• Loss of insect biodiversity
in agroecosystems
• Creation of secondary
pests
• Creation of insect races
resistant to pesticides

22. Genetics is always better
than chemicals:
GM Cotton with a
Bacillus thurengiensis
Cry gene is resistant
to Cotton Bollworm. Cry
encodes an insecticidal
protein

23. 1.1. All GM foods have beenAll GM foods have been
extensively tested and theyextensively tested and they
are as safe as other foodsare as safe as other foods
in the market place.in the market place.
2.2. GM crops can be madeGM crops can be made
into convenience andinto convenience and
“junk” food just like organic“junk” food just like organic
crops and other crops!crops and other crops!
3.3. Nutrition depends on theNutrition depends on the
food, not the method offood, not the method of
crop breedingcrop breeding

24. GMO: with a limiting factor

25. B. Disadvantages
 Unacceptable to some groups to copy genes.
 Interfiere in food chain
 Genetically engineered animals may suffer
more health problems
 Allergic reactions
 “Genetic Pollution”

26. Agriculture has narrowed the gene pool andAgriculture has narrowed the gene pool and
caused a loss of biodiversitycaused a loss of biodiversity
Wild Progenitors and Relatives
Land Races
Elite Lines

27. Agriculture is the main cause ofAgriculture is the main cause of
environmental change and degradationenvironmental change and degradation

28. Presented
by,
Manoj B.S

29. ThanksThanks
for your kind attentionfor your kind attention