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(2015) Geography of Canada (49.4 MB)
- 2. Geography is the mother of all history. There is no problem in this world…that is exclusively geographical, but there are few problems that are not in some way geographical.
- 3. The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. pp 40-41
- 4. Regions, topography, land forms Climate Vegetation Economic activities Historic geography Lifestyles, traditions “If some countries have too much history, Canada has too much geography.” --Wm. Lyon Mackenzie King [1936] NOT ONE CANADA but variations and contrasts
- 5. Northern and western hemisphere 7% of world’s land—almost 4 million square miles ◦ 12% of land utilized ◦ 5% cultivated [80% has growing season of less than 120 days] Ranks #2 Borders only one nation—USA ◦ Share the continent—split by political boundary ◦ 5335 miles undefended by guns, military or guerillas ◦ Longest international border in world
- 6. Size of Europe 10% larger than USA Almost 50% of North America East to West—4545 miles via highway North to South—2800 Miles Geographic improbability J. Andre Senecal. Canada in your Classroom: All you need to teach about Canada: Land and Population. http://accesscanada.uvm.edu
- 8. Land forms separated by physical obstacles, distance and wilderness—Canada & USA share most physical regions Appalachians Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands Canadian Shield—Canadian only ◦ Hudson Bay Lowlands Great Plains Rocky Mountains—Cordillera ◦ Pacific Coast Arctic
- 9. The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. pg 56
- 10. Runs northeast/southwest along Atlantic Includes part of Quebec Mountain ranges, valleys Coastal areas—rocky, ragged, rugged Islands ◦ Newfoundland ◦ Prince Edward Island ◦ Cape Breton Island ◦ Anticosti OBTW—St. Pierre and Miquelon Islands [France]
- 11. The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. pp 52
- 12. The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. pp 53
- 13. All photos in this power point are from www.google.com, www.wikipedia.com and personal photos taken by Ruth Writer unless otherwise noted.
- 14. Fertile Temperate Lowlands Largest cities of Canada—Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa* Industrial heart of Canada Population centers ◦ 90% of Canada within 200 miles of USA [12% of US lives that close to the border]
- 15. The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. pp 48 and 50
- 16. The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. pg 49
- 17. The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. [page 51]
- 18. The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. pg 49
- 20. Vast “U” shaped area with Hudson Bay at center Dominate landform of Canada Precambrian, igneous rock—copper, nickel, iron, zinc, uranium, lead = 40% of Canada’s mineral wealth Impact of glaciers—thin soil, rugged terrain, lakes, streams, ponds, swamps Makes Canada unique Barrier to exploration, settlement, transportation Resources—minerals, forests, hydro Wildlife and waterfowl—furs, hunting, fishing, wilderness, beauty, vacations
- 23. Canadian interior From USA to tundra Rolling hills and hoodoos Nomadic First Nations and buffalo Farmland ◦ Wheat, barley, etc. ◦ Oilseeds—canola ◦ Soy ◦ Cattle to west Oil
- 24. The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. pg 46
- 26. The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. pg 47
- 27. Mountains, valleys, plateaus Rockies and Pacific Coastal Ranges Dramatic drop to Ocean—Sea to Sky Highway Vancouver Island, Queen Charlotte Islands Agriculture in valleys ◦ Fraser ◦ Okanagan Fishing—decline Scenery—tourism, national parks
- 28. The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. pg 44
- 29. The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. pg 44
- 33. Land crosses Arctic Circle—North of 60 Arctic archipelago—Baffin Island [#4 in world], Ellesmere Island Permafrost—warming issues No agriculture Mineral wealth ◦ Oil ◦ Gas ◦ Diamonds Fragile environment—extraction raises concerns
- 34. The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. pg 54
- 35. The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. pg 55
- 37. ] The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. pg 55
- 38. Maritime Provinces — 10% of people Newfoundland and Labrador [since 2001]--Final province in 1949 Nova Scotia--Acadians Prince Edward Island--Smallest New Brunswick--Only bilingual province Great Lakes-St. Lawrence (“Heartland”) — 65% of population Federal capital in Ottawa (“National Capital Region” in both ON and QC) Quebec--Francophone Ontario--Anglophone Prairie Provinces — 6% of people Manitoba--Métis Saskatchewan--Wheat Alberta--Texas North Pacific Province — 13% of population British Columbia--Western and Asian Territories — 2% of population on 40% of land Nunavut--Newest territory in 1999—Inuit population dominates government Northwest Territories--Largest territory Yukon--Oldest territory, gold
- 40. Canadian Motto:"Mer du mer" (French), "A Mari Usque Ad Mare" (Latin), or "Sea to Sea" (English) Shared resources with USA Oceans—3 coasts of Canada ◦ Coastline of 146,000 miles ◦ Off shore resources vital—200 mile limit claimed Fresh water—lakes, rivers, streams, ponds = 1 million ◦ 8% of territory--25% if include Great Lakes ◦ 20% of world’s fresh water supply Wetlands—25% of world’s wetlands
- 42. Atlantic/St. Lawrence/Great Lakes ◦ Most vital to history ◦ Highest population density http://www.ec.gc.ca/eaudouce-freshwater/05A4FEBA-4A49-4BA3-9EBA-39DB5A2D4328/atlantic%20oda.gif http://www.muskokawatershed.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/GL_Watershed1.png Hudson Bay watershed ◦ North and South Saskatchewan Rivers ◦ Red River ◦ Nelson River http://www.ec.gc.ca/eaudouce-freshwater/E94A4CCD-A52F-4292-942F-9078EE872201/hudson%20oda.gif
- 43. Frazier River Mountains Smaller rivers http://www.ec.gc.ca/eaudouce-freshwater/E81C5DC6-10E6-4F68-83BC-CF6564D95859/pacific%20oda.gif The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. pg 44 and 45
- 44. Smaller rivers flow to North Mackenzie Delta Thaws in spring to South Problematic North still frozen http://www.ec.gc.ca/eaudouce-freshwater/D3B81958-B90C-4E7C-87AC-8BED663C4BC4/arctic%20oda.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mackenzierivermap.jpg/300px-Mackenzierivermap.jpg
- 45. Great Lakes ◦ Ontario ◦ Erie ◦ Huron ◦ Michigan*** ◦ Superior Great Bear Great Slave Lake Winnipeg http://www2.boonville.k12.mo.us/websites/Dkluck/Pictures/canada-map.gif
- 46. Newfoundland to East Prince Edward Island—Province of its own Cape Breton Island Anticosti Montreal Vancouver to West Queen Charlotte Islands Baffin--#4 in World Banks Ellesmere
- 47. Both resource and liability Diversity--extremes ◦ Temperate humid continental—similar to Michigan ◦ Marine west coast—rain shadow, warm, moist Pacific air ◦ Plains—major fluctuations ◦ North—really desert [less than 10 inches and as low as -81]* Unique qualities and hazards ◦ Chinook winds—50 degree increase in minutes ◦ Tundra/permafrost ◦ Drought/floods ◦ Hail ◦ Frost/winterkill ◦ Forest fires--$23 million average—as high as $184 million
- 49. Follow climate patterns Deciduous ◦ St. Lawrence-Great Lakes and Maritimes Boreal forest ◦ Conifers ◦ Spruce, balsam, pine Prairie grasslands Temperate rainforest—British Columbia [300’ trees] Tree line—no real soil north of this
- 50. The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. pg 57
- 51. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Canada_tree_line_map.png The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. pg 57
- 52. The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. pg 59
- 53. The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. pg 60
- 54. 33.2 million/6 per square mile 75% live within 100 miles of U.S./90% within 200 miles 12% of U.S. citizens live within 100 miles of Canada Like Chile on its side Urbanized archipelago—80% Yet over 30% live in small towns [10,000 or less] Concept of separation/isolation
- 55. Largest city — Toronto Second — Montreal Third — Vancouver Capital — Ottawa The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. pg 62
- 56. Northern location plays vital role in Canada Impacts population Creates sense of identity Generates images of ◦ Isolation ◦ Purity ◦ Cleanliness ◦ Wilderness Yet Pelee Island (Point Pelee) is as far south as Northern California….
- 57. From work of J. Andre Senecal, University of Vermont
- 58. Along Isonord [borderline] 200—Nordicity increases abruptly and dramatically Base Canada—extreme southern—30% of Canada ◦ All but 500,000 Canadians live here—all major cities Middle North ◦ 450,000 population Far North ◦ 50,000 population—primarily Inuit and Amerindians Extreme North ◦ Devoid of settlements—except research or military, i.e. Alert ◦ TOO COLD for most humans
- 59. Geography is the mother of all history. There is no problem in this world…that is exclusively geographical, but there are few problems that are not in some way geographical.
- 60. “North America and Canada,” The Nystrom Atlas of Canada and the World. Chicago: Nystrom, 2006. [pages 36-65]—Know the basic geography of Canada. Keys-Mathews, Lisa . The Five Themes of Geography. http://mabryonline.org/blogs/ridlehoover/archives/the%20five%20themes%20do wnload.html Senecal, J.-Andre. “Canada: Land and Population,” Canada in your Classroom. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont—Canadian Studies. Thompson, Wayne. The World Today Series: Canada 2011. Lanham, MD: Stryker Post Publications, 2011. [pages16-25]—updated annually. http://www.yourcanada.ca/quick-facts
Editor's Notes
- Thompson—”Canada a geographic improbability”
- 3.8 million
- 46.6% of N Am.
- 5 p.m. in NL not even noon in YK NL 30 minutes off rest of world
- about 50%--6 provinces and most of NWT Few people—NO MIDWEST IN CN First road around L. Superior—post WWII [1000 miles from settlement in ON to MAN Major producer of pulp, 70% of power from hydro—much exported to US
- P. Berton “ if we are a solemn people, it is partly because the Shield and the wilderness bear down upon us, a crushing weight, squeezing us like toothpaste along the borders of your country”
- Group of 7—Tom Thompson 1920s
- Photos by R. Writer—BC Cathedral of Giants--2013
- Largest tree in the Cathedral of Giants—BC—2013 taken by R. Writer
- World’s largest coastline
- Great Lakes===largest fresh water bodies in world
- Greenland is not part of Canada Baffin has 16,000 miles of coastline
- 15% of world’s forests GOLDEN SPRUCE, WOODSMEN, EATING DIRT
- US has 60/sq. mi. Andrew Malcolm—”puzzling collection of frequently feuding fiefdoms.”