1. EXCRETORY SYSTEM
BY:
 HARSH RAMAN
 ANUJA SHARMA

2. Objectives Of The Class
At the end of the presentation, all of you should
able to:
 Enlist the organs of excretory system.
 Explain about function of liver.
 Describe the functions of large intestine and skin.
 Illustrate functions of kidneys.
 Describe renal blood supply of kidney.

3. Objectives Of The Class contd…
 Illustrate functions of kidneys?
 Enlist parts of nephron?
 Explain about urinary bladder?
 Explain about urethra?
 Explain about polyurea, anurea, and
hematurea

4. INTRODUCTION OF EXCRETORY SYSTEM
 The human excretory system functions to remove
waste from the human body.

5. EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Excretory system consist of following :
 Liver
 Lungs
 Large intestine
 Skin
 Urinary system

6. LIVER
 It is a largest gland of the body.
 Remove toxins from the blood.
 The liver also produces bile.

7. LUNGS
 Filter out carbon dioxide, from the blood.

8. Large Intestine
 Collects waste from throughout the body.
 Extracts any remaining usable water and then
removes solid waste.

9. SKIN
 Excretes sweat through sweat glands throughout
the body.
 Helps to keep the body cool when it is warm.

10. Urinary System

11. Urinary system
It consists of following structures:
 Kidneys
 Ureters
 Urinary bladder
 Urethra

12. KIDNEY

13. KIDNEYS Contd

14. KIDNEY- location
 Lies in the abdominal cavity below diaphragm.
 On each side of the vertebral column.
 Extend from the level of 12th thoracic vertebra to
the 3rd lumbar vertebra.
 The right kidney is usually slightly lower than the
left.
 About 11cm long, 6cm wide, 3cm thick and weight
125-170 gm.

15. Organs associated with the kidney

16. Organs Associated With Kidney
RIGHT KIDNEY
 Superiorly- the right adrenal gland.
 Anteriorly - the right lobe of the liver.
 Posteriorly - the diaphragm and muscles of the
posterior abdominal wall.

17. Organs Associated With Kidney contd…
LEFT KIDNEY
 Superiorly- the left adrenal gland.
 Anteriorly - the spleen.
 Posteriorly - the diaphragm and muscles of
the posterior abdominal wall.

18. Organs associated with the kidney
 LEFT KIDNEY
 Superiorly- the left adrenal gland.
 Anteriorly- the spleen, stomach, jejunum and
splenic flexure of the colon.
 Posteriorly - the diaphragm and muscles of the
posterior abdominal wall.

19. GROSS STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY
 Fibrous capsule- surrounding the kidney.
 Cortex- a reddish brown layer of tissue.
 Medulla- Innermost layer, consisting of pale
conical shaped striations is called renal pyramids.

20. Gross Structure Of Kidney
 Hilum- Is the concave medial border of
the kidney where the renal blood and
lymph vessels, the ureter and nerves
enter.
 It has a number of distal branches called
calyces. Calyces are of two types.
 Major calyx
 Minor calyx

21. MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF KIDNEY
 The kidney is composed of about 1 million
functional units called Nephrons and a smaller
number of collecting tubes.

22. FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEY
 Formation of urine.
 Simple filtration.
 Selective reabsorption
 Secretion
 Water balance and urine output
 Electrolyte balance

24. BLOOD SUPPLY OF KIDNEY
 Need constant supply in order to control the
composition of body fluids.
 Renal artery a branch from aorta enters the
kidney at hilum.
 supplies blood rich in nitrogenous waste,
oxygen and nutrients.
 Renal vein: carries deoxygenated blood to the
inferior vena cava and then to the heart.

25. Blood Flow

26. Nerve supply to kidney
The greater, lesser and least stlanchnic nerve
provide nerve supply to kidneys.

27. NEPHRON

28. NEPHRON
 Is the basic structural and functional unit of
the kidney.
Its chief function is-
 To regulate the concentration of water and
soluble substances
 Reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the
rest as urine

29. NEPHRON
 Eliminates wastes from the body
 regulates blood volume and blood pressure
 control levels of electrolytes and metabolites
 regulates blood pH.

30. NEPHRON contd.
 Each nephron consists of the following
parts:
 Glomerulus
 Bowman’s capsule
 Proximal tubule
 loop of Henle
 Distal tubule
 Collecting duct.

31. PARTS OF NEPHRON
 Bowman’s capsule: is the initial dilated part of
nephron.
 Glomerulus: is formed of a tuft of capillaries into
the bowman’s capsule.
 Proximal convoluted tubule: PCT lumen is
continuous with that of Bowman’s capsule.

32. PARTS OF NEPHRON contd..

33.  Loop of henle: it consists of a descending limb
which continues into the thin segment from
which arises the thick ascending limb.
 Distal convoluted Tubule: Thick ascending limb is
continued with the distal convoluted tubule.
 Collecting tubules: DCT join to form collecting
tubules.

36.  Composition of urine
 About 96% of the urine is water.
 2% is salts, mainly sodium chloride.
 Urea make up 2%.
 About 1.5L urine is produced daily.

37. FORMATION OF URINE

38. FORMATION OF URINE
 The first step in urine formation is filteration
of blood in kidneys.
 Nephron filter blood by regulating
concentration of water and soluble
substances like sodium salts.
 Reabsorbing what is needed and excreting
what is waste.

39. Urine formation continue…
 Filtrate includes water, small molecules and
ions that can easily pass through filtration
membrane.
 Large molecules such as proteins and blood
cells cannot pass through the membrane.
 Amount of filtrate produced every minute is
called glomerular filtration rate. Or GFR.
 Normal GFR = 125ml/ minute=170-180L/day

40. Ureters
 The ureter is the tube that carries urine from the
kidney to the urinary bladder. In humans there are
two ureters, one attached to each kidney.

41. Ureters continue………
 Upper half located - in the abdomen
 lower half - located in the pelvic area.
 12 inches long.
 thick walls composed of a fibrous, a muscular,
and a mucosa coat, which are able to contract.

42. Urinary Bladder
 The urinary bladder is a muscular sac in the
pelvis, just above and behind the pubic bone.
When empty, the bladder is about the size and
shape of a pear.

43. Urinary bladder continue…
 Urine is made in the kidneys
 Travels down two tubes called ureters
 Then to the bladder.
 The bladder stores urine, allowing urination to
be infrequent and voluntary.
 Lined by layers of muscle tissue that stretch
to accommodate urine.
 The normal capacity of the bladder is 400 to
600 ml.

44. Urethra
 In both genders, the urethra works as a tube
connecting the urinary bladder to the genitals.

45. Urethra continue…….
 The bladder collects and stores urine until
when it is ready to be discharged through the
urethra.
 While the function remains the same for both
genders, slight differences exist due to
differences between male and female
genitals.

46. URETHRA

47.  Anuria: absence of urine .
 Oliguria: absence of urine output.
 Polyuria: excess urine output.
 Bacteriuria: bacteria in urine.
 Diuresis: increased urine excretion.
 Dysuria: painful or difficult urination.
Medical Terms Related To
Excretory System

48. Medical terms related to excretory system
contd…
 Nephrectomy: removal of kidney.
 Incontinance: inability to control urination.
 Cystectomy: surgical removal of uriary
bladder.
 Cystitis: inflammation of urinary bladder.

49. Medical Terms Related To
Excretory System:
 Glomerulonephritis

50. Horse shoe kidney:

51. Urinary Tract Infection
 A urinary tract infection (UTI) (also known as acute
cystitis or bladder infection) is an infection that
affects part of the urinary tract.

52. Renal Failure
 Renal failure (also kidney failure or renal
insufficiency) is a medical condition in which
the kidneys fail to adequately filter waste
products from the blood.

53. Nurse’s Role

54. Nurse’s Role
 Monitor intake and output characteristics of
the urine as it provides information about
renal functions and presence of
complications.
 Determine the patient’s voiding pattern.
 Encourage increased fluid intake as increased
hydration will flush the bacteria

55. Nurse’s Role
 Review the full bladder complaints as urinary
retention may occur causing tissue distension.
 Observation of changes in mental status,
behaviour and level of consciousness as
accumulation of residual uremic and
electrolyte imbalnce can be toxic to central
nervous system.

56. Nurse’s Role
 Provide information on sources of infection and
prevent the spread, explain the administeration
of antibiotics, it will help to reduce anxiety.
 Provide opportunity for patient to express
feelings and concern about the treatment plan

58. CONCLUSION
The excretory system is passive biological
system that removes
excess
unnecessary
from an organism, so as to help maintain
homeostasis within the organism and prevent
damage to the body. It is responsible for the
elimination of waste product of metabolism
as well as other liquid and gaseous waste.

59. To sum up
 The kidneys regulate the amount of water, salts
and other substances in the blood.
 The kidneys are fist-sized, bean shaped
structures that remove nitrogenous wastes
(urine) and excess salts from the blood.
 The ureters are tubes that carry urine from the
pelvis of the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

60.  The urinary bladder temporarily stores urine until
it is released from the body.
 The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the
urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
 The outer end of the urethra is controlled by a
circular muscle called a sphincter

61. RECAPTUALIZATION
 Enlist the organs of excretory system?
 Enlist the structures of urinary system?
 explain the organs associated with kidneys?
 Illustrate functions of kidneys?
 Enlist parts of nephron?
 Explain about urinary bladder?
 Explain about urethra?