4. Since
two
decades,
modern
neuroimaging
techniques
allowed
to
observe
neural
processes
involved
in
percep2ve,
cogni2ve
or
motor
paradigms
5. Two
exponen2ally
developing
fields
Affec2ve
neurosciences
(Panksepp,
2003)
Social
neurosciences
(Insel
et
Fernald,
2004)
6. Within
psychology
and
neuroscience,
correspondences
have
been
shown
between
cogni2ve
and
neural
systems
involved
in:
•
ac2on’s
produc2on
•
ac2on’s
percep2on
by
an
observer
7. •
mirror
neurons:
originally
a
“motor”
concep2on
•
to
feel
an
emo2on
during
the
observa2on
of
another
person
involves
a
physiological
synchrony
between
the
protagonists
(Levenson
&
Ruef,
1992)
8. •
rela2onships
between
individuals
obey
to
a
mo2va2onal
component
of
inter-‐
aQrac2on
(posi2ve
or
nega2ve)
•
this
concep2on
has
spread
to
the
emo2ons
and
mo2va2on
9. • BeQer
understanding
of
emo2onal
processes
(neural
and
psychological)
in
contexts
integra2ng
a
rela2onal
dimension
(and
concepts
such
as
the
self,
the
other
and
their
representa2ons)
10. Sexual
mo2va2on
and
affilia2on:
a
specific
and
precise
working
model
and
func2onal
context
to
explore
the
neural
and
psychological
underpinnings
of
mo2vated
social
rela2onships
11. • Explore
through
two
outstanding
results
the
recent
advances
in
neural
and
bodily
processes
involved
in
sexual
behavior
• General
contribu2on
for
social
neurosciences
13. • In
ethology:
sexual
behavior
is
a
well-‐
recognized
goal-‐directed
behavior
• The
involvement
of
the
brain
is
quite
obvious
(neuropharmacology
etc…)
• Its
explora2on
by
func2onal
neuroimaging
remains
recent
(2000)
14. • Several
theories
of
emo2on
consider
as
central
bodily
reac2ons
for
the
emo2on
itself
(Damasio
for
example)
• Few
simultaneously
measured
penile
and
neural
responses
15. •
Arnow
et
al.
(2002):
• first
simultaneous
fMRI
(brain)/
penile
plethymosgraphy
(erec2on)
study
• No
brain
areas
found
by
classical
subtrac2ve
analyses
vs
an
insular/
claustrum
network
correlated
with
penile
response
16.
17. Early
responses
Inverted
paQerns
Low
levels
Volumetric
measure
++
Late
levels
Volumetric
=
Circum.
18. • MR-‐compa2ble
volumetric
penile
plethysmograph:
study
the
correla2on
between
the
cerebral
and
erec2le
responses
• Explore
the
temporal
rela2on
between
them
19. Mouras
et
al.
(2008).
NeuroImage
Highest:
when
cerebral
responses
preceded
by
20
seconds
the
erec2le
response
20. • Mirror
neurons
seem
also
involved
in
the
physiological
component
coding,
which
seems
an2cipatory
• The
physiological
synchrony
between
protagonists
seems
central
22. •
Numerous
studies
on
the
link
between
motor
and
affec2ve
behavioral
components
•
Automa2c
responses
driven
by
emo2onal
s2muli:
role
in
specie's
survival
-‐>
behavioral
adapta2on
regarding
the
func2onal
context
23. Bidimensional
concept
of
emo2ons
and
mo2va2ons
(IAPS;
Lang
et
al.,
2008):
approach-‐avoidance
type
behavior
Unpleasant
Fear
Mu2la2on
Pleasant
Family
Ero2c
24. •
use
of
sport
sciences
techniques
to
measure
body’s
center
of
pressure’s
displacement
varia2ons
(Gurfinkel
1973;
Winter
et
al.,
1990)
25. • Emo2on
conceptualized
as
an
ac2on’s
tendency
• Numerous
studies
reported
an
influence
of
emo2on
on
all
steps
of
motor
processes
(Bradley,
1992;
Hälbig,
2011)
26. • Ac2on’s
tendency
is
central
in
sexual
mo2va2on
which
is
induced
by
an
appropriate
target
• Example:
Bindra
defines
the
Central
Mo2ve
State
as
an
hypothe2cal
group
of
neural
processes
promo2ng
goal-‐directed
ac2ons
for
specific
s2muli
27. • Frijda:
mo2va2on
will
induce
an
ac2ons’
sequence
• Both
et
al.,
2004:
Interest
and
tendinous
reflexes
increases
linearly
with
arousal
of
sexual
videos
as
compared
to
neutral
ones
• S2ns
et
al.,
2007:
Gait’s
ini2a2on
faster
in
response
to
smiling
than
angry
face
28. • Naugle
et
al.,
2010:
difference
of
walking
speed
only
from
the
second
step
for
sexual
s2muli
as
compared
to
unpleasant
ones
• Gélat
et
al.,
2011:
in
incongruent
task
(move
towards
an
unpleasant
s2m.)
-‐>
interference
with
cogni2ve
resources
creates
an
early
freezing
29. • Posturography:
not
much
used
in
mo2va2onal
condi2ons
• Emo2ons
could
influence
decision
through
pavlovian’s
system
ac2on:
Ly
et
al.
(2014):
• Angry
faces
slow
down
approach
behavior
• Individual
differences
in
emo2onal
bias
predicted
those
in
body
freezing
30. • Freezing
has
been
observed
in
anxious
situa2ons
• some2mes
in
front
of
disgus2ng
s2muli
(S2ns
et
al.)
along
with
HR
decelera2on
31. • No
varia2on
of
the
COP
has
been
previously
reported
in
front
of
sexually
explicit
s2muli
(Hillman
et
al.,
2004;
S2ns
et
al.,
2007)
32. • 33
healthy
males
included
in
a
block-‐
design
paradigm
• Three
videos
defining
three
experimental
condi2ons:
humoir
(H);
neutral
(N);
sexually
explicit
(S)
• Experimental
run:
white
screen
(20s)
;
9
experimental
blocks
(50s);
white
screen
(20s)
33. • Motor
correlates:
BIOPAC
system
interfaced
with
a
SATEL
force
plasorm
• Analyses:
calcula2on
of
postural
indexes
such
as
body's
Center
Of
Pressure
(COP)
AN
and
ML
direc2ons;
area
under
the
curve;
sway
magnitude;
SD
of
the
displacement
34. Fig 1. Mean ± SD for postural indices as a function of the stimulus (A) Amplitude of the sway of the COP in the mediolateral direction (Amp [COP]-ML) (B)
Amplitude of the sway of the COP in the anteroposterior direction (Amp [COP]-AP) (C) Standard displacement of the COP in the mediolateral direction (SD
[COP]-ML) (D) Standard displacement of the COP in the anteroposterior direction (SD [COP]-AP) (E) Area encompassed by displacements of the COP
(COP-Area) Significant differences are indicated as follows: * p < 0.05, ** p<0.01 when comparing stimulus.
Freezing and Sexual Behavior
35. S
condi2on
as
compared
to
the
N
–
condi2on:
• Significant
effect
on
SD
COP-‐AP
and
SD
COP-‐ML
indexes
• Significant
effect
on
Amp-‐COP
ML
index:
lower
displacement
amplitude
in
the
ML
direc2on
36. • Differen2al
modula2on
in
sexual
condi2on
of
motor
correlates
as
compared
to
others
physiological
measures
• Results
not
in
accordance
with
the
primary
hypothesis
of
an
approach-‐type
behavior
in
response
to
sexual
s2muli
• Support
the
idea
of
an
early
freezing
in
response
to
sexual
s2muli
37. • Horslen
et
al.,
2011:
freezing
modula2on
by
the
arousal
dimension
of
the
s2muli
• Haagenars
et
al.,
2014:
freezing
could
be
the
primary
component
of
behavioral
responses
such
as
tonic
immobility
and/or
behavioral
inhibi2on
38. • Early
freezing
(1
to
2
s)
responses
in
response
to
unpleasant
films
(record
temporal
courses
++)
• Early
freezing
response:
necessary
for
dissimula2on
and
ac2on’s
prepara2on
(Mc
Naughton
et
al.,
2004)
• Paradoxical
aspect
of
sexual
response:
postural
responses
tend
to
demonstrate
early
anxious
aspects
of
the
sexual
response
39. In
accordance
with
previous
studies
repor2ng
ac2on’s
prepara2on
• through
freezing
(Griebel
et
al.,
1996;
Kalin
et
al.,
1997)
• Involving
supplementary
cogni2ve
resources
recruitment
(slower
rea2on
2mes
in
experimental
tasks;
Mokros
A
et
al.,
2010;
Sanwla
et
al.,
2009
etc…)
40. Fachinew
et
al.,
2006
«
their
baby
and
family
pictures
may
have
elicited
a
predisposi2on
to
social
bonding
and
that
the
pre-‐
ac2va2on
of
muscles
involved
in
the
antero-‐posterior
displacement
could
reflect
prepara2on
for
processes
like
aQachement
and
reduc2on
of
social
distance
»
41. • Sexual
mo2va2on:
an
excellent
func2onal
context
to
study
the
neural,
motor
and
physiological
correlates
of
mo2vates
social
rela2onships
• Our
studies
demonstrates
the
complexity
(par2cularly
temporal)
of
the
motor
and
neural
correlates
