1. The
Joint
Effect
of
Exercise
and
Environment
on
Emo5on
and
Cogni5on:
Con5nued
Inves5ga5on
Kimberly
Breitenbecher,
Kathleen
Fuegen,
Kayla
Vires,
Young
Lee,
Nicole
Sofranko,
and
Alexandra
Morgan
Northern
Kentucky
University
Background
Research
on
A1en2on
• According
to
AKen5on
Restora5on
Theory,
there
are
two
types
of
aKen5on:
voluntary
aKen5on
and
involuntary
aKen5on.
Voluntary
aKen5on
requires
mental
effort,
whereas
involuntary
aKen5on
does
not
(Berman,
Jonides,
&
Kaplan,
2008).
• When
we
aKend
to
s5muli
that
are
inherently
interes5ng
or
aesthe5cally
pleasing,
we
use
involuntary
aKen5on.
When
we
aKend
to
s5muli
that
are
not
inherently
interes5ng,
we
use
voluntary
aKen5on.
• Voluntary
aKen5on
is
a
limited
resource.
Extended
mental
effort
can
deplete
this
resource
(Kaplan,
1995).
• According
to
AKen5on
Restora5on
Theory,
natural
environments
engage
involuntary
aKen5on.
This
exposure
gives
voluntary
aKen5on
a
chance
to
become
replenished
(Berman
et
al.,
2008).
Thus,
exposure
to
natural
environments
can
improve
fa5gued
voluntary
aKen5on.
Research
on
Mood
• Exercise
can
lead
to
improvements
in
mood.
• Even
short-­‐dura5on
(e.g.,
10-­‐15
minute)
walks
are
associated
with
improved
mood
and
greater
energy
(Ekkekakis,
Hall,
VanLanduyt,
&
Petruzzello,
2000).
Purpose
• The
purpose
of
this
study
was
to
assess
the
independent
and
combined
effects
of
ac5vity
(exercise
or
rest)
and
environment
(indoor
or
outdoor)
on
mood
and
aKen5on.
Hypotheses
• We
hypothesized
that
par5cipants
who
exercised
outdoors
would
show
the
most
favorable
pretest
to
posKest
changes
in
aKen5on
and
mood.
Method
Par2cipants
• The
sample
included
108
(59.7%)
women
and
73
(40.3%)
men.
• Par5cipants
were
predominantly
Caucasian
(79%)
or
African
American
(9.4%).
• Par5cipants
ranged
in
age
from
17-­‐75
years.
The
mean
was
21.59
years
(SD
=
7.69).
Materials
• A1en2on:
• Digit
Span
Backward
Task
(DSB;
Lezak,
Howeison,
Bigler,
Tranel,
2012):
The
DSB
requires
par5cipants
to
repeat
series
of
digits
of
increasing
length
in
correct
reverse
order.
• Symbol
Digit
Modali5es
Test
(SDMT;
Smith,
1973):
The
SDMT
is
a
symbol
digit
subs5tu5on
task.
• Mood:
• Posi5ve
And
Nega5ve
Affect
Schedule
(PANAS;
Watson,
Clark,
&
Tellegen,
1988):
The
PANAS
consists
of
two
subscales.
These
subscales
measure
posi5ve
affect
and
nega5ve
affect.
• Ac5va5on-­‐Deac5va5on
Adjec5ve
Checklist
(AD-­‐ACL;
Thayer,
1986):
The
AD-­‐ACL
consists
of
four
subscales.
These
subscales
measure
energy,
5redness,
tension,
and
calmness.
• Addi2onal
measures:
• We
administered
addi5onal
measures,
not
described
here.
For
details,
please
see
the
poster
5tled,
“The
Joint
Effects
of
Exercise
and
Environment
on
Perceived
Restora5on,
Health-­‐Related
Aitudes,
and
Health-­‐Related
Behaviors:
Con5nued
Inves5ga5on.”
Procedure
• Consent:
• The
researcher
greeted
the
par5cipants
and
obtained
informed
consent.
• A1en2on
Deple2on:
• Par5cipants
were
given
five
minutes
to
work
on
an
anagram
task
in
order
to
deplete
efforlul
aKen5on.
• Pretest
Assessment
of
A1en2on
and
Mood:
• Par5cipants
responded
to
the
two
pretest
measures
of
aKen5on
(DSB
and
SDMT)
and
mood
(PANAS
and
AD-­‐ACL)
in
random
order.
• Random
Assignment
to
Experimental
Condi2on:
• Par5cipants
were
randomly
assigned
to
one
of
four
experimental
condi5ons:
outdoor
exercise,
indoor
exercise,
outdoor
rest,
or
indoor
rest.
• Comple2on
of
Assigned
Task:
• Outdoor
exercise
par5cipants
walked
for
15
minutes
on
a
path
around
an
on-­‐campus
lake.
• Indoor
exercise
par5cipants
walked
for
15
minutes
on
a
treadmill
in
a
laboratory.
These
par5cipants
viewed
a
slideshow
or
video
of
scenery
as
viewed
from
the
path
around
the
on-­‐campus
lake.
• Outdoor
rest
par5cipants
sat
on
a
bench
for
15
minutes.
The
bench
was
adjacent
to
the
on-­‐campus
lake.
• Indoor
rest
par5cipants
sat
for
15
minutes
at
a
desk
inside
a
laboratory.
These
par5cipants
viewed
a
video
or
slideshow
of
scenery
as
viewed
from
the
outdoor
bench.
• Pos1est
Assessment
of
A1en2on
and
Mood:
• Par5cipants
responded
to
the
two
posKest
measures
of
aKen5on
(DSB
and
SDMT)
and
mood
(PANAS
and
AD-­‐ACL)
in
random
order.
Indoor
Rest
With
Video
Indoor
Exercise
With
Video
Outdoor
Rest
Outdoor
Exercise
Results
Data
Analyses
• In
order
to
inves5gate
the
rela5onship
between
changes
in
aKen5on
and
mood
from
pretest
to
posKest
and
experimental
condi5on,
a
series
of
one-­‐way
analyses
of
variance
(ANOVAs)
were
conducted.
• We
conducted
8
analyses
using
pretest
to
posKest
change
scores
from
8
dependent
variables:
DBS
score,
SDMT
score,
PANAS
Posi5ve
Affect,
PANAS
Nega5ve
Affect,
AD-­‐ACL
Energy,
AD-­‐ACL
Tiredness,
AD-­‐ACL
Tension,
and
AD-­‐ACL
Calmness.
• The
independent
variable,
experimental
condi5on,
included
four
levels:
indoor
exercise,
indoor
rest,
outdoor
exercise,
and
outdoor
rest.
A1en2on
• SDMT:
The
ANOVA
for
change
in
SDMT
scores
from
pretest
to
posKest
was
not
significant,
F(3,
177)
=
.
58,
p
=
.63.
• DSB:
The
ANOVA
for
change
in
Digit
Span
Backward
scores
from
pretest
to
posKest
was
not
significant,
F(3,
177)
=
.75,
p
=
.53.
References
• Berman,
M.
G.,
Jonides,
J.,
&
Kaplan,
S.
(2008).
The
cogni5ve
benefits
of
interac5ng
with
nature.
Psychological
Science,
19(12),
1207-­‐1212.
• Ekkekakis,
P.,
Hall,
E.E.,
VanLanduyt,
L.M.,
&
Petruzzello,
S.
(1999).
Walking
in
(affec5ve)
circles:
Can
short
walks
enhance
affect?
Journal
of
Behavioral
Medicine,
23,
245-­‐275.
• Kaplan,
S.(1995).
The
restora5ve
benefits
of
nature:
toward
an
integra5ve
framework.
Journal
of
Environmental
Psychology.
15,
169-­‐182.
This
project
was
par2ally
funded
by
the
following
sources:
• Northern
Kentucky
University
College
of
Arts
and
Sciences
Collabora5ve
Faculty-­‐Student
Project
Award
• Northern
Kentucky
University
College
of
Arts
and
Sciences
Associate
Faculty
Professional
Development
Award
• Northern
Kentucky
University
Undergraduate
Research
Council
Award
Mood
• PANAS
Posi2ve
Affect:
The
ANOVA
for
change
in
Posi5ve
Affect
from
pretest
to
posKest
was
significant,
F(3,
171)
=
33.74,
p
<
.001.
The
indoor
rest
condi5on
showed
a
greater
decrease
in
Posi5ve
Affect
than
the
other
three
condi5ons.
• PANAS
Nega2ve
Affect:
The
ANOVA
for
change
in
Nega5ve
Affect
from
pretest
to
posKest
was
not
significant,
F(3,
174)
=
.32,
p
=
.812.
• AD-­‐ACL
Tiredness:
The
ANOVA
for
change
in
5redness
from
pretest
to
posKest
was
significant
F(3,
175)
=
20.34,
p
<001.
The
indoor
rest
condi5on
showed
a
greater
increase
in
5redness
than
the
other
three
condi5ons.
• AD-­‐ACL
Calmness:
The
ANOVA
for
change
in
calmness
from
pretest
to
posKest
was
significant
F(3,
175)
=
17.91,
p
<001.
The
indoor
rest
condi5on
showed
a
greater
increase
in
calmness
than
the
other
three
condi5ons.
In
addi5on,
the
outdoor
exercise
condi5on
showed
a
greater
decrease
in
calmness
than
the
outside
rest
condi5on.
• AD-­‐ACL
Energy:
The
ANOVA
for
change
in
energy
from
pretest
to
posKest
was
significant
F
(3,
174)
=
23.13,
p
<001.
The
indoor
rest
condi5on
showed
a
greater
decrease
in
energy
than
the
other
three
condi5ons.
In
addi5on,
the
outside
exercise
condi5on
showed
a
greater
increase
in
energy
than
the
outside
rest
condi5on.
• AD-­‐ACL
Tension:
The
ANOVA
for
change
in
tension
from
pretest
to
posKest
was
significant
F
(3,
177)
=
3.39,
p
=019.
The
outdoor
rest
condi5on
showed
a
greater
decrease
in
tension
than
the
outdoor
exercise
condi5on.
Discussion
• Expected
Findings:
• We
had
expected
to
find
that
outdoor
exercise
would
lead
to
the
most
beneficial
outcomes.
In
other
words,
we
had
expected
that,
compared
to
the
other
three
groups,
par5cipants
who
exercised
outdoors
would
experience
the
following:
improved
aKen5on,
increased
posi5ve
affect,
decreased
nega5ve
affect,
increased
energy,
decreased
5redness,
increased
calmness,
and
decreased
tension.
Instead,
we
found
that,
although
outdoor
exercise
led
to
increased
energy
and
decreased
5redness,
the
magnitude
of
these
changes
did
not
differ
significantly
from
the
magnitude
of
comparable
changes
experienced
by
the
indoor
exercise
group.
Indeed,
the
outdoor
exercise
group
did
not
differ
significantly
from
the
indoor
exercise
group
on
any
measures.
• A1en2on:
• Our
findings
suggest
that
the
four
groups
did
not
differ
with
respect
to
changes
in
aKen5on.
All
four
ac5vity/loca5on
combina5ons
led
to
roughly
equivalent
improvements
in
aKen5on.
This
improvement
likely
reflects
a
prac5ce
effect
on
the
measures
of
aKen5on.
• Mood:
• The
most
consistent
finding
with
respect
to
mood
was
the
nega5ve
effect
of
indoor
rest.
Compared
to
the
other
three
groups,
the
indoor
rest
condi5on
experienced
a
greater
decrease
in
energy,
a
greater
increase
in
5redness,
and
a
greater
decrease
in
posi5ve
affect.
Interes5ngly,
the
indoor
rest
group
also
demonstrated
a
greater
increase
in
calmness
than
the
other
three
groups.
This
laKer
finding
may
reflect
the
low
level
of
arousal
associated
with
the
indoor
rest
condi5on.
• Our
findings
do
suggest
that
outdoor
exercise
has
different
effects
on
mood
than
outdoor
rest.
Specifically,
outdoor
exercise
led
to
a
greater
increase
in
energy
and
a
greater
decease
in
calmness
than
outdoor
rest.
Outdoor
rest
led
to
a
greater
decrease
in
tension
than
outdoor
exercise.
It
is
possible
that
these
differences
reflect
the
lower
level
of
arousal
associated
with
rest.
A1en2on
• DSB1
• SDMT1
Mood
• Posi2ve
Affect1
• Nega2ve
Affect1
• Energy1
• Tiredness1
• Calmness1
• Tension1
A1en2on
• DSB2
• SDMT2
Mood
• Posi2ve
Affect2
• Nega2ve
Affect2
• Energy2
• Tiredness2
• Calmness2
• Tension2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Pretest
DSB
PosKest
DSB
IE
IR
OE
OR
55
57
59
61
63
65
67
69
Pretest
SDMT
PosKest
SDMT
IE
IR
OE
OR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Prestest
Posi5ve
Affect
PosKest
Posi5ve
Affect
IE
IR
OE
OR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Pretest
Nega5ve
Affect
PosKest
Nega5ve
Affect
IE
IR
OE
OR
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Pretest
Tiredness
PosKest
Tiredness
IE
IR
OE
OR
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Pretest
Calmness
PosKest
Calmness
IE
IR
OE
OR
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Pretest
Tension
PosKest
Tension
IE
IR
OE
OR
Indoor
Rest
Indoor
Exercise
Outdoor
Rest
Outdoor
Exercise
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Pretest
Energy
PosKest
Energy
IE
IR