Grade IX History ppt

1. Forest Society and Colonialism
The Rise of Commercial Forestry

2. The Rise of Commercial Forestry
• How were the lives of the people affected?
• How did Forest Rules affect Cultivation?
• Who could hunt?
• New Trades, New Employments and New Services

3. The Rise of Commercial Forestry
1) British needed forest to build ships and railways
2) They were worried about the reckless felling of trees by local
traders
3) British invited a German expert, Dietrich Brandis and made him
the first IG of Forests in India
4) Proper system to manage forests and Science of Conservation
5) Rules about the use of Forest Resources
6) Brandis set up the IFS in 1864 and helped formulate the IFA of
1865
7) The Imperial Forest Research Institute at Dehradun in 1906 and
‘Scientific Forestry’ was taught

4. Dietrich Brandis

5. The Imperial Forest Research Institute
at Dehradun in 1906

6. The Rise of Commercial Forestry
Scientific Forestry
One type of trees
Trees are planted in
straight rows
Natural Forestry
Has lots of different
types of trees.
Trees are grown
randomly

7. Process of Scientific Forestry
Planted 1
type of
nurseries
Plantatio
n was in a
straight
row
Forest
Officials
surveyed
the forest
Working
plans for
Forest
Mgnt
Planned
how much
of the
plantation
area to cut
every year
The area
cut was
then to be
replanted

8. The India Forest Act 1878
Reserved
Forest
• The best forests were called reserved forests
• Villagers were not allowed to take anything from these forests
Protected
Forest
• Villagers were allowed to take wood for house building or fuel
Village
Forest
• Villagers were allowed to take wood for house building or fuel

9. Idea of good forests
1. Forest Dept wanted trees to
build ships and railway s
2. They needed trees that could
provide hard wood and were tall
and straight
3. Only teak and sal were
promoted and others were cut.
4.
1. Wanted forests with a mixture
of species to satisfy different
needs
2. Villagers were dependent on
forest for forest products
3. Wood for houses, grazing
cattle, collecting fruits and roots,
hunting and fishing,
4.Forest Act meant severe
hardship for villagers across the
nation
Forestersideaofgoodforest
Villagersideaofgoodforest

10. How were the lives of the people affected?
Cutting wood for building houses, grazing their cattle, collecting fruits and roots,
hunting and fishing
People were forced to steal wood form the forests and if they wee
caught, they were at the mercy of the forest guards who would take
bribes from them.
Police constables and forest guards harassed people by demanding free
food from them
Illegal
Steal
Harassment

11. How did Forest Rules Affect Cultivation?
1. Shifting Cultivation or swidden agriculture is a traditional
agricultural practice in many parts of Asia, Africa and South
America.
2. Parts of forest are cut and burnt in rotration.
3. Seeds are sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rains.
4. The crop is harvested by Oct-Nov.
5. Such plots are cultivated for a couple of years and then left fallow
for 12 to 18 years for the forest to grow back.
6.

12. Shifting Cultivation

13. Who could Hunt?
1. People survived by hunting
deer, partridges & a variety of
small animals
1. Forest Law prohibited
hunting
2. Those who were caught
hunting were punished for
poaching
After Forest LawsBefore Forest Laws

14. New Trades, Employments and Services
1. Many communities left their traditional occupations and started
trading in forest products. For example, Mundurucu peoples of
the Brazilian Amazon.
2. British Govt gave many large European firms the sole right to
trade in the forest products of particular areas.
3. Grazing and hunting in local people were restricted.
4. Many tribes were forced to work in factories, mines and
plantations under govt supervision.