Dashatwa ko Bato (Road to Serfdom in Nepali)

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k|yd ;+:s/0fsf ¿kdf eg] of] k':ts ;g !($% clk|ndf cfPsf] lyof] . To:t} o;
k':tssf] k'g{d"b|0f “occasional paper” -@))!_ df klg ePsf] kfOG5 .
o; k|sfzgsf] d"n k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ‘The Institute of Economic Affairs' (1999,
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ckm Osf]gf]lds ckm]o;{n] pNn]v u/] cg';f/ o; k':tssf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf]
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klg xfdLn] pNn]v gu/]sf] v08df s[kof xfdLnfO{ ;Dks{ ug'{ x'g cg'/f]w ub{5' tfls
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xfn g]kfnL ;dfh / zf;g k4ltsf] lbuf] lgsfz to ug{df xfdL tlNng 5f}+ .
g]kfnL ;dfh / /fhgLltsf] lbzf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;f/f /fi6« h'6]sf] o; If0fdf uDeL/
ax;, 5nkmn / lrGtg eO{/x]sf] 5 . ;Defjgf / ljsNksf] o; lrGtgdf ljZjsf
ljleGg d'n'sx?n] o:t} ulDe/ Pj+ hl6n If0fx? kf/ ubf{ ToxfF ePsf ax;,
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;Gbe{df !(%)sf] bzsdf ;+o'Qm clw/fHo / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]/Lsfdf Jofks ax;
;[hgf u/]sf] k':ts æb /f]8 6' ;km{8dÆ -The Road to Serfdom_ sf] g]kfnL cg'jfb
…bf;Tjsf] af6f]Ú k|:t't ug{ kfpFbf xfdL cToGt} xlif{t 5f}+ .
cli6«og cy{zf:qL Pj+ gf]j]n k'/:sf/ ljh]tf Pkm ÞP Þxfos (F.A.Hayek) åf/f
lnlvt æbf;Tjsf] af6f]Æ ;g !($$ df k|yd k6s k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . k|yd
k|sfzgsf] k|fSsygdf hf]g r]Dj/n]g (John Chamberlain) n] To; ;dofjwLnfO{
…lxrlsrfx6sf] ;doÚ sf] ;+1f lb+b} pQm ;dodf eO/x]sf] a]nfot / o"/f]k]nL
dxflåksf] k'g{;+/rgf / k'g{lgdf{0f, o'¢ s]Gb|Lt ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]/Lsfsf] cfly{s
;+s6 / dxfdGbLaf6 la:tf/} lg:sg] k|of; / htftt} ;'/Iff / l:y/tfsf] dfusf]
;Gbe{nfO{ bzf{Psf lyP . t;y{ !(%) df o; k':tsn] 7"nf] cy{/fhgLlts ax;sf]
;[hgf u/sf] lyof] / klZrdf /fi6«x?df Jofks ;'wf/sf] nx/ Nofpgdf dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf klg lgjf{x u/]sf] lyof] . To; a]nf cd]/Lsfdf dfq rfnL; nfveGbf
a9Lsf] ;+Vofdf lalqm ePsf] / aL;eGbf a9L efiffx?df cg'jfbLt of] k':tsn]
g]kfnL ;d;fdlos /fhg}lts Pjd ;fdflhs lrGtg / ax;df Pp6f cfofd yKg] 5
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k|f/lDes cg'jfbdf ;xof]u ug'{x'g] 8f Þvu]Gb| gfy zdf{ k|lt xfdL s[t1 5f}+ .
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wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}+ . cg'jfbsf] qmddf clj/n ?kdf tNnLg /x]/ nfUg'x'g] k|0flt
sf]O/fnf, clk{tf g]kfn / lbk]Gb| rf}nfuf+O{, k|sfzgdf nfuL kg'{ePsf k|eft æ8]le8Æ
>]i7 / nf]s]z s0f{ nufot ;d[l¢, b k|f]:k]l/6L kmfp08]zgsf ;Dk"0f{ ;xsdL{x?nfO{
d wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . To;}u/L, sf6'{gx?nfO{ g]kfnL ;fGble{stf k|bfg ug'{x'g]
ow' s'df/ anfdLnfO{ klg wGojfb lbg rxfG5' . o; k':tssf] k|sfzgsf nflu
lg/Gt/ pT;fx / k|]/0ff k|bfg ug'{x'g] P6n; g]6js{ (Atlas Network) sf 6d
kfnd/ (Tom Palmer), g]6js{ km/ lk|m ;f];fO6L (Network for Free Society) sL
lnG8f lj6:6f]g (Linda Wheatstone) / OlG:6r'6 ckm Osf]gf]lds ckm];{ (Institute
of Economic Affairs) sf hg AnG8]n (John Blundell) k|lt xfdL cfef/L 5f}+ .
To;}u/L k|fljlws ?kdf o; k|sfzgdf ;xof]u ug'{x'g] s]6f] OlG:6r'6 (Cato
Institute) / k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] nflu ;xof]u ul/lbg'x'g] OlG:6r'6 ckm
Osf]gf]lds ckm];{ (Institute of Economic Affairs) k|lt xflb{s s[t1tf JoSt
ub{5f}+ . o;sf ;fy}, of] k':ts k|sfzgdf k|ToIf jf ck|TIfo ?kdf ;xof]u ug'{x'g]
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af6f]Æsf] e"ldsf n]Vg kfpg' d]/f nflu cToGt} ;'vb s'/f xf] . xfPs / d]/f] ;DaGw
eg]sf] pgn] cWoog u/]sf] / ;f}efUoa; d}n] k9g kfPsf] ljZjljBfno Pp6}
xf] M lePgf ljZjljBfno . ;g !($$ df klxnf] k6s k|sflzt ePsf] æb /f]8 6'
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u/]sf] c+u|]hLsf] of] g]kfnL ?kfGt/0f xf] . o;sf] cg'jfb ug'{x'g] æ;d[l4, b k|f]:k]l/6L
kmfp08]zgÆsf ;fyLx? wGojfbsf kfq x'g .
g]kfndf nf]suLtx?sf] ljsf; ug{ s] ug'{ knf{ eg]/ nf]suLt ufos–uflosfx?nfO{
k|Zg ubf{ ;/sf/n] ljsf; ug'{k¥of], sf7df8f+}sf] kmf]xf]/ ˆofNg ;/sf/n] s] ug'{knf{
eGbf ;/sf/n] an k|of]u u/]/ eP klg csf{sf] cfFug, kf6f]df kmf]xf]/ ˆofNg'k5{
eGg] ;f]r / ul/asf nflu of]hgf gu/L ljsf; x'Fb}g eGg] gLlt lgdf{tfx?sf] alnof]
wf/0ff /x]sf] g]kfndf, Ps a]Un} lsl;dn] ;f]Rg s/ nufpg] k':ts x'g ;Sb5,
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u/] . ;g !(#) sf] bzssf] cfly{s dGbLdf d"ntM ;/sf/ alnof] x'g'k5{,
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p;n] JolQmut :jtGqtf / JolQmsf] rfxgfx?nfO{ dfg'{kb{5 . of] dfg]{{ k|lqmofdf
/fHon] JolQmsf] ;DklQ dflysf] clwsf/nfO{ s'Nrg' kb{5 . JolQmsf] ;DklQnfO{
x8Kg' eg]sf] JolQmsf] ljrf/nfO{ s'Nrg' xf] . JolQmsf] ;f]Rg] / lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/x?
gvf]l;sg /fHon] of]hgf agfpg} ;Sb}g . t/ cgf}7f], o:t} ljrf/nfO{ ;+;f/sf
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ljZjljBfnoaf6 sfg"g / /fhg}lts cy{zfZq u/L b'O{ ljifodf ljBfjfl/lw xfl;n
u/]sf lyP . pgn] n'8lju jg ld;];sf] dftxtdf /x]/ cli6«og OlG:l6Ro'6 km/ lahg];
;fOsn l/;r{df sfd u/] . ;g !(@( b]lv !(#! ;Dd pgn] leogf ljZjljBfnodf
n]Sr//sf] ?kdf sfd u/] . ;g !(@(df pgsf] klxnf] lstfa df]g]6l/ lyof]/L P08
b 6«]8 ;fOsn (Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle) k|sflzt eof] . pgnfO{
;g !(#! Dff nG8g :s"n ckm Osf]gf]lds;df cy{zf:q tyf tYof+szf:qsf
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lj1fgsf] k|f]km];/sf] ?kdf lgo'Qm ul/of] . ;g !(^@ df pgL lk|mau{ ljZjljBfnodf
/fhg}lts cy{zf:qsf k|f]km];/sf ?kdf lgo'Qm eP / ;g !(^& df pgn] ToxfFsf]
k|f]km];/ Oldl/6;sf] kb xfl;n u/] . ;g !($$ df xfPs la|l6z Ps]8]dLdf
;b:osf ?kdf lgjf{lrt eP / !($& df pgn] :jL6h/Nof08df Ps ;Dd]ngsf]
cfof]hgf u/] h;sf] kmn:j?k df]G6 k]n]l/g ;f];fO6Lsf] l;h{gf eof] . pgL ;g
!(&$ df cy{zf:q tkm{sf] gf]a]n k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug{ ;kmn eP / pgn] ;g !(*$
df sDkflgog ckm cg;{sf] pkflw klg xfl;n u/] . ;g !((! Dff hh{ 8An' a'zn]
pgnfO{ k|]l;8]lG;on d]8n ckm lk|m8dsf] tfh k|bfg u/] . pgLåf/f lnlvt rlr{t
k':tsx?df b Kof]/ Yof]/L ckm Soflk6n (The Pure Theory of Capital), !($!, b
/f]8 6' ;km{8d (The Road to Serfdom) !($$, b sfpG6/ l/ef]No';g ckm ;fOG;
(The Counter-Revolution of Science), !(%@, b slG:6Ro';g ckm lna6L{ (The
Constitution of Liberty), !(^), n n]lh:n];g P08 lna6L{ (Law, Legislation and
Liberty) !(&#–(, b kmof6n slG;6 (The Fatal Conciet), !(** cflb 5g .

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cfpg ;s]sf] xf] /] Û t/ o:tf] xNnf km}nfP/ xfd|f] cfFvf 5nL gfhLjfb h:t}
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x'g ;S5 . o;}n] o:tf ckmjfxb]lv xfdL cln ;ts{ x'g'k5{ .
3 ck|Toflzt t/ l;4fGttM ;dfhjfbaf6 5'6ofpg} g;lsg] lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{
JofVof ug{ ckgfOPsf] gofF zAb æ;j{;QfjfbÆ xf] .
4 of]hgfa4 k|0ffnLdf xfdLn] ;fd"lxs lqmofsnfknfO{ ;a}sf] ;xdlt ePsf
sfdx¿df dfq ;Lldt ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ . o:tf] k|0ffnLdf s'g} klg sfd cl3
a9fpgsf nflu ;a}nfO{ ;xdt x'g afWo kfl/G5 .
5 /fHon] hlt w]/} of]hgf agfpF5, JolQmnfO{ cfkmgf] of]hgf agfpg Tolt g}
sl7g x'G5 .
6 cfly{s :jtGqtfnfO{ cGo :jtGqtfsf nflu k"j{zt{ elgPsf] 5 . t/ of]
;dfhjfbLx¿n] afrf ug{] cfly{s ;+/If0f x}g . lsgeg], o:tf] ;+/If0fn]
JolQmsf] cfjZostfnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug{ sf]lzz u/] tfklg, JolQm;Fu /x]sf]
5gf}6sf] zlQmnfO{ ;d]t vf];]/ nfG5 . cfly{s :jtGqtf eg]sf] t cfly{s
lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'g kfpg] clwsf/ xf] / of] clwsf/ ;Fu;Fu} sfd
;DaGwL hf]lvd / bfloTj klg hf]l8P/ cfpF5 .
7 lghL ;DklQsf] k|0ffnL :jtGqtfsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ k|Tofe"lt xf] eGg] s'/f
xfd|f] k':tfn] lal;{Psf] 5 .

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
16
8 slxn]sfxL+ /fd|f] p2]Zosf nflu k|of]u x'g ;Sg] zlQmnfO{ ;d]t ;Lldt ug{
xfdL tof/ ePgf}+ eg], zlQmsf] b'?kof]unfO{ xfdLn] slxNo} klg /f]Sg
;Sb}gf}+ .
9 ;–;fgf /fHox¿sf] cl:tTj ;lxtsf] ljZj ;[hgf u¥of}+ eg] xfdL ;a}
To;af6 nfeflGjt x'g]5f}+ .
10 jf:tljstfnfO{ cf]e]mndf /fVg] k|j[lQaf6 d'St x'g' klxnf] cfjZostf
xf] . o:tf] k|j[lQn] xfdLn] ljutdf u/]sf] ;a} sfd of t Psbd 7Ls lyof]
of 6fg{} g;lsg] lyof] eGg] e|d k}bf u5{ . ljutdf u/]sf] uNtLnfO{ :jLsfg{
;s]gf}+ eg] xfdL cl3 a9g ;Sb}gf}+ .

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
17
bf;Tjsf] af6f]
l/8{; 8fOh]i6sf] ;+If]kLs[t ;+:s/0f

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
19
bf;Tjsf] af6f]
hd{g ljrf/sf] glhs /xL, cfkmgf] dft[e"ld cli6«ofdf hLjgsf] cfwf
;do latfPsf] d}n], To;kl5sf] hLjg ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf / a]nfotdf
latfPF . hd{gLdf :jtGqtf ;dfKt kfg{ lqmofzLn tTjx¿ kl5Nnf] ;dodf
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf / a]nfotdf klg lqmofzLn /x]sf] d}n] kfPF .
/fli6«o ;dfhjfbLx¿n] -hd{gLsf g]zgn ;f];lni6_ dRrfPsf] ljWj+;
/ cTofrf/sf] kl/df0f b]Vbf dnfO{ To:tf] ;j{;Qfjfbn] ;+o'Qm /fHo
cd]l/sf / a]nfotdf hGd lng ;Sb}g eGg] nfUYof] . /fli6«o
;dfhjfbLx¿ pbfpg'eGbf kGw| jif{ cl3sf] hd{gLnfO{ kms{]/ x]g]{ xf] eg]
ToxfF klg bzdWo] gf} hd{g gful/snfO{, of s'g} ljb]zL cfnf]rsnfO{
;d]t, To:tf] b'3{6gf hd{gLdf x'g ;S5 eGg] s'/f clt/~hgfk"0f{ g}
nfu]sf] lyof] .
t/ ;do laTb} hfFbf y'k|} slyt …hd{g ljz]iftfx¿Ú ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf
/ a]nfotdf ;d]t b]lvg yfn] . hd{gLs} kydf cl3 a9fpg] ljleGg
nIf0fx¿, h:t} /fHonfO{ cnf}lss ;Ddfg ug{] a9bf] qmd, kl/0ffdnfO{
csf6o dfGg] k|j[lQsf] efUojfbL :jLsf/f]lQm / ;a} s'/fsf] Joj:yfkgk|lt
/fHosf] a9bf] pT;'stf -h;nfO{ cfh xfdL …of]hgfÚ eGg] u5f}{+_ b]vf
k/] . yk lj8Dagfsf] s'/f s] eg], :jtGqtfk|lt z'e]R5f /fVg] JolQmx¿sf]
;dfhjfbL gLltn] g} pgLx¿n] 3[0ff ug{] zlQmx¿sf nflu af6f] ;xh
agfOlbPsf] oyfy{ cem;Dd klg dx;'; ePsf] 5}g . kmf;Ljfb / dfS;{jfb

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
20
;dfhjfbL lrGtgsf] lj/f]wL geO{ o;}sf pkh x'g eGg] tYo yf]/}n] dfq
dgg u/] . oBlk, hd{gLdf To; a]nfsf] ;dfhjfbL cfGbf]ngsf w]/}
g]tfx¿ -d';f]lngL / To;kl5 nfefn, lSj;lnª nufotsf_, cGTodf
kmf;LjfbL of gfhLjfbL g} x'g k'u]sf lyP .
clxn]sf] nf]stGqdf gfhLjfbsf] s'g} klg k|ltlaDanfO{ x[bob]lv g} dg
gk/fpg]x¿ h'g cfbz{sf nflu sfd ul//x]sf 5g, To;sf] k|flKtn] pxL
3[l0ft lg/s+'ztf lgDTofpF5 . ljsf;nfO{ k|efj kfg{] ljrf/ ePsf w]/}h;f]
JolQmx¿ s]xL xb;Dd ;dfhjfbL x'g, hf] xfd|f] cfly{s hLjg s'g} g
s'g} ¿kdf lgb{]lzt x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fVb5g . t/ cfbz{ eljionfO{
;'lglZrt ug]{ k|of; eO/xFbf xfdLn] yfx} gkfO{ To;sf] ljk/Lt kl/0ffd
cfpg'eGbf 7"nf] b'MvfGt s] x'g ;S5 <
of]hgf / zlQm
cfkmgf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu of]hgfsf/x¿n] cfkmgf] lgoGq0fdf ePsf
dflg;dfly k|of]u ug{sf nflu clxn];Dd dfG5]nfO{ yfx} gePsf]
kl/df0fdf zlQmsf] ;[hgf ug{'k5{ . of]hgfsf/x¿sf] ;kmntf g} o:tf]
zlQm slt xb;Dd xfl;n ug{ ;lsof] eGg] s'/faf6 dfkg ul/G5 . o;/L
cfly{s ultljlwsf] s]Gb|Ls/0f u/L :jtGqtfnfO{ bafpg nf]stGq ;a}eGbf
7"nf] c8rg x'G5 . kmn:j¿k of]hgf / nf]stGq aLrsf] åGåsf] ;'¿jft
x'G5 .
x/]s JolQmdf /x]sf] JolQmut zlQmnfO{ ;dfhdf x:tfGt/0f ubf{
zlQm ;dfKt x'G5 eGg] b'Mvb e|d w]/} ;dfhjfbLnfO{ x'G5 . t/ Pp6}
of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ JolQmaf6 ;dfhdf zlQm x:tfGt/0f ubf{, zlQm
kl/jlt{t dfq geO{ cgk]lIft ¿kdf a9]sf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f pgLx¿ a'emg

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
21
rfxFb}gg . JolQmn] 5'§f5'§} k|of]u ub{} cfPsf] zlQmnfO{ Ps lgsfodf
s]lGb|t ubf{ zlQmsf] dfqf klxn]sf] t'ngfdf ct'ngLo ¿kdf a9]sf] x'G5 /
o;sf] kx'Fr b"/ufdL eO{ zlQmsf] :j¿kdf g} kl/jt{g cfpF5 .
/fHosf] s]Gb|Lo of]hgf ;ldltn] k|of]u ug{] zlQm s'g} lghL If]qsf]
;~rfns ;ldltn] ;fd"lxs ¿kdf k|of]u ug{] zlQmeGbf s]xL km/s
x'Fb}g eg]/ ax; ug{' unt xf] . s'g} klg k|lt:kwf{Tds ;dfhdf ;dfhjfbL
s]Gb|Lo of]hgf ;ldltsf] h:tf] zlQm k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] sf]xL klg x'Fb}g .
zlQmsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug{' eg]sf] s'n zlQmnfO{ 36fO{ lgolGqt ug{' xf]
/ k|lt:kwf{Tds k|0ffnL dfq To:tf] k|0ffnL xf] h;n] dfG5]n] dfG5]dfly
k|of]u ug{] zlQmnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ jf 36fpg ;S5 . d}n] sfd ug{]
sDkgLsf] s/f]8klt dflns;Fu dnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ hlt zlQm x'G5,
To;sf] t'ngfdf dnfO{ s:tf] sfd ug{ lbg] / d]/f] hLjgz}nL s:tf] x'g'k5{
eGg] lg0f{o ug{ /fHosf] an k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] clVtof/ af]s]sf] s'g} ;fg}
sd{rf/L;Fu klg dnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ w]/} u'0ff a9L zlQm x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf
s;sf] ljdlt xf]nf / <
hd{gLsf] s'g} /f]huf/bftf of ¿;sf] s'g} /fd|} cfDbfgL ePsf] Joj:yfks
of OlGhlgo/ eGbf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf jf a]nfotsf] ;Lk gePsf]
dhb'/;Fu x/]s cy{df cfkmgf] hLjgsf] :j¿k lgwf{/0f ug{] w]/} :jtGqtf
5 . p;n] cfkmgf] hflu/ cyjf jf;:yfg kl/jt{g ug{ rfx]df of s'g}
ljrf/sf] ;dy{g ug{ rfx]df of cfkmgf] vfnL ;do h'g;'s} tl/sfn]
latfpg rfx]df, s'g} afwfsf] ;fdgf ug{'kb{}g . ;'kl/j]Ifsn] nufPsf]
sfddf afFlwgsf nflu p;nfO{ s'g} anhˆtL x'Fb}g . o;f] ubf{ p;sf]
hLpHofgsf] ;'/Iff / :jtGqtfnfO{ s'g} vt/f x'Fb}gÙ Tof] oyfjt sfod
/xG5 .

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
22
xfd|f] k':tfn] lghL ;DklQsf] k|0ffnL g} :jtGqtfsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{
k|Tofe"lt xf] eGg] s'/f lal;{;s]sf] 5 . pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿ w]/} JolQmaLr
afFl8Ps} sf/0fn] xfdL JolQmut ¿kdf s] ug{] eGg] lg0f{o ug{ kfO/x]sf
5f}+ . t/ ha pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿ s'g} Pssf] xftdf k5{g, rfx] Tof] ;dfh
xf]; of s'g} lg/s+'z zf;s, To;a]nf xfdLnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ zlQm
To;}df s]lGb|t x'g k'U5 . ha cfly{s zlQmnfO{ s]Gb|Ls/0f u/L /fhgLlts
zlQmsf] ;fwg agfOG5 ta o;n] o:tf] lg/Lx cj:yfsf] ;[hgf u5{ h'g
bf;tf;Fu t'ngLo x'G5 . Pp6f :d/0fLo egfO 5 – æhxfF /fHo Psdfq
/f]huf/bftf x'G5 ToxfF ljkIfL x'g' eg]sf] clgsfnaf6 la:tf/} dg'{h:t} xf] .Æ
vt/fsf] k[i7e"ld
;dfhjfb / ;j{;Qfjfbsf] s'g} klg ¿keGbf …JolQmjfbÚ lgtfGt
cnu s'/f xf] . of] JolQmdflysf] ljZjf; / ;Ddfgdf cfwfl/t x'G5 .
JolQmjfbn] JolQm :jtGq x'g'k5{ / p;n] cfkm}+ cfkmgf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
ug{ ;S5 eGg] ljZjf; ub{5 . of] bz{g k|ydtM k'ghf{u/0fsf] cjlwdf
ljsf; eO{ kl5 cfP/ klZrdf ;Eotfdf :yflkt eof] . Tolta]nfsf]
;fdflhs ljsf;sf] qmd JolQmnfO{ ;fdGtL Joj:yfaf6 d'Qm ub{}
:jtGqtf k|bfg ug{]tk{m pGd'v lyof] .
JolQmsf] pmhf{n] :jtGqtf kfpg'sf] ;DejtM ;a}eGbf /fd|f] kl/0ffd
lj1fgsf] ljsf; xf] . j}olSts :jtGqtfn] 1fgsf] :jtGq k|of]usf] af6f]
vf]n]/, hf]lvdsf] bfloTj cfkm+} a]xf]b{} ;a}n] h] klg k/LIf0f ug{ ;Sg]
jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/]kl5 dfq lj1fgn] km8sf] dfb{} lat]sf] !%) jif{df
;+;f/sf] :j¿k g} kl/jt{g ug{ ;kmn ePsf] xf] . dfgj hfltsf] af}l4s
cEof;df nufOPsf k|ltaGwx¿af6 :jtGqtf ldNgf;fy dflg;sf c;+Vo
OR5f tyf rfxgf k"/f x'g yfn] . kmn:j¿k, aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] cGTodf

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
23
klZrdf ;+;f/sf] Pp6f dhb'/n] ljutsf] !)) jif{df sNkgf klg gu/]sf]
ef}lts ;'ljwf, ;'/Iff / JolQmut :jtGqtf xfl;n u¥of] .
o;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k dfG5]df cfkmgf] efUonfO{ cfkm}+ lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sg]
ljZjf; k}bf eof] / p;n] cfˆgf] ljsf;sf c;+Vo ;Defjgfx¿ b]Vg
yfNof] . o; qmddf ToltGh]nsf] pknlAwnfO{ k|fKt eO;s]sf] ;DklQsf
¿kdf lnOof] / ljsf;sf] b/ l9nf] ePsf] dx;'; x'gyfNof] . kmn:j¿k tL
pknlAw xfl;n u/fpg] l;4fGtx¿nfO{ g} b|'t ultsf] ljsf;sf] afwssf
¿kdf lng yflnof] . o;/L lgofNbf pbf/jfbsf] ;kmntf g} o;sf] ktgsf]
sf/0f aGg k'Uof] .
pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf cfly{s l;4fGtx¿ ;'¿jft dfq lyP / To;} cg'¿k
cl3 a9b} uPsf] eP k|ultsf cyfx ;+efjgfx¿ lyP eGg] s'/fdf
s;}sf] ljdlt gx'g' kg{] xf] . t/, k|e'TjjfbL ljrf/n] :jtGq ;dfhdf
ePsf] :jt:km"t{ pmhf{sf] ;b'kof]u s;/L ug{] eGg] ax;nfO{ dxTj
lb+b}g . p:fn] t o:tf] pmhf{nfO{ gsfb{} ;fd"lxs / lgb{]lzt lbzf s;/L
ks8g] eGg] ax;nfO{ dfq cl3 a9fpF5 .
pbf/jfbsf] kl/Tofu ls t ;dfhjfbdf x'G5 of of] ;/n ¿kdf Joj:yfkg
jf of]hgfsf] 5ftf cf]9]/ cfpF5 . pbf/jfbsf]] pk]Iffsf] qmd hd{gLd} ePsf]
lyof] . pGgfO;f+} ztfAbLsf] pQ/fw{ / aL;f+} ztfAbLsf] k"jf{w{df hd{gLn]
;dfhjfbsf] l;4fGt / cEof;nfO{ lgs} cufl8 a9fO;s]sf] lyof] .
To;}n] ?;Lx¿ kl5;Dd klg hd{gLn] 5f8]sf] laGb'af6 5nkmn ;'¿
uy{] . gfhLjfbsf] ;'¿jft x'g'eGbf w]/} cl3b]lv g} hd{gx¿n] pbf/jfb,
nf]stGq, k"FhLjfb / JolQmjfbnfO{ cfIf]k nufpg yfln;s]sf lyP .
gfhLx¿eGbf w]/} cl3 hd{g / O6flnog ;dfhjfbLx¿n] To:tf k|ljlw
k|of]udf NofP h;nfO{ kl5 uP/ gfhL / kmf;LjfbLx¿n] k|efjsf/L

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
24
9Ën] k|of]u u/] . /fhgLlts kf6L{åf/f JolQmsf] hGdb]lv d[To';Dd ;Dk"0f{
ultljlwsf] lgoGq0f ub{}, p;sf] x/]s ljrf/nfO{ lgb{]lzt ug{] cEof;
;dfhjfbLx¿n] klxn] g} u/]sf lyP . ;fgf] pd]/sf afnaflnsfnfO{
/fhgLlts ;+u7gdf afFw]/ pgLx¿sf] ljrf/nfO{ lgb{]lzt ug{] sfd klg
kmf;LjfbLn] geO{ ;dfhjfbLx¿n] g} ;'¿ u/]sf lyP . ltgsf] ljrf/df
c¿n] k|efj kfg{ g;s"g eg]/ ltgnfO{ ljleGg v]ns'b tyf ;f+:s[lts
sfo{qmddf lg/Gt/ Jo:t agfO/fVg] cEof; klg pgLx¿n] g} k|f/De u/]sf
x'g . kf6L{sf] ;b:on] cfkm"nfO{ cfd hgtfeGbf a]Un} / ljlzi6 b]vfpg'k5{
eGb} Ps–csf{nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] / enfs';f/L ug{] 5'§} zAbfjnLsf] ;'¿jft
klg ;dfhjfbLx¿n] g} u/]sf x'g . o;/L JolQmut hLjgsf] x/]s kIfdf
kf6L{sf] x:tIf]knfO{ a9fjf lbg ljleGg ;+/rgf lj:tf/ ub{} ;dfhjfbLx¿n]
gfhL / kmf;LjfbLx¿ eGbf cl3 g} ;j{;QfjfbL kf6L{sf] gd'gf k|:t't
ul/;s]sf lyP . lx6n/n] ;Qf sAhf ul/;Sg' cufj} hd{gLdf pbf/jfbsf]
cGTo eO;s]sf] lyof] h:fsf nflu ;dfhjfb g} lhDd]jf/ lyof] .
;dfhjfbaf6 kmf;Ljfb;Ddsf] ;+qmd0fnfO{ glhsaf6 cWoog ubf{ oL
b'O{ k|0ffnLaLrsf] ;dfgtf ;lhn} b]Vg ;lsG5 . t/, cem} klg w]/}nfO{
nf]stGqdf ;dfhjfb / :jtGqtfnfO{ ;Fu;Fu} cl3 a9fpg ;lsG5 eGg]
ljZjf; /x]sf] kfOG5 . ænf]stflGqs ;dfhjfbÆ gfds ljut ztfAbLsf]
7"nf] sfNklgs cfbz{{ k5ofpg]x¿nfO{ o; Joj:yfsf] c;+efJotfsf] 5gs}
5}g . nf]stflGqs ;dfhjfbL Joj:yfsf] e|dnfO{ k5ofpFbf o;n] a¿
JolQmsf] :jtGqtfnfO{ eg] gi6 u5{ . elgG5, /fHonfO{ :ju{ agfpg]
k|of; ubf{ g} /fHo gs{ aGg k'U5 .
cfhsf] a]nfot / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf klg ;a} pbf/jfbLnfO{
pk]Iffsf] b[li6n] x]g{] zlQmx¿sf] ;dfof]hg / ;anLs/0f lrGtfsf] ljifo xf] .
…k'/fgf] ;dfhjfbsf]Ú kbf{ cf]9b} hd{gLdf w]/} n]vsx¿n] /fli6«o

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
25
;dfhjfbsf nflu af6f] agfOlbP . clxn] xfdLdfem klg ToxL k|j[lQ
b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 .
of]hgf agfpg] pbf/jfbL tl/sf
;femf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ;s];Dd b"/ufdL x'g'k5{ eGg] ;a}sf]
rfxgf x'G5 . o;}sf/0f of]hgf agfpg] k|0ffnLn] o:tf] nf]slk|otf xfl;n
u/]sf] xf] . of]hgf agfpFbf cu|ufdL ;f]r ckgfpg'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf
cfw'lgs of]hgfsf/ / pbf/jfbLaLr s'g} ljjfb 5}g . ljjfb s'g k|lqmof
ckgfpg] eGg]af/]df xf] . JolQmsf] 1fg / pmhf{nfO{ ;b'kof]u ug{] lsl;dsf]
jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/L pgLx¿nfO{ cfkmgf] of]hgf cfkm}+ agfpg lbg] sL
;Dk"0f{ cfly{s ultljlwsf] s]lGb|s/0f u/L ;dfhsf] ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 ug]{ /
of]hgfsf/n] agfPsf] of]hgf ;a}nfO{ nfu" ug]{ g} ljjfbsf] d"n d'2f xf] .
of]hgfsf/n] of]hgf agfpg] k|lqmofsf] lj/f]wnfO{ pbf/jfbL dgl:yltsf]
pkh eGb} a]jf:tf ug{ ldNb}g . pbf/jfbL ;f]rn] ;a} s'/fnfO{ oyfl:yltdf
5f8g] eGb}g . o;n] t dfgj hfltsf] Ifdtf / k|of;nfO{ ;dGjo ug{
k|lt:kwf{sf] ;Sbf] ;b'kof]u ug{] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . of] ;f]r, k|efjsf/L
k|lt:kwf{ ;[hgf ug'{ g} JolQmut k|of;x¿nfO{ ;dGjo ug{] ;a}eGbf /fd|f]
tl/sf xf] eGg] ljZjf;df cfwfl/t 5 . o;n] k|lt:kwf{nfO{ lxtsf/L agfpg
ljrf/ k'¥ofP/ agfPsf] sfg"gL ;+/rgf rflxG5 eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 .
To;f] t, pbf/jfbsf] lj/f]w ug{]x¿ o;n] k|lt:kwf{nfO{ ;dfKt u/L
cfly{s ultljlwnfO{ lgb{]zg ug{ cGo uf}0f k4ltx¿ NofpF5 eGg] cfIf]k
nufpF5g . t/ Tof] ;xL xf]Og . pbf/jfbn] k|lt:kwf{nfO{ g} ;jf]{Ts[i6
k|0ffnL dfGb5 lsgls k|lt:kwf{ ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L k|0ffnL x'g'sf
;fy} o:tf] k|0ffnL klg xf] h;df /fHosf] an k|of]u of :j]R5frf/L

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
26
x:tIf]k, b'j}sf] cfjZostf x'Fb}g . o;n] ;dfhsf] ;'lgof]lht lgoGq0f
ug]{ k|0ffnL x6fO{ JolQmnfO{ s'g} klg k]zf;Fu ;DalGwt kmfObf / a]kmfObfsf]
n]vfhf]vf u/L Tof] k]zf cfˆgf nflu 7Ls 5 ls 5}g eg]/ cfkm+} lg0f{o
ug{] cj;/ lbG5 .
k|lt:kwf{sf] ;b'kof]usf nflu /fHosf] x:tIf]k laNs'n} cfjZos x'Fb}g
eGg] klg xf]Og . h:t} sfd ug{] ;do tf]Sg, ;'/Iff / :jf:Yo ;DaGwL
k"jf{wf/x¿sf] sfof{Gjog u/fpg, k|lt:kwf{sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;fj{hlgs
;'ljwfx¿ pknAw u/fpg /fHosf] x:tIf]k h¿/L x'G5 . ;fy} s]xL o:tf
If]qx¿ 5g hxfF k|lt:kwf{sf] k|0ffnL cJojxfl/s klg x'g ;S5 . h:t},
jgh+un kmF8fgL cyjf pBf]uaf6 x'g] jftfj/0fLo b'ik|efj tyf k|b"if0fn]
ToxLFsf nfO{ dfq k|efj kfb{}g, To;}n] ToxfF /fHosf] x:tIf]k cfjZos
x'G5 . t/, lgod–sfg'gsf] bfo/f leq afFWg'kg{] o:tf s]xL pbfx/0f lbP/
;a} 7fpFdf k|lt:kwf{ x6fpg'k5{ eGg ldNb}g . s'g} klg cy{tGqdf /fHosf
w]/} sfd 5g . k|lt:kwf{ km:6fpg] lsl;dsf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{, rf]/L /
7uLaf6 arfpg, Psflwsf/ x6fpg /fHosf] e"ldsf cjZo klg /xG5 .
/fHosf] e"ldsf x'G5 eGg'sf] cy{ s]Gb|Ls[t of]hgf / k|lt:kwf{Tds
k|0ffnLaLrsf] dWod dfu{ ckgfpg' eg]sf] xf]Og . emjf§ ;'Gbf of] af6f]
;a}eGbf plrt k|tLt eP klg o;n] cGttM unt lbzflt/ n}hfG5 .
s]xL xb;Dd k|lt:kwf{nfO{ lgoddf afFWg cfjZos eP tfklg o;df
of]hgf ld;fof] eg] o;n] pTkfbgsf] k|efjsf/L lgb{]zssf ¿kdf sfd
ug{ 5f85 . k|lt:kwf{ / s]Gb|Lo lgb{]zg b'j} cw'/f] /x]df b'j}n] sfd ub{}gg
eg] b'j}sf] ld>0f ubf{ emg sfd x'g ;Sb}g .
k|lt:kwf{ a9fpg] lsl;dn] of]hgf agfOof] eg] dfq of]hgf / k|lt:kwf{nfO{
;Fu;Fu} n}hfg ;lsG5 . xfd|f] cfnf]rgf s]jn To:tf] of]hgfk|lt xf], h'g
k|lt:kwf{sf lj¿4 x'G5 .

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
27
cfbz{ /fHo
nf]stGqdf cfly{s ultljlw s]Gb|Lo lgb{]zgaf6 kl/rflnt x'g'k5{ eGg]x¿
cem} klg ;dfhjfb / JolQmut :jtGqtfnfO{ ;fy;fy} cl3 a9fpg
;lsG5 eGg] ljZjf; ub{5g . oBlk, cg]sf}+ bfz{lgsx¿n] w]/} cl3b]lv g}
:jtGqtfsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] vt/f ;dfhjfb xf] eGg] af]w ul/;s]sf lyP .
;dfhjfb ;'¿df tfgfzfxL cjwf/0ff lyof] eGg] s'/f w]/}n] ;lDe+mb}gg .
k|mfG;]nL cfGbf]ngdf pbf/jfbsf lj¿4 ;dfhjfbsf] ;'¿jft ePsf] lyof] .
;dfhjfbsf] hu a;fNg] k|mfG;]nL n]vsx¿nfO{ cfkmgf] ljrf/nfO{ Pp6f
tfgfzfxL ;/sf/n] dfq Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;S5 eGg] s'/f /fd|/L yfxf
lyof] . klxnf] cfw'lgs of]hgfsf/ ;]G6 ;fOdgn] t cfkmgf] k|:tfljt
of]hgf ;ldltn] agfPsf] of]hgf gdfGg]x¿nfO{ kz';/xsf] Jojxf/ ul/g]
ck]Iff u/]sf lyP .
nf]stGqsf] ;dfhjfb;Fu slxNo} d]n x'g ;Sb}g eGg] s'/f dxfg
/fhgLlts lrGts 8L 6slenn] 8]9 ztfAbL cl3 g} cToGt :ki6 ¿kdf
af]w ul/;s]sf lyP . ;g !*$* df pgn] eg]sf 5g, ænf]stGqn]
JolQmut :jtGqtfsf] 3]/fnfO{ a9fP/ nfG5 . o;n] ;a} JolQmnfO{ ;Sbf]
dxTj lbG5 t/ ;dfhjfbn] JolQmnfO{ s]jn Ps ;fwg jf Pp6f ;+Vofsf]
¿kdf lnG5 . nf]stGq / ;dfhjfb aLr …;dfgtfÚ eGg] Pp6f zAb
afx]s c¿ s'g} s'/f ;femf 5}g . t/, of] zAbaf6 nf]stGqdf
:jtGqtfsf] ;dfgtfnfO{ nlIft ul/G5 eg] ;dfhjfbdf lgoGq0f /
bf;Tjsf] ;dfgtfnfO{ .Æ
;dfhjfb lj¿4sf] o:tf] z+sf x6fpg / :jtGqtf h:tf] ;a}n] dfu
ug{] /fhgLlts d'2fnfO{ pkof]u ug{ ;dfhjfbLx¿n] ægofF :jtGqtfsf]
k|Tofe"ltÆ sf] zAbhfn ;[hgf u/]] . ;dfhjfbsf] gofF cy{ æcfly{s

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
28
:jtGqtfÆ x'g yfNof] / of] ljgf /fhgLlts :jtGqtf kfP/ klg s]xL
pknlAw x'g ;Sb}g eGg] ts{x¿ ;'lgg yfn] .
o; ts{nfO{ ;j{dfGo agfpg :jtGqtf zAbsf] cy{ / a'emfOdf g}
kl/jt{g NofOof] . klxn] :jtGqtfsf] cy{ eo / :j]R5frf/L zlQm
k|of]uaf6 d'lSt eGg] a'lemGYof] . t/ ca :jtGqtfnfO{ cfly{s cefj /
kl/l:yltsf] afWotfaf6 d'lQmsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/of] . o;af6
…:jtGqtfÚ eGg] s'/f wg / zlQm eGbf km/s gePsf] h:tf] b]lvg
yfNof] . o;/L kl/eflift ul/Psf] gofF :jtGqtf eg]sf] s]jn k'/fgf] wgsf]
k'g{afF8kmfF8sf] dfu dfq lyof] .
cfw'lgs ;dfhjfbLx¿sf] rf;f] ;xL eP tfklg, xfn;fn} cfP/ w]/}
ko{j]Ifsx¿ ;d]t ;dfhjfbsf ck|Toflzt kl/0ffdx¿ ;fDojfb
/ kmf;Ljfb;Fu ldNg uPsf] b]v]/ 5Ss k/]sf 5g . ;g !(#( df
lk6/ 8's/n] eg]sf lyP, ædfS;{jfbL lrGtg ckgfP/ klg :jtGqtf /
;dfgtf xfl;n ug{ g;s]kl5 ?; h:tf] d'n's klg :jtGqtf gePsf]
/ c;dfgtfn] el/Psf] hd{gLsf] h:tf] ;j{;Qfjfbsf] af6f] k5ofpg
afWo b]lvG5 . egfOsf] dtna ;fDojfb / kmf;Ljfb Pp6} xf] eGg] rflx+
xf]Og . ;fDojfb Pp6f t[i0ff dfq /x]5 eGg] dx;'; ePkl5 cfpg] r/0f
xf] kmf;Ljfb .Æ
;g !(## cl3 hd{gLsf] gfhLjfbL / ;fDojfbL cfGbf]ngsf] ;+/rgfnfO{
a'l4hLjLn] x]g{] b[li6sf]0f klg dxTjk"0f{ 5 . s'g} ;fDojfbL slt ;lhn}
gfhLjfbL x'g ;SYof] jf s'g} gfhLjfbL slt ;lhn} ;fDojfbL x'g ;SYof]
eGg] s'/f ;a}eGbf /fd|/L kf6L{sf k|f]kfuG8f km}nfpg]x¿n] a'em]sf lyP .
gfhLjfbL / ;fDojfbL ;a}eGbf a9L Ps–csf{;Fu} n8by] lsgeg] pgLx¿sf]
nIo k|foM Pp6} lyof] / b'j}n] Ps–csf{sf] ck/Dk/fut wf/0ffnfO{ 3[0ff

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
29
ub{y] . pgLx¿sf] Jojxf/n] g} pgLx¿aLrsf] ;dfgtf emNsfpFYof] . t/
b'j}sf nflu, cfkm"x?;Fu sxL+ d]n gvfg], pbf/jfbL ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;femf
zq' lyof] . gfhLjfbLnfO{ ;fDojfbL, ;fDojfbLnfO{ gfhLjfbL / b'j}nfO{
;dfhjfbL eg]sf ;xL ;f]rsf kIfw/x¿ x'g h:tf] nfUbYof] . ltgnfO{
JolQmut :jtGqtfdf ljZjf; ug{] pbf/jfbL;Fu cfkm"x¿sf] s]xL klg d]n
vfFb}g eGg] s'/fsf] /fd|/L af]w lyof] .
;dfhjfbLx¿åf/f :jtGqtfsf] af6f] egL JofVof ul/Psf] k|0ffnL jf:tjdf
bf;Tjsf] af6f] xf] . nf]stGqn] of]hgfsf] af6f] ckgfpFbf s:tf] kl/0ffd
lg:sG5 eGg] s'/f b]Vg TolQ ufx|f] 5}g . of]hgfsf p2]Zox¿ æ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
xs–lxtsf nfluÆ h:tf vf]qmf / c:ki6 zAbn] el/Psf x'G5g . clGtd
p2]Zo s] xfl;n ug{] eGg] s'/fdf Psdt x'Fb}g . clGtd p2]Zosf] 6'Ëf] geO{
s]Gb|Ls[t of]hgf k|0ffnLdf ;xdlt ug{' eg]sf] uGtJosf] 6'ªuf] gnufO{
Pp6} ;fwgdf ljleGg JolQmn] ofqf ug{' h:t} xf] . o;sf] kmn:j¿k
s;}n] grfx]sf] 7fpFsf] ofqf ug{'kg{] klg x'g ;S5 .
nf]stflGqs ;+:yfx¿n] of]hgfsf] lgsfosf] sfd ug{ ;Sb}gg . nf]stflGqs
;+:yfn] ;a} s'/fdf ;xdlt h'6fpg klg ;Sb}gg . /fHosf] ;Dk"0f{ ;|f]t
stf nufpg] eGg] ljifodf c;+Vo ;+efjgfx¿ x'g ;S5g . ;+;bn] x/]s
d'2fdf s]xL ;Demf}tf ub{} la:tf/} ;xdlt cl3 a9fP klg cGTodf o;sf]
kl/0ffdaf6 sf]xL klg ;Gt'i6 x'Fb}g .
o:tf] k|lqmofaf6 s'g} cfly{s of]hgf agfpg nf]stflGqs k|lqmofaf6 ;}Go
of]hgf agfpg eGbf ufx|f] x'G5 . /0fgLlt agfpFbf h:t} sfd klg cflv/df
lj1x¿nfO{ g} ;'Dkg'k5{ / o:tf] pkfoaf6 sy+sbflrt nf]stGqdf ;a}
cfly{s sfo{sf of]hgfx? agfOof] eg] klg, oL ;a} of]hgfnfO{ ;dflxt
ub{} Pp6f 7"nf] of]hgf agfpg r'gf}tLk"0f{ g} x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ Ps} JolQm

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
30
of s'g} Ps ;+:yfnfO{ of]hgfsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ef/ lbg'k5{ eGg] dfux¿ a9b}
hfG5g . of]hgfsf] cleofgsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ r/0f cfly{s Psflwsf/
af]s]sf] clwgfossf] dfu xf] .
o;/L Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] ;Dk"0f{ zlQm s]Gb|Ls[t ePsf] Ps JolQm
5fGg'kg]{ afWofTds cj:yf ;[hgf x'G5 . o; qmddf ;Dk"0f{ /fHo ;+/rgf
g} Psflwsf/ /x]sf] tfgfzfxLtkm{ pGd'v x'g yfN5 . o:tf] Joj:yfdf
;/sf/k|d'v x/]s k6ssf] lgjf{rgdf cToflws dt NofO{ ljhoL aGg
k'U5 . lgjf{rgsf] kl/0ffd cfkm"n] rfx]sf] lbzfdf 9fNg] zlQm / clwsf/
p;n] cfkm+}df lglxt u/]sf] x'G5 .
o;k|sf/ of]hgfn] clwgfosjfbnfO{ lgDTofpF5 . clwgfosjfb g}
eo / ha/h:tL ug{] ;a}eGbf k|efjzfnL Joj:yf klg xf] . s]Gb|Ls[t
of]hgfnfO{ ;kmn kfg{ o:tf] Joj:yf ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . nf]stflGqs
k|lqmofaf6 xfl;n ePsf] zlQmsf] dgk/L k|of]u x'g ;Sb}g eGg] ljZjf;sf]
s'g} cfwf/ 5}g . clwgfosjfbaf6 d'Qm x'g] xf] eg] zlQmnfO{ ;Lldt klg
ug{'k5{ . nf]stflGqs ¿kdf xfl;n ePsf] …;j{xf/fju{s} clwgfosjfbÚn]
klg olb s]Gb|Ls[t cfly{s of]hgf k|0ffnL ckgfof] eg] o;n] s'g} cGo
clwgfosjfbn] em}+ JolQmut :jtGqtf gi6 u5{ .
;Dk"0f{ ;dfhdfly :yfoL ¿kdf Ps p2]Zosf] cflwkTo sfod x'Fbf xfdLn]
JolQmut :jtGqtf xfl;n ug{ ;Dej 5}g . o'4sf a]nf s'g} xb;Dd
xfdLn] o:tf] cj:yfsf] cg'ej u/]sf x'G5f}+, ha bL3{sfnLg :jtGqtfsf]
;+/If0fsf nflu xfdL cfkmgf cNksfnLg dfu tyf cfjZostfx¿ la;{g
tof/ x'G5f}+ . o'4sf a]nf u/]sf] Tofu zflGtsf nflu klg ug'{k5{ eGg]
/dfOnf t/ e|fds s'/f w]/} ;'lgG5g . bL3{sfnLg :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0fsf
nflu s]xL ;dosf lglDt cfˆgf] :jtGqtf kl/Tofu ug{' Pp6f s'/f xf], t/

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
31
of]hgfa4 cy{tGqsf nflu :yfoL ¿kdf :jtGqtf kl/Tofu ug{' Tof]eGbf
lans'n} km/s x'G5 .
;dfhjfb / kmf;LjfbnfO{ glhsaf6 lgofNg]x¿n] oL b'O{ Joj:yf aLrsf]
;DaGw k|:6 b]Vg ;S5g . ;dfhjfbL sfo{qmd nfu" x'g' eg]sf] :jtGqtf
gi6 x'g' xf] . ljutsf] k':tfsf] cfbz{ ;kgfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] nf]stflGqs
;dfhjfb xfl;n x'g ;Dej g} 5}g .
lsg ;a}eGbf v/fa dfly k'U5g
cd]l/sL of a]nfotL kmf;LjfbL Joj:yf O6fnL jf hd{gLsf] eGbf km/s
x'G5 / olb kmf;Ljfb tkm{sf] ;+qmd0f clx+;fTds eof] eg] xfdLn] cem
/fd|f] g]tf kfpg klg ;S5f}+ – o;df s'g} z+sf gxf]nf . t/ o;sf] dtna
xfdLsxfF cfPsf] kmf;LjfbL Joj:yf O6fnL / hd{gLsf] eGbf Hofb} km/s
/ ;xh x'G5 eGg] rflx+ xf]Og . ;j{;QfjfbL Joj:yfsf s]xL To:tf b'u{'0f
5g h'g l9nf]rfF8f] xfdL;fd' cjZo b]vfk5{g .
cfly{{s lqmofsnfksf] of]hgf agfpg cl3 ;/]sf nf]stflGqs
g]tfn] s'g} g s'g} a]nf clwgfosjfbsf] af6f] of of]hgfsf] c;kmntf
dWo] PsnfO{ 5fGg' k/] h;/L g} ;j{;QfjfbL g]tfn] klg s'g} g s'g} a]nf
c;kmntf of g}ltstfsf] cjx]ngf dWo] PsnfO{ 5fGg}k5{ . oxL sf/0fn]
ubf{ ;j{;QfjfbL tkm{ pGd'v ;dfhdf cg}lts JolQm lgs} ;kmn x'G5g .
of] tYonfO{ gsfg{]x¿n] clxn];Dd klg ;j{;Qfjfb / klZrdf ;Eotfsf]
JolQmjfb aLrsf] 7"nf] leGgtfnfO{ a'em]sf 5}gg .
;j{;QfjfbL g]tfn] cfkmgf] jl/kl/ bdgsf] af6f]nfO{ :j]R5fn] :jLsfg{]
Pp6f hdft tof/ kfg{'k5{, h;n] afFsL hgtfdfly bdg nfb5 . ljutdf

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
32
clwsf+z ;dfh ;'wf/sx¿n] ;dfhjfb nfu" ug{sf nlu ;dfhjfbL :jo+n]
:jLsf/ ug{ g;Sg] pkfox¿ ckgfpg'kg{] /x]5 eGg] kf7 l;ls;s] . k'/fgf
;dfhjfbL kf6L{x¿ nf]stflGqs cfbz{af6 lgb{]lzt lyP . pgLx¿ cfkm"n]
/f]h]sf] p2]Zo sfof{Gjog ug{ qm"/tf ckgfpg tof/ lyPgg . hd{gL
/ O6fnL, b'j} d'n'sdf ;dfhjfbLx¿n] ;/sf/sf] of] qm"/tfk"0f{ bfloTj
;DxfNg c:jLsf/ u/]kl5 g} kmf;Ljfbsf] hGd ePsf] xf] . jf:tjdf,
cfkm}+n] OlËt u/]sf] af6f] lx+8g pgLx¿n] c:jLsf/ u/] . ax'dtn]
:jLsf/]sf] s'g} ljz]if of]hgf ;dfhsf ;a} tKsfnfO{ :jtM :jLsfo{ x'G5
eGg]df pgLx¿sf] ljZjf; lyof] . t/ …of]hgfa4Ú ;dfhdf ax'dtn]
s]df ;xdlt h'6fpF5 eGg] k|Zg xf]Og, ;a} sfdnfO{ PsfTds ¿kn] Pp6}
lbzfdf s;/L cl3 a9fpg] eGg] k|Zg rflx+ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 eGg] kf7 c¿n]
l;ls;s]sf lyP .
;j{;QfjfbL ;f]raf6 lgb]{lzt g]tfn] tof/ kf/]sf ;d"xx¿ d"ntM unt
p2]Zo af]s]sf JolQmx¿sf hdft aGg k'U5g, h;sf tLg k|d'v sf/0f
/x]sf 5g M
klxnf], JolQmsf] lzIff / ljj]s hlt hlt a9b} hfG5, pgLx¿sf] ljrf/
of ;f]rdf plt plt leGgtf cfpg yfN5 . Ps}gf;sf] ;f]r of ljrf/
vf]Hgsf nflu g}ltstf / ljj]ssf] tNnf] txdf emg{ cfjZos k5{ hxfF
hËnL k|j[lQ xfjL x'G5 . o;sf] cfzo ax'dt hgtfsf] g}ltstf tNnf]
:t/sf] x'G5 eGg] xf]Og . o;sf] cfzo t d"No / dfGotf ldNg] ;a}eGbf
7"nf] ;d"xsf ;b:osf] rflx+ g}ltstfdf k|ZglrGx nfpg ;lsG5 eGg] xf] .
bf];|f], cfˆgf k|of;x¿nfO{ j}wflgstf lbnfpg kof{Kt ¿kdf 7"nf]
;d"x pknAw gePkl5, g]tfn] nx}nx}df nfUg]x¿sf] eL8 a9fpg
vf]Hb5 . ;j{;QfjfbL g]tfn] klg cfkmgf] ;f]r tyf c8fg gePsf / c¿sf]

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
33
nx}nx}df ;lhn} nfUg]x¿sf] hdft e]nf u/L pgLx¿af6 ;xdlt h'6fpg
yfN5 . o; qmddf, cfkmgf] c8fg gePsfx¿ / ljj]sdf eGbf klg
cfj]zdf axlsg]x¿ l5§} ;j{;QfjfbL kf6L{sf 7"n7"nf cf]xf]bfdf k'Ub5g .
t];|f], o;/L e]nf ul/Psf] hdftnfO{ Pp6f ;femf p2]Zodf afFWgsf
nflu pgLx¿df /x]sf] gsf/fTds k|j[lQsf] e/k"/ pkof]u ul/G5 .
ltgnfO{ ;sf/fTds eGbf gsf/fTds sfo{qmdsf nflu ;xdltdf afFWg
;lhnf] x'G5 . o; qmddf g]tfn] ;a}sf] ;femf zq' cf}+NofOlbG5 / To;sf]
cfnf]rgf / 3[0ffdf pgLx¿nfO{ Jo:t agfOlbG5 . o:tf zq' cfGtl/s
-h:t} hd{gLsf ox'bLx¿ Jff ?;sf s'nfsx¿_ klg x'g ;S5g / b]z aflx/
vf]lhPsf -h:t}, ;fd|fHojfbL cflb_ klg x'g ;S5g .
;j{;QfjfbL kf6L{ of ;d"xdf s'g} klg JolQmn] slQsf] cg}lts sfd
ug{;S5 eGg] s'/fn] p;sf] k|ultnfO{ lgwf{l/t ub{5 . ;fWon] ;fwgsf]
cf}lrTo l;4 u5{ eGg] cg}lts cjwf/0ff g} To:tf] kf6L{ jf ;d"xsf]
g}ltstfsf] k|d'v l;4fGt aGg k'u]sf] x'G5 . To;sf] ;b:on] æ;a}sf]
enfOsf lgldQÆ h] klg ug{ tof/ x'g'k5{ lsgeg] p;sf] /fd|f] sfdsf]
dfkg ug]{ Psdfq cfwf/ g} æ;a}sf] enfOÆ aGg k'U5 .
;dfh jf /fi6« g} ;jf{]kl/ xf] / p;sf] ;fWonfO{ k"/f ug{ JolQm Pp6f
;fwg dfq xf] eGg] dfGg yflnPkl5 ;j{;Qfjfbsf eofjx kIf / ¿kx¿n]
qmd};+u xfdLnfO{ k5ofpg yfN5g . ;dfhjfbLsf] b[li6sf]0fdf pgLx¿sf
ljkIfdf s'/f /fVg]nfO{ bafpg', To:tf JolQmsf] hLjg / v';LnfO{
cgfb/ ug{', ltgnfO{ 5nsk6 ug'{ clgjfo{ / ckl/xfo{ sfo{ x'g . aGws
agfOPsf lg/Lx dflg;sf] xTof, a'9fkfsf jf la/fdLsf] xTof h:tf xfdLnfO{
;'Gb} cfª l;l/Ë x'g] sfo{x¿ pgLx¿sf nflu cfGbf]ng b|'t ultdf cl3
a9fpg] /0fgLlt dfq x'G5g . o;}u/L, nfvf}+sf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf dflg;x¿nfO{

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
34
hah{:tL cfkmgf] af;:yfg 5f]8g afWo kfl/Psf 36gfx¿ tL kLl8t
afx]s ;a}nfO{ :jLsfo{ pTs[i6 sfd ePsf] pgLx¿ 7fGb5g .
s'g} klg ;j{;QfjfbL /fHodf s;}n] klg cfkm"nfO{ pkof]uL JolQm
;flat ug{ / /fHoaf6 kmfObf lng dfgjLo g}ltstfnfO{ k"/} la;{]/
sfd ug{ tof/ x'g'k5{ . qm"/ / cg}lts JolQmsf nflu ;j{;QfjfbL
/fHodf w]/} ljz]if cj;/x¿ x'G5g . o:tf /fHodf s'g} oftgfu[x jf aGbL
lZflj/sf] Joj:yfkg cyjf k|rf/–k|;f/ dGqfno jf u'Ktr/ lgsfosf
sfddf dfgjLo ;+j]bgfsf] s'g} :yfg x'Fb}g . ;j{;QfjfbL kf6L{df o:t}
7fpFdf sfd u/]sf] cg'ejn] ;a}eGbf pRr kbdf k'¥ofpF5 .
k|Voft cd]l/sL cy{zf:qL k|f= k|m]+s Pr= gfO6n] n]v]sf 5g, æ;d"xnfO{
dxTj lbg] -;dfhjfbL_ /fHosf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] oL sfdx¿ Rffx]/ xf]; jf
grfx]/, ug}{k5{ . o:tf] /fHo Joj:yfdf zlQm grfxg] of o;nfO{ b'¿kof]u
ug{ grfxg] s'g} enfbdL JolQm ;Qf ;DxfNg k'U5 eGg] sNkgf ug'{ eg]sf]
æbf;x¿nfO{ s'6g] JolQm sdnf] x[bosf] x'G5Æ eg]/ cf; ug'{ h:t} xf] .
cem la;{g gx'g] s'/f t s] xf] eg], ;d"xjfb jf ;dfhjfb eg]s} ;Tosf]
cGTo xf] . ;j{;QfjfbL Joj:yfnfO{ ;kmn kfg{sf nflu ;Qfdf ePsfx¿sf]
cfb]z cg';f/ afFsL ;a}nfO{ ha/h:tL sfd ug{ nufP/ dfq k'Ub}g . ;Dk"0f{
hgtfn] ;Qfwf/Lx¿sf] p2]Zo g} cfkmgf] klg ;fWo xf] eGg] ;f]r ljsf;
ug{ ;d]t ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . o;sf lglDt ;"rgfsf ;Dk"0f{ ;|f]tnfO{ lgoGq0fdf
lnOG5 / ;Qfwf/Lsf p2]ZonfO{ PstkmL{ ¿kdf w'jfFwf/ k|rf/ ul/G5 .
;Qfwf/Lsf d"No / dfGotf ;a} hgtfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/fpg] ;a}eGbf
k|efjsf/L tl/sf eg]sf] oL pgLx¿sf klxn]b]lvs} d"No–dfGotf x'g /
clxn];Dd lognfO{ /fd|/L a'lemPsf] /x]g5 eGg] ljZjf; lbnfpg' xf] . /,
o;f] ug{] ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L pkfo rflx+ k'/fg} dxTjk"0f{ zAbsf] k|of]u

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
35
u/]/ tL zAbsf] cy{ km]l/lbg' xf] . ;j{;Qfjfbsf o:tf s]xL rl/qx¿ ;txL
ljZn]ifsx¿sf nflu Psbd cgf}7f nfUg ;S5g . t/, efiffnfO{ o;/L]
ljs[t agfpg' g} ;j{;Qfjfbdf a'l4hLjL ju{sf] Ps k|d'v rl/q klg xf] .
;j{;Qfjfbdf ;a}eGbf a9L b'¿kof]u x'g] zAb æ:jtGqtfÆ g} xf] .
;j{;QfjfbL /fHodf o;nfO{ cTolws k|of]u ul/G5 . jf:tjdf, hxfF
:jtGqtfsf] ;a}eGbf a9L xgg ePsf] 5, ToxfF of] sfd hgtfnfO{ gofF
:jtGqtf lbnfpg] gfddf ePsf] 5 . xfdLaLr klg o:tf w]/} of]hgfsf/x¿
x'g;S5g h;n] xfdLnfO{ ;fd"lxs :jtGqtfsf] cfZjf;g lbG5g t/
of] ;j{;QfjfbL /fhgLlt1x¿n] cfZjf;g lbg] æ:jtGqtfÆ h:t} e|fds
x'G5 . æ;fd"lxs :jtGqtfÆ eg]sf] ;dfhsf x/]s JolQmsf] :jtGqtf
xf]Og . o;sf] cy{ of]hgfsf/nfO{ hgtfsf gfddf dgk/L ug{] :jtGqtf
dfq} xf] . of] :j]R5frf/L ¿kdf u/Lg] zlQmk|of]usf] r/d pbfx/0f xf] .
ax'dtnfO{ :jtGq¿kdf ;f]Rgaf6 /f]Sg TolQ ufx|f] x'Fb}g . t/
cfnf]rgf ug{] cNk;+Vosx¿nfO{ r"k nufpg' klg h?/L x'G5 . /fHosf
lj¿4 ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf cfnf]rgf ug{] of /fHosf] sfdnfO{ z+sfsf]
b[li6n] x]g{] ;a}nfO{ bafpg h¿/L x'G5 lsgeg] o:tf cleJolQmn] /fHodf
;Qfwf/Lsf] ks8 sdhf]/ u/fpg ;S5g . l;8gL / ljofl6«; j]an] ¿;sf
pBf]usf] l:ylt ;DaGwL k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g M æsfd x'Fb} ubf{,
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf, s;}n] klg ;DalGwt of]hgfsf] ;kmntfsf af/]df k|Zg
p7fof] eg] p;nfO{ sfddf OdfGbf/ gePsf] b]lv /fi6«b|f]xL ;Ddsf] cf/f]k
nufOG5, h;sf] clek|fo sfd ul//x]sf cGo JolQmx¿n] p;sf] egfOnfO{
;b}j unt 7fg"g / plQs} tGdotfk"j{s sfd ul//fv"g eGg] xf] .Æ
/fhgLlts ¿kdf vf;} dxTj g/x]sf ljifoj:t'df klg qmdzM lgoGq0f
ug{ yflnG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;fk]Iftfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ æO{;fO{ / gf]l8{s
ef}lts lj1fgsf] d"n l;4fGtdflysf] k|xf/Æ dflgG5 lsgeg] of] åGåfTds

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
36
ef}ltsjfb / dfS;{jfbL lrGtgsf lj¿4 5 . k|To]s sfo{sf] cf}lrTo
;fdflhs p2]Zoaf6 lgwf{l/t x'g yfN5 . :jt:km"t{ ¿kdf hgrfxgf
cg';f/sf] sfd x'g lbOFb}g lsgeg] o;n] cgk]lIft glthf NofpF5 / o:tf]
sfo{nfO{ of]hgfn] ;d]6]sf] x'Fb}g .
af}l4s :jtGqtfsf] bdg ;j{;QfjfbL Joj:yf :yfkgf ePkl5 dfq
x'gyfN5 eGg' klg unt x'G5 . ;a}eGbf qf;bLk"0f{ s'/f t, o:tf] bdg
;d"xjfbdf ljZjf; /fVg] ;a}vfn] Joj:yfdf kfOG5 eGg] tYo xf] .
;dfhjfbsf] gfddf ul/Psf] s'g} klg bdgnfO{ IfDo dflgG5 / km/s
dtk|ltsf] c;lxi0f'tfsf] u'0fufg ufOG5 . ;d"xjfbL ljrf/sf] lj8Dagf
g} s] xf] eg], o;n] ljj]ssf] >]i7tfnfO{ :yfkgf ug{ vf]Hbf ljj]snfO{ g}
gi6 ug{ k'U5 .
;d"xjfbsf] ljsf;;Fu} xfd|f] g}lts d"No / dfGotfdf cfPsf] Pp6f
kl/jt{gnfO{ oxfF ljz]if ¿kdf pNn]v ug{ cfjZos 5 . s'g}a]nf c+u]|h
hfltn] Gofof]lrt ¿kdf uj{ ug]{ sltko d"No / dfGotfx¿ cr]n
cd]l/sf / a]nfotdf lbgk|ltlbg cjd"Nog x'Fb}5g . o:tf d"No–dfGotfx¿
x'gM :jtGqtf / cfTdlge{/tf, JolQmut kxnx¿ / :yfgLo lhDd]jf/L,
kf/:kl/s lge{/tf, 5/l5d]sdf cx:tIf]k, ljljwtfk|lt ;lxi0f'tf, zlQm
tyf clwsf/k|lt ;sf/fTds ;Gb]x . cd]l/sf / a]nfotsf] g}lts rl/q
lgwf{/0f ub}{ cfPsf oL d"NodfGotf, k/Dk/fx¿ / o;;DaGwL ;+:yfut
Joj:yfx¿ ;d"xjfbL lrGtg / s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] rngn] lj:tf/} Wj:t aGb}
uO/x]sf 5g .

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
37
of]hgf sL ljlwsf] zf;g
Pp6f :jtGq b]z / :j]R5frf/L ;/sf/åf/f zfl;t b]zaLrsf] ;a}eGbf
7"nf] leGgtf g} :jtGq b]zdf kfngf ul/g] ljlwsf] zf;g xf] . ljlwsf]
zf;gsf] cy{, Psbd} ;/n ¿kdf eGbf, ;/sf/nfO{ x/]s sfd ubf{
lglZrt / k"j{3f]lift lgoddf afFWg' xf] . of] eg]sf] lglZrt kl/l:yltdf
;/sf/n] cfkm";Fu ePsf] bdgsf/L zlQm s;/L k|of]u u5{ eGg] k"j{
hfgsf/L kfP/ ;f]xL cg'¿k hf];'s}n] cfkmgf] JolQmut of]hgf agfpg
;Sg] kl/l:ylt klg xf] . ljlwsf] zf;g ePsf] :jtGq d'n'sdf s'g}
klg JolQm cfkm"n] ug{] sfddf ;/sf/n] :j]R5frf/L ¿kdf x:tIf]k ug{
;Sb}g eGg]af/] 9'Ss eP/ cfkmgf] nIo lgwf{/0f ug{ / To; cg';f/ sfd
ug{ :jtGq x'G5 .
;dfhjfbL cfly{s of]hgfn] o;sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt kl/l:ylt ;[hgf u5{ .
of]hgf agfpg] lgsfon] :j]R5frf/L k|j[lQ lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu cfkm"nfO{
lgoddf afFWg ;Sb}g . kl/l:ylt s:tf] aGb} hfG5 eg], sxfF sltj6f
;'Fu'/ kfNg] eGg]b]lv sltj6f a; rnfpg eGg];Dd / sltj6f sf]Onf
vfgL rnfpg] eGg]b]lv s'g h'Qf slt ¿k}oFfdf a]Rg] eGg];Ddsf] lg0f{o
;/sf/L lgsfon] ug{ yfN5g . :jefjtM o:tf lg0f{ox¿ bL3{sfnLg
geO{ lgtfGt kl/l:ylthGo x'G5g / o:tf lg0f{o ubf{ hlxn] klg s]xL
JolQm of ;d"xsf] lglxt :jfy{nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ug'{ h¿/L x'G5 .
cGttf]uTjf, s'g} lglZrt JolQmsf] wf/0ffn] s;sf] :jfy{nfO{ a9L dxTj
lbg] eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f u5{ / ltg} wf/0ffx¿ To; 7fpFsf nflu sfg'g
aGg k'Ub5g . To;}n], hlt hlt /fHon] …of]hgfÚ agfpF5 Tolt Tolt
JolQmnfO{ cfkmgf] of]hgf agfpg ufx|f] k5{ .

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
38
o;/L zf;gsf oL b'O{ k4ltaLrsf] km/s dxTjk"0f{ 5 . of] km/s
eg]sf] hgtfnfO{ ;f+s]lts ¿kdf lbzflgb{]z ug{' / hgtfnfO{ hah{:tL
s'g} af6f]df lxF8gsf nflu cfb]z lbg' aLrsf] leGgtf h:t} xf] .
To;dfly, s]Gb|Lo of]hgf k|0ffnLdf ;/sf/ lgikIf /xg ;Sb}g . /fHo
JolQmnfO{ cfkmgf] ljsf;sf cj;/x¿ xfl;n ug{ ;3fpg] pkof]uL
;+:yfsf] ;§f lglZrt JolQmsf] lglZrt dfu k"/f ug]{ vfnsf] lje]bsf/L
;+oGqdf ¿kfGtl/t x'g k'U5 . o; qmddf, s'g} JolQm slt wgL x'g kfpg]
/ s;n] slt ;DklQ /fVg kfpg] h:tf sfg'g /fHon] agfpg yfN5 .
ljlwsf] zf;g eg]s} /fHo jf To; cGtu{tsf] s'g} zlQm–;+oGqn] s]xL
JolQm jf ;d"xnfO{ sfg'gL 5'6 lbg gkfpg] Joj:yf xf], hxfF sfg'gsf
cl3 ;a} ;dfg x'G5g . o:tf] Joj:yfn] hgtfnfO{ :j]R5frf/L ;/sf/af6
arfpF5 . t/ ;dfhjfbL -gfhLjfbL ;lxt_ x¿n] ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t
o:tf] Joj:yfsf] ;w}+ cfnf]rgf u/]sf] kfOG5 . pgLx¿ sfg'gsf cufl8
;a} ;dfg x'g] Joj:yfsf] lj/f]w ub{} sfg'gsf] …;dfhjfbLs/0fsf]Ú dfu
/fVb5g / GofofwLzx¿sf] lgikIftfdfly cfqmd0f ub{5g .
;dfhjfbL Joj:yfdf sfg'gn] /fHosf ;a} p2]Zo / clek|fonfO{ sfg'gL
dfGotf lbg'k5{ . olb sfg'gn] s'g} ;ldlt of ;/sf/L lgsfon] h] u/] klg
x'G5 eG5 eg] Tof] lgsfon] h] u/] klg sfg'g;Ddt aGg k'U5 / o:tf]
lgsfonfO{ ljlwsf] zf;gn] 5'Fb}g . o;/L ;/sf/nfO{ c;Lldt zlQm k|bfg
u/]/ p;sf] :j]R5frfl/ zf;gnfO{ klg sfg'gL hfdf klx¥ofpg ;lsG5 .
o;n] nf]stGqdf ;f]Rg} g;lsg] lg/+s'ztfnfO{ hGd lbg ;S5 .
ljlwsf] zf;gsf] hGd pbf/jfbL lrGtgsf] ljsf; ;Fu;Fu} ePsf] xf] / of]
pbf/jfbL lrGtgsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] pknlAw klg xf] . of] :jtGqtfsf] ;xL
sfg'gL k|f¿k klg xf] . ODofg'on SofG6n] eg]em}+, ædfG5]n] :jtGqtf ta

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
39
xfl;n u5{ ha p;n] s'g} JolQmsf] cfb]zsf] kfngf gu/L sfg'gsf] dfq
kfngf u/] k'U5 .Æ
s] of]hgf ‘clgjfo{’ x'G5 <
cfhef]ln sd} of]hgfsf/x?n] dfq s]Gb|Ls[t of]hgf k|0ffnL jf~5gLo
pkfo xf] eGg] u5{g / o;af6} xfdLn] w]/} s'/f a'emg ;S5f}+ . ;fy} clws+fz
of]hgfsf/x?n] xfdL cfkmgf] lgoGq0fdf gePsf] kl/l:yltn] s]Gb|Ls[t
of]hgf k|0ffnLtkm{ tflgb} hfG5f}+ eGg] s'/f :jLsfg]{ u/]sf 5g .
cfw'lgs ;Eotfsf] hl6ntfnfO{ s]Gb|Ls[t of]hgf k|0ffnLsf] kIfdf k|:t't
ug]{ k|rng klg gePsf] xf]Og . o; ts{sf cg';f/ cfw'lgs ;Eotfsf]
hl6ntfn] k}bf ug]{ gofF ;d:ofx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf s]Gb|Ls[t of]hgf
k|0ffnLaf6 dfq ;'Nemfpg ;lsG5 . o:tf] ts{n] k|lt:kwf{sf] sfo{ljlwsf
af/]df s]xL unt cjwf/0ffx¿ af]s]sf] x'G5 . oyf{ydf cfw'lgs ;dfhsf]
oxL hl6ntfnfO{ ;dGjo ug{ ;Dej agfpg] Pp6} dfq k|0ffnL k|lt:kwf{ xf] .
olb kl/l:ylt ;/n eOlbPsf] eP / s'g} JolQm cyjf lgsfon] ;j{]If0f
u/]/ ;Dk"0f{ tYo kQf nufpg ;Sg] eP k|efjsf/L lgoGq0f / of]hgfdfly
s'g} k|Zg g} p7b}g lyof] xf]nf . t/, Wofg lbg'kg{] ;"rgfx¿ hlt hl6n /
c;+Vo xF'b} hfG5g Tolt g} s'g} Pp6f s]Gb|n] tL ;a} ;"rgf ;+sng u/]/
/fVg] sfo{ klg c;Dej xF'b} hfG5 . dfu / cfk"lt{sf] of] lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g
x'g] kl/l:yltaf/] s'g} Ps s]Gb|n] slxNo} klg k"0f{ hfgsf/L lng / To;nfO{
plrt ¿kdf tTsfn k|jfx ug{ ;Sb}g .
k|lt:kwf{df – / s'g} cfly{s of]hgf gxF'bf – oL ;"rgfnfO{ d"No k|0ffnLn]
:jtM ;+sng u/]/ /fVb5 . s'g} OlGhlgo/n] dfkgsf sfF6fx¿ lgofn]

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
40
h:t}, pBdLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos x'g] d"Nox¿ ;ts{tfk"j{s lgofn]/,
cfkmgf] ultljlwnfO{ ahf/sf] jftfj/0f;Fu d]n vfg] u/L cfkm}+ kl/jt{g
ub{5g . o; k|0ffnL;Fu bfFh]/ x]bf{ s]Gb|Ls[t of]hgf k|0ffnL cToGt k|frLg,
¿l9jfbL, k|efjxLg / Psbd} ;+sL0f{ b]lvG5 . olb xfdL cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf
nflu s]Gb|Ls[t of]hgf k|0ffnLd} lge{/ eP/ a;]sf] eP cfh;Ddsf]
cf}Bf]lus ljz]if1tf / nlrnf]kg zfob} xfl;n uYof}{+ xf]nf . s'g} s]Gb|Ls[t
lgsfon] of]hgf agfP/ ;[hgf ug{ gnufPsf] eP/ g} dfgjLo ;Eotf /
ljsf; cfhsf] cj:yfdf cfOk'Ug ;Dej ePsf] xf] . lbg k|ltlbg cfly{s
hl6ntf j[l4 x'Fb} hfFbf To;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu s]Gb|Ls[t of]hgf k|0ffnLsf]
cfjZostf a9g'sf] ;f6f] k|lt:kwf{df e/ kg{'kg{] cj:yf a9b} uO/x]sf] 5 .
k|ljlwsf] sf/0fn] w]/} If]qdf k|lt:kwf{ c;Dej ePsf] 5 / xfdL ;fd'
/x]sf] ljsNk eg]sf] pTkfbgdf lghL jf ;/sf/L Psflwsf/nfO{ :jLsfg{' g}
xf] eGg] ts{x¿ klg g;'lgg] xf]Ogg . t/ o;sf] sf/s k|ljlwsf] ljsf;
geO{ w]/} b]zn] ckgfPsf] gLlt g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;sf af/]df ;a}eGbf uxg cWoog, s'g} klg b[li6n] pbf/jfbL ;f]rlt/
em'sfj gePsf] æcNksfnLg /fli6«o ;ldltÆn] u/]sf] kfOG5 h;sf] lgisif{
o; k|sf/ 5 M
7"nf pBf]ux¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf pRr x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] clxn];Dd
k'li6 x'g ;s]sf] 5}gÙ k|lt:kwf{nfO{ dfg{] lsl;dsf kmfObfx¿ s]xL klg
kfOPsf] 5}g ====To;}n] 7"nf pTkfbsx¿n] cfkmgf] cfsf/sf] kmfObf
p7fpFb} cGttf]uTjf k|lt:kwf{nfO{ 7fpF lbb}gg eGg] lgisif{nfO{ :jLsfg{
;ls+b}g === Psflwsf/x¿ w]/}h;f] cj}w¿kdf ul/Psf] ldn]dtf] / o;nfO{
k|jw{g ug{] ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] k|ltkmnsf ¿kdf b]lvPsf 5g . o:tf
ts{x¿sf] o'lQm;+ut cfnf]rgf u/L Psflwsf/nfO{ k|jw{g ug{] ;fj{hlgs

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
41
gLltx¿ vf/]h u/]/ k'gM klg k|lt:kwf{sf nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f ;[hgf
ug{ ;lsG5 .
Psflwsf/ vf]Hg] JolQmx¿ cfkmgf] kmfObfsf] ;+/If0f ug{ s;/L
/fHosf] k5fl8 s'b5g eGg] s'/f w]/}n] /fd|f];Fu a'em]sf 5g . ;+o'Qm /fHo
cd]l/sfdf klg ;+/If0fjfbL gLltn] ubf{ g} Jofkf/df Psflwsf/sf] hGd
eof] . hd{gLdf ;g !*&* b]lv l;lG8s]6sf] j[l4nfO{ ;fj{hlgs gLltn]
k|f]T;flxt ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . /fHosf] ;xof]udf …j}1flgs of]hgfÚ lgdf0f{ /
…pBf]usf] ;'lgof]lht pTkfbgdfÚ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] k/LIf0f klxnf] k6s hd{gLdf
g} ePsf] lyof] h;n] ubf{ ToxfF Psflwsf/ ePsf 7"nf pBf]ux¿sf] hGd
eof] . k|lt:kwf{nfO{ bdg ug{] hd{gLsf] ToxL ;'lgof]lht gLltnfO{ xfdL
…of]hgfÚ elg/x]sf 5f}+ .
;+ul7t k"FhL / ;+ul7t >d, oL b'j}n] pBf]udf Psflwsf/nfO{ ;dy{g
ug{] gLlt ckgfpF5gÙ To;}n] b'j} vt/fk"0f{ x'G5g . xfn;fn} b]lvPsf]
Psflwsf/df ePsf] j[l4 klg oL b'O{ aLrsf] ldn]dtf]n] ubf{ xf] . o;af6
ljz]if kxF'r ePsf >ldsn] pkef]Qmfsf vr{df / vf; u/L sd ;+ul7t
kF"hLaf6 ;~rflnt pBf]usf >ldssf] vr{df Psflwsf/sf] kmfObf
cfkmgf] xftdf kf/]sf] b]lvG5 .
s]Gb|Ls[t of]hgftkm{sf] cleofg lgotjz ul/g] lqmofsnfksf] k|ltkmn
xf] . s'g} afXo kl/l:yltn] xfdLnfO{ o:tf] of]hgf agfpg afWo kfb}{g .
s] of]hgfn] xfdLnfO{ lhDd]jf/Laf6 d'Qm u/fp“5 <
cfkmgf] sfdsf] Jojxfl/s kIf a'emg] w]/} of]hgfsf/x?nfO{ yfxf x'G5
ls lgb]{lzt cy{tGqnfO{ tfgfzfxL zf;gn] dfq ;+rfng ug{ ;S5 .

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
42
ljljw ljifo jf If]qsf lqmofsnfksf] hl6n ;+hfn rnfpgsf nflu
lj1x¿sf] ;d"x cfjZos k5{ . To;dfkm{t of] k|lqmof rnfpg] tfgfzfxL
zf;ssf] xftdf /x]sf] lg/+s'z zlQmnfO{ nf]stflGqs k|lqmofn] cNemfpg'
x'Fb}g eGg] of]hgfsf/x¿n] /fd|/L af]w u/]sf x'G5g . pgLx¿ of] tfgfzfxL
k|j[lQ cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf …dfqÚ ;Lldt x'G5 eg]/ xfdLnfO{ cfZjf;g
lbG5g . o;sf ;fy}, o;/L cfkmgf] hLjgsf] sd dxTjk"0f{ kIfaf6
clnslt :jtGqtf Tofu ubf{ xfdLn] cem pRr d"No / dfGotf k|fKt
ug{] :jtGqtf kfpF5f}+ eGg] klg ;DemfOG5 . kmn:j¿k /fhgLlts If]qdf
tfgfzfxL zf;gsf] 3f]/ eT;{gf ug{]x¿ klg cfly{s If]qdf ToxL
tfgfzfxLsf] kl5 nfUb5g .
o:tf ts{x¿ xfd|f] r]tgfnfO{ nf]Eofpg] lsl;dn] k|:t't ul/Psf x'G5g .
x'g klg, s]Gb|Ls[t of]hgfn] xfdLnfO{ …sd dxTjk"0f{Ú lhDd]jf/Laf6 d'lQm
lbnfO{ ;/n hLjg – pRr ljrf/sf] uf}/jk"0f{ lhGbuL lhpg ;Dej
agfpFYof] eg], o:tf] cfbz{ p2]ZonfO{ s;n] c:jLsf/ ug{ ;Snf <
cfly{s ;fWonfO{ hLjgsf cGo ;fWoaf6 5'6ofpg ;ls+b}g . …cfly{s
k]|/sÚ eg]/ unt gfds/0f ul/P klg Tof] ;fdfGo cj;/sf] OR5f dfq
xf] . olb xfdL k};fsf nflu sfd u5f{}+ eg] To;sf] sf/0f xf] – k};fn] xfd|f]
k|of;sf] kmn ef]u ug{sf nflu ;a}eGbf a9L cj;/ k|bfg u5{ . Psrf]l6
sdfPkl5 xfdL cfkm"n] sdfPsf] k};f hxfF rfXof] ToxL+ vr{ ug{ ;S5f}+ .
k};fsf] ;Lldttfn] ubf{ g} xfdL ul/aL;Fu} cfpg] cefj dx;'; u5f{}+ . Tof]
cefjsf] k|ltlglwTj k};fn] u5{ . To;}n] w]/}n] k};fk|lt gsf/fTds ;f]r
/fVb5g . t/ j:t'tM k};f dfG5]n] cfljisf/ u/]sf] :jtGqtfsf] ;a}eGbf
7"nf] ;fwg xf] . clxn]sf] ;dfhdf klg ul/a JolQmnfO{ k};fn] g} cj;/sf
;a}eGbf a9L 9f]sfx¿ vf]lnlbG5 – ljutsf k':tfsf wgL;Fu klg gePsf
cj;/sf 9f]sfx¿ p;sf ;fd' v'nf x'G5g .

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
43
olb ;dfhjfbLx¿n] eg]h:t} …cfly{s k|]/sÚnfO{ x6fP/ u}/–df}lb|s
cfwf/df sfd nufpg yfNof}+ eg] xfdLn] k};fsf]] jf:tljs dxTj ;fFRr}
a'emg ;Sg]5f}+ . olb sfdsf] kfl/>ldssf ¿kdf k};f glbP/ To;sf] ;§f
;fj{hlgs ;Ddfg of ljlzi6 kmfObf of cGo JolQmdflysf] zlQm of /fd|f]
vfgf of jf;:yfg of k9g / 3'Dgsf nflu cj;/ lbOg yfNof] eg] sfd
ug]{ JolQmn] cfkmgf] OR5f cg'¿k s]xL klg 5fGg kfpFb}g . ;fy}, h;n]
Tof] k|ltkmn k|bfg u5{ p;n] sqf] k|ltkmn lbg] / Tof] k|ltkmn s;/L
k|of]u ug{] eGg] s'/f klg lglZrt ul/lbG5 .
o;/L of]hgfsf/x¿sf cg';f/ pgLx?n] jfrf ug]{ u/]sf] tyfslyt cfly{s
:jtGqtfn] xfdLnfO{ cfkmgf] cfly{s ;d:of ;'Nemfpg] cleef/faf6 d'Qm
u/fpF5 / To;sf nflu pgLx¿n] g} xfd|fnflu sltko s6' 5gf}6x¿ klg
ul/lbG5g . cfw'lgs ;+;f/df xfdL cfˆgf] hLjgsf] nueu x/]s kIfdf
c¿df lge{/ 5f}+ . To;}n], cfly{s of]hgfn] xfd|f] ;Dk"0f{ hLjgnfO{ g}
lgb{]lzt ul/lbG5 . xfd|f cfwf/e"t cfjZostfb]lv kl/jf/ / ;fyLefO;Fusf]
;DaGw;Dd, xfdLn] ug{] sfdsf] k|s[ltb]lv vfnL ;do s;/L latfpg]
eGg] s'/f;Dd, o:tf] s'g} klg kIf x'Fb}g h;dfly of]hgfsf/x?sf] kx'Fr /
lgoGq0f gk'u]sf] xf]; . xfdLnfO{ cfkmgf] cfo OR5f cg';f/ vr{ ug{ lbP
klg, xfd|f] lghL hLjgdfly of]hgfsf/sf] lgoGq0f 36]/ hfFb}g lsgeg]
;Dk"0f{ pTkfbg g} pgLx¿sf] xftdf x'G5 .
k|lt:kwf{Tds ;dfhdf olb Ps JolQm jf lgsfon] xfd|f] dfu k"/f ug{
dfg]g eg] xfdL csf{] JolQm jf lgsfodf hfg ;S5f}+ eGg] tYodf xfd|f]
…5gf}6sf] :jtGqtfÚ cfwfl/t 5 . t/ olb xfdLdfem Psflwsf/ k|fKt
JolQm of lgsfo 5 eg] xfdL p;sf] OR5fsf] lzsf/ aGg k'U5f}+ . /, ;Dk"0f{
cy{tGqnfO{ lgb{]lzt ug{] s'g} klg JolQm of lgsfoeGbf 7"nf] / zlQmzfnL
Psflwsf/ ePsf] c? sf]xL x'g} ;Sb}g .

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
44
o:tf] Psflwsf/Ln] xfdLnfO{ s] lbg] / s'g zt{df lbg] eGg] ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{o
ug{] zlQm af]s]sf] x'G5 . p;n] s'g ;fdfg pknAw u/fpg] / slt pknAw
u/fpg] eGg] dfq xf]Og, Tof] ;fdfg s'g ;d"x / If]qdf slt afF8g] eGg]
;d]t lg0f{o u5{ . o;n] s;}nfO{ klg rfx] cg';f/ lje]bsf/L Jojxf/ ug{
;S5 . xfdLn] s] kfpg] eGg] s'/f cfkmgf] OR5f / rfxgf cg';f/ geO{
c¿ s;}sf] ljrf/ / rfxgfdf lge{/ x'G5 .
o;/L s]Gb|Ls[t of]hgf k|0ffnLdf s'g} zlQms]Gb|sf] OR5fn] xfd|f] b}lgs
hLjgnfO{ lgb]{lzt u5{ . of] oyf{y pTkfbssf] hLjgdf cem s8f ¿kdf
nfu" x'G5 . xfd|f] sfd tyf Joj;fo xfd|f] hLjgsf] dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f xf]
/ k|foM cfkmgf] sfdn] g} xfdL sxfF / s;sf] dfem a:g] eGg] lg0f{onfO{
lgb{]lzt u5{ . To;}n] cfˆgf] v'zLsf nflu xfdLn] s] sfd ug{] eGg]
:jtGqtf cfkm"n] sdfPsf] k};f km';{bsf] ;dodf s;/L vr{ ug{] eGg]
:jtGqtfeGbf dxTjk"0f{ 5 .
cfbz{ ;+;f/df klg of] :jtGqtf ;Lldt x'G5 . w]/} sd dflg;nfO{ dfq
cg]sg k]zfdWo] 5gf}6 ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . t/ sd;]sd xfdLn]
s]xL t :jtGqtf kfPsf 5f}+ / c¿n] xfd|fnflu 5flglbPsf] k]zfdf
afFlwPsf t 5}gf}+ . cfkm"n] ub{} u/]sf] s'g} sfd Psbd} dg k/]g eg]
clnslt s8f kl/>d / s]xL Tofu u/]/ csf{] k]zfdf nfUg t ;S5f}+ .
of] s'/f lgs} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . h:tf];'s} cys k|of; u/] klg xfdL cfkmgf]
kl/l:yltnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ eGg] 1fgn] Tof] kl/l:ylt a]xf]g{ cem
ufx|f] kf5{ . s'g} Pp6f 7"nf] oGqdf Pp6f ;fgf] lsNnf x'g' Tolt /fd|f]
kl/l:ylt gxf]nf . t/ of]eGbf s}of}+ u'0ff g/fd|f] kl/l:ylt eg]sf] Tof] oGq
5f8]/ csf{lt/ hfg] :jtGqtf ;dfKt x'g' / ToxL oGq / xfd|fnflu c¿n]
5flglbPsf pg} xflsdx¿;Fu afFlwg'kg{] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf x'g' xf] .

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
45
jt{dfg ljZjdf xfdL;Fu /x]sf 5gf}6sf ljsNk / cj;/x¿ a9fpg w]/}
sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ of]hgfn] xfdLnfO{ o;sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt lbzfdf
nfG5 . of]hgfn] ljleGg Jofkf/ / k]zfdf pknAw x'g] /f]huf/Lsf cj;/
of kfOg] kfl/>lds of b'j}nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{'k5{ . of]hgfsf] klxnf] kfOnf
eg]s} ltgnfO{ lgoGq0f / k|ltaGwleq ;Lldt ug{' xf] .
k|lt:kwf{Tds ;dfhdf w]/}h;f] s'/fx¿ s'g} g s'g} d"Nodf lsGg
;lsG5 . o:tf] d"No k|foM Hofb} pRr klg x'G5 . s'g} Ps s'/f kfpgsf
nflu xfdLn] csf]{ s'/f Tofu ug{'k5{ . oBlk :jtGqtf gx'g' egsf] cfb]z
tyf lgodx¿ kfngf ug'{kg]{ l:lytsf] ;[hgf xf] .
dfG5]x¿n] ufx|f] sfd 5gf}6 ug{ grfxg' cgf}7f] s'/f xf]Og . t/ w]/} sdn]
dfq o:tf] 5gf}6 c¿ s;}n] ul/lbof]; eGg] rfxG5g . pgLx¿sf] rfxgf
;s];Dd o:tf] 5gf}6 ug{' g} gk/] x'GYof] eGg] x'G5 . sfdsf] 5gf}6 /
cfly{s cj:yfaLrsf] ;DaGw pgLx¿n] a'em]sf x'G5g .
d'n'sdf cfly{s ;d:of 5}g eGg] sfNklgs ;f]rnfO{ yk k'li6 ug{
of]hgfa4 cy{tGqn] k|lt:kwf{Tds k|0ffnLeGbf Hofbf pTkfbg lbG5 eGg]
bfaL ul/G5 . t/ cfly{s ;d:of cWoog ug{] w]/}n]] of] bfaLnfO{ c:jLsf/
ub}{ uPsf 5g . ;dfhjfbL lrGtg af]s]sf w]/} cy{zf:qL] ;d]t of]hgfa4
cfly{s k|0ffnLn] k|lt:kwf{Tds k|0ffnLsf] hlt dfq pTkfbg ug{ ;Sof] eg]
klg v';L x'G5g . o;eGbf klg a9L, cfhef]ln of]hgfsf] k}/jL ;dtfd"ns
ljt/0f xfl;n ug{sf nflu eg]/ ul/G5 . xfdL s;n] s] s'/f slt kfpg]
eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug{ rfxG5f}+ eg] ;Dk"0f{ cy{tGq g} of]hgfa4 ¿kdf
cl3 nfg'kg{] x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf s;}sf] ljdlt gxf]nf .

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
46
t/ k|Zg of] p75 sL s;}n] cfkm"n] cfb{z 7fg]sf] Gofo k|flKtsf nflu
xfdLn] r'sfpg' kg]{ d"No cy{tGqsf] v'nfkg b'?kof]u u/]/ ePsf] bdg
/ c;Gtf]if eGbf lgs} u'0ff 7"nf] x'G5 . ha ;/sf/n] ;DklQsf] ljt/0f
k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ug{ yfN5 ta of] s'g l;4fGtaf6 k]|l/t x'g'k5{ < o;sf]
pQ/ s]jn Pp6f l;4fGt of lgodn] dfq lbg ;S5 / Tof] xf] M ;a}
JolQmsf] k"0f{ ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt . olb o;nfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ xf] eg]
sd;]sd cf}lrTok"0f{ ljt/0fsf] c:ki6 cjwf/0ffdf s]xL :ki6tf kfpg
;lsG5 xf]nf . t/ ;fdfGotof, dfG5]n] o:tf] lsl;dsf] oflGqs ;dfgtf
rfx]sf xF'b}gg, / ;dfhjfbn] klg k"0f{ ;dfgtf geP/ æpRr ;dfgtfÆsf]
dfq afrf u/]sf] x'G5 .
t/ of] ;"qn] s'g} klg k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbg ;Sb}g . o;n] x/]s lg0f{o ubf{
s'g ;d"xeGbf s'g ;d"x a9L plrt xf] eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ klg lbFb}g /
lg0f{o ug{ vf;} d2t klg ub{}g . o;n] xfdLnfO{ s]jn …wgLaf6 ;Sbf]
lng'k5{Ú dfq eG5 . t/ To;/L lnOPsf] ;DklQsf] ljt/0f ug{] a]nfdf eg]
Tof] æpRr ;dfgtfÆsf] ;"qdf Wofg} lbOFb}g .
cfly{s :jtGqtfljgfsf] /fhgLlts :jtGqtf cy{xLg dflgG5 . of] s'/f
;To xf], t/ xfd|f of]hgfsf/x¿n] nufPsf] cy{eGbf 7Ls ljk/Lt cy{df .
cfly{s :jtGqtf cGo ;a} :jtGqtfsf] k"j{zt{sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . t/
of] eg]sf] ;dfhjfbLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ afrf u/]sf] æcfly{s lhDd]jf/Laf6
d'lQmÆ xf]Og . æcfly{s lhDd]jf/Laf6 d'lQmÆn] xfdLnfO{ 5gf}6 ug{] cj;/af6
jl~rt u5{ . cfly{s :jtGqtf eg]sf] t cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'g
kfpg] :jtGqtf xf], h;df 5gf}6 ug{] clwsf/ ;Fu;Fu} Tof] clwsf/;Fu
hf]l8Psf] hf]lvd / bfloTj klg ;d]l6G5 .

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
47
b'O{ lsl;dsf] ;'/Iff
;dfhjfbLx¿n] afrf ug{] cfly{s :jtGqtfsf] ldYofnfO{ æcem Goflos
cfly{s ;'/IffÆ eg]/ k|:t't ul/G5 / of] :jtGqtfsf nflu ckl/xfo{
zt{ xf] klg elgG5 . s]xL xb;Dd of] ;To klg xf] / dxTjk"0f{ klg 5 .
cfkmgf] ldlxg]taf6 cfkm+} cl3 a9g ;S5' eGg] cfTdljZjf; gePsfx¿;Fu
;an rl/q / ;f]rsf] cfTdlge{/tfsf] ck]Iff klg ug{ ;ls+b}g .
t/ ;'/Iff b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g . Ps M ;a}sf nflu afFRg kfpg] Go"gtd
cfly{s cj:yfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{] ;'/Iff / b'O{ M s'g} JolQm of ;d"xljz]ifnfO{
Pp6f lglZrt hLjg:t/sf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu ul/g] ;'/Iff .
cd]l/sf jf a]nfot h:tf wgL ;dfhn] c¿ s;}sf] :jtGqtf xgg gu/L
;a}sf nflu klxnf] lsl;dsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ vf;} cK7of/f] kb}{g .
egfOsf] dtna M :j:y hgzlQmsf nflu Go"gtd ufF;, af; / skf;sf]
Joj:yf . /, JolQmn] u/]sf] ladfn] gEofpg] lsl;dsf] b'3{6gfsf nflu
/fHosf tk{maf6 kof{Kt ;fdflhs ladf ug{ klg ufx|f] gxf]nf .
t/ bf];|f] lsl;dsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu of]hgf agfpFbf rflx+ ;a}eGbf w]/} 3ft
:jtGqtfnfO{ g} k'U5 . of] eg]sf] s'g} vf; JolQm of ;d"xsf] cfodf x|f;
gcfcf]; eg]/ agfOg] of]hgf xf] .
olb s'g} k]zf of Jofkf/n] /fd|f] ul//x]sf] 5 / To;sf] d'gfkmf xfn k|fKt
ul//x]sf JolQm jf ;d"xdf dfq ;Lldt ug]{ p2]Zon] c¿nfO{ Tof] k]zf
of Jofkf/df cfpg glbg] lsl;dsf] k|fjwfg /fVg] xf] eg] Tof] ;+/If0fjfbL
Joj:yf x'G5 . o:tf] Joj:yfdf s'g} k]zf of Jofkf/ /fd|/L ;+rfng ug{
g;s]sfx¿n] hfg] csf]{ 7fpF ;d]t /xFb}g . kmn:j¿k x/]s kl/jt{gn]

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
48
a]/f]huf/Lsf] b/ a9fpFb} hfG5 . vf; JolSt jf ;d"xx¿sf] ;'/Iff /
;+/If0f ul/Psfn] g} uPsf] bzsdf w]/} xb;Dd a]/f]huf/L / c;'/Iff
a9]sf] 5 .
vf; ;d"x / k]zfsf] ;+/If0f u/]/ ;+s'rg ePsf] ;dfhdf tL k]zf / ;d"x
aflx/ kg{]x¿sf] g}/fZo / nfrf/L To;sf] cg'ej ug{]x¿n] dfq a'emg
;S5g . clxn];Dd klg, kxF'r gePsf pTkfbsnfO{ kxF'r ePsf / ;+/lIft
pTkfbsx¿n] u/]sf] zf]if0f s'g} ju{n] c¿ ju{dfly u/]sf] zf]if0feGbf qm"/
5 . of] k|lt:kwf{nfO{ …ljlgodgÚ u/]s} sf/0fn] ;Dej ePsf] xf] . ;Lldt
d"No / Hofnfb/sf] …:yfloTjÚ sfod ug{] gfddf of k|lt:kwf{sf nflu
ul/Psf] ljlgodgn] w]/} xflg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . o:tf] cEof;n] s]xL ;d"xsf]
cfonfO{ ;+/If0f u/] tfklg afFsL hgtfsf] cj:yf emg sdhf]/ t'NofpF5 .
cd]l/sf / a]nfotdf klg k|lt:kwf{nfO{ æljlgodgÆ ub{}, d"No /
Hofnfb/nfO{ …:yfloTjÚ lbg] o:tf cEof;x¿ a9bf] qmddf 5g . o;/L s'g}
Ps ;d"xnfO{ ;'/Iff lbFbf csf{] ;d"xsf] c;'/Iff a9b} hfG5 . olb s;}nfO{
Pp6f 36a9 eO/xg] s]ssf] lglZrt efusf] k|Tofe"lt lbOG5 eg] afFsLn]
vfg kfpg] 6'qmfsf] efu tndfly eO{ g} /fV5 . o;af6 k|lt:kwf{n] k|bfg
ug{] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ tTj, æcj;/sf] ljljwtfÆ sd xF'b} hfG5 .
;'/Iffsf nflu /fHoaf6 ;dly{t afWofTds k|fjwfgx¿n] bL3{sfndf
;dfhdf k|ultzLn ¿kfGt/0f lnP/ cfPsf 5g . o:tf] ¿kfGt/0fdf
hd{gL cl3 5 / cGo b]zx¿ To;nfO{ k5ofpFb}5g . t/ of] ljsf;qmdnfO{
b|'t ult lbP/ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]] ;dfhjfbL l;sfOsf] csf{] kIf klg 5 .
o:tf l;sfOx¿n] cfly{s hf]lvd af]s]sf ;a} lqmofsnfkx¿ / hf]lvd
p7fP/ kfpg ;lsg] kmfObf -hf] ;Lldt JolQmx¿n] dfq kfpg ;S5g_sf]
pk]Iff u5{g .

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
49
klxn]sf] k':tfaf6 æpBf]u vf]n]/ hf]lvd p7fpg'eGbf tna lnP/
;'/lIft hflu/ vfg' /fd|f] k]zf xf]Æ eGg] ;'g]/ cfPsf] clxn]sf] o'jf
k':tfn] hflu/ /f]Hof] eg]/ xfdLn] cf/f]k nufpg ldNb}g . clxn]sf] o'jf
k':tf o:tf] ljZjdf x's{]sf] 5 hxfF ljBfnodf xf]; jf ;~rf/dfWoddf,
Jofkf/ cyjf pBf]u u/]/ d'gfkmf sdfpg'nfO{ cg}lts eg]/ lrq0f ul/Psf]
5 . !)) hgf dflg;nfO{ /f]huf/L lbg'nfO{ pgLx¿sf] zf]if0f eg]/ JofVof
ul/G5 clg tLeGbf a9LnfO{ cfb]z lbP/ o'4df k|of]u ug{] k|j[lQnfO{ k|z+;f
/ ;Ddfg ul/G5 .
j[4 k':tfsf w]/}nfO{ of] cltzof]lQm nfUnf t/ s'g} ljZjljBfnosf]
lzIfssf] lbgfg'lbgsf] cg'ejn] o;nfO{ k'li6 u5{ . k"FhLjfb lj¿4sf]
;g;gLk"0f{ ckmjfxn] ubf{ xfd|f d"No / dfGotfdf w]/} 7"nf kl/jt{g
cfO;s]sf 5g . o;/L abln+b} uPsf d"No / dfGotfsf cfwf/df cfkmgf
ePsf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ klg xfdLn] kl/jt{g u¥of}+ eg], clxn];Dd pRr dfGb}
cfPsf d"No / dfGotfnfO{ Wj:t t kfg]{5}gf}+ eGg] k|Zg lgs} uDeL/ 5 .
clxn] xfdLn] ;fdgf ul//x]sf] åGå cfwf/e"t ¿kdf k/:k/lj/f]wL b'O{
;fdflhs ;+/rgf aLrsf] åGå xf] h;nfO{ w]/}h;f] Jofkfl/s / ;}lgs
eg]/ lrlgG5 . b'j}df 5gf}6 / Tof] ;Fu;Fu} cfpg] hf]lvd ls t JolQmsf]
xftdf x'G5 of JolQm b'j}af6 d'Qm x'G5 . ;}lgs k|0ffnLdf sfd / sfdbf/
b'j}sf] lgwf{/0f s'g} clwsf/ ;DkGg lgsfon] u5{ / ToxfF JolQmnfO{ ;Dk"0f{
¿kdf cfly{s ;'/Iff k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 . oBlk, of] ;'/Iff :jtGqtfsf]
k|ltaGw / ;}lgs hLjgsf] cg'qmd ;Fu;Fu} hf]l8P/ cfpF5 . of] ;'/Iff
Aof/]sleqsf] ;'/Iff xf] .
:jtGqtfsf] afgL k/]sf] ;dfhdf ;'/Iffsf nflu oqf] d"No r'sfpg sd}
JolQm dfq tof/ xf]nfg . t/ clxn]sf gLltx¿n] eg] o:tf] kl/l:ylt
;[hgf ub{}5g, hxfF ;'/Iffsf] rfxgf :jtGqtfsf] rfxgfeGbf a9L x'G5 .

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
50
olb xfdL JolQmut :jtGqtfnfO{ Wj:t ug{ rfxb}gf}+ eg] lgaf{w ¿kdf
k|lt:kwf{nfO{ sfd ug{ lbg'k5{ . ;a} hgfsf nflu Pp6f Go"gtd ;dfg
:t/ sfod x'g'k5{ clg s'g} vf; ju{nfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpg] lsl;dsf]
;'/Iff / ;+/If0fnfO{ vf/]h ug{'k5{ . s'g} ju{sf]] kmfObf / ltgsf] ljz]if :t/
sfod /fVg c¿nfO{ To; If]qdf cfpg glbg] k|fjwfg v8f ug]{ lsl;dsf
axfgfx¿ xfdLn] cfh} TofUg'k5{ .
xfd|f] gLltsf] Pp6f d'Vo p2]Zo ul/aLsf /]vfd'lg ePsfx¿nfO{ s;/L
;'/Iff k|bfg ug{] eGg] x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf ljdlt 5}g . t/ :jtGqtfsf]
pkxf; ub{} ;'/Iffsf] u'gufg ufpg] clxn]sf a'l4hLjLx¿sf] k|j[lQeGbf
3fts c¿ s]xL gxf]nf . xfdLn] :jtGqtf l;Q}df cfpFb}g / o;sf]
;+/If0fsf] nflu s]xL ef}lts Tofu ug{ ;Sg'k5{ eGg] kf7 k]ml/ k9g
cTofjZos ePsf] 5 .
;du|df, xfdLn] :jtGqtfdflysf] k"0f{ ljZjf;nfO{ k'gM xfl;n ug'{kg]{ a]nf
cfO;s]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df, a]Ghfldg k|mf+slngsf] Pp6f egfO ;Dk"0f{
/fi6«sf ;fy} x/]s JolQmdfly klg nfu" x'G5 M æs]xL cNksfnLg ;'/Iff
kfpgsf nflu cfkmgf] cfwf/e"t :jtGqtf a]Rg tof/ x'g]x¿ g :jtGqtf
g t ;'/Iffsf g} nfos x'G5g .Æ
;'Gb/ eljiotk{m
;'Gb/ eljio agfpgsf nflu xfdL;Fu gofF ;'?jft ug{] lxDdt x'g
cfjZos 5 . o;sf lglDt xfd|f] af6f]df dfgjLo q'l6n] v8f u/]sf
c8rgx¿ x6fpFb} JolQmsf] ;[hgzLntfnfO{ lj:tfl/t ug'{k5{ . s]Gb|Ls[t
of]hgfaf6 vf]lhg] ljsf;sf] af6f] 5f8]/ jf:tljs ljsf;sf] af6f]sf nflu
rflxg] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{'k5{ .

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
51
cem w]/} …of]hgfÚ rflxof] of ca …gofF Joj:yfÚ Nofpg'k¥of] eGg] gf/f cl3
;fg]{x¿df ;'Gb/ eljio ;[hgf ug{] lxDdt / b"/b[li6 xF'b}g . ltgLx¿n]
eg]sf] gofF Joj:yf pxL $) jif{ k'/fgf] Joj:yf xf] / ltgn] lx6n/sf]
b]vfl;sL ug{ afx]s c¿ s]xL hfGb}gg . of]hgfsf nflu rsf{] :j/
p7fpg]x¿ g} Tof] ljrf/af6 k|efljt 5g h;n] cfhsf] åGb / To;sf]
;fy;fy} cfPsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ lgDTofPsf] 5 .
:jtGq dflg; ePsf] ;'Gb/ ;+;f/ ;[hgf ug{] xf] eg] To;sf] lgb{]zs
l;4fGt :ki6 5 M æJolQmsf] :jtGqtf k|jw{g ug{] gLlt g} ;fFrf] cy{df
k|ultzLn gLlt xf] .Æ

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
52
æn'sÆ klqsfdf k|yd k6s k|sflzt
bf;Tjsf] af6f]
sf6'{g ;+:s/0f

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
53
bf;Tjsf] af6f]
tkfO{+ v';Lk"j{s cfkmgf] :jtGqtf b]zsf] cy{tGq
kl/rfngsf] nflu Tofu ug{'x'G5 . aflx/L zq'x¿sf sf/0f
b]zdf ;}lgsLs/0f ug{ cTofjZos 5 eGg] a'emg'x'G5 .
o'4n] æ/fli6«o of]hgfdfÆ hf]8 lbG5======
!

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
54
bf;Tjsf] af6f]
o'4 ;dfKt x'g' cuf8L;Dd …zflGt :yfkgf ;ldltÚ lgdf{0f
ug'{kg{] ts{x? /flvG5 / ;Qfdf /lx/xg OR5's o'4sfnLg
æof]hgfsf/x¿n]Æ g} o; s'/fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul//x]sf x'G5g .
æof]hgfnfO{Æ clwsf+z JolQmx¿ sfod /fVg rfxG5g===
@

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
55
bf;Tjsf] af6f]
u|fdL0f If]qdf ls;fgx?sf nflu Ps cfzfjfbL of]hgf
agfOG5 . To:t} zx/L If]qdf cf}Bf]lus >ldsx?sf nflu
;f]lx cg';f/sf of]hgfx¿sf] lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . oxL cfwf/df
g} of]hgf cfof]usf nflu gofF æof]hgfsf/x¿sf]Æ 5gf}6
ul/G5 .
æof]hgfsf/x¿n]Æ Ps cfbz{ /fHosf] jfrf ub{5g======
#

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
56
bf;Tjsf] af6f]
zflGtsf] cfudg;Fu} gofF sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ PsfOsf] u7gdf ljjfb
x'Fb}g t/ æo'4df ljho k|fKt ug]{Æ h:tf] Pstf sfod /xFb}g .
of]hgfsf/x¿ cfltG5g . ah]6sf] s'g} ;|f]t geP tfklg x/]s
æof]hgfsf/;FuÆ cfkmg} ljz]if of]hgf x'G5 .
t/ pgLx¿aLr Pp6} cfbz{ /fHoaf/]df slxNo} ;xdlt
x'g ;Sb}g======
$

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
57
bf;Tjsf] af6f]
s]xL dlxgfsf] s;/tkl5 …of]hgfsf/x¿n]Ú ldn]/ c:yfoL
k|s[ltsf] of]hgf lgdf{0f u/] tfklg hgtfx? To; of]hgfdf
;xdt x'g ;Sb}gg . ls;fgsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf] of]hgfn]
ls;fgsf] ;dy{g kfP klg sf/vfgf dhb'/ To; of]hgfsf]
lj/f]wdf pqG5g .
oBlk gful/sx¿ klg To; s'/fdf ;xdt x'g ;Sb}gg======
%

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
58
bf;Tjsf] af6f]
clwsf+z æ/fli6«o of]hgfsf/x¿Æ cToGt cfbz{jfbL :jefjsf
x'G5g / pgLx¿ hlxn] klg zlQm k|of]usf] ljkIfdf af]Nb5g .
pgLx¿ cfkmgf] ;+of]hgsf/L æof]hgfdfÆ hgtfsf] rdTsfl/s
;dy{g kfpg] cfzfdf /x]sf x'G5g .
æof]hgfsf/x¿Æ anhkmtL ;xdlt sfod ug]{ s'/fnfO{
3[0ff ub{5g=========
^

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
59
bf;Tjsf] af6f]
of]hgfsf/x¿ of]hgfnfO{ ;a}sf nflu æ:jLsfo{Æ agfpg]
k|oTg ub{5g=========
&
hgtfdfem Ps} k|sf/sf] b[li6sf]0f Nofpg] c;kmn k|of;df
æof]hgfsf/x¿n]Æ e|d km}nfpg] 7"nf] ;+oGq lgdf{0f ub{5g .
kl5 uP/ o:tf] ;+oGq g} ;Defljt tfgfzfxsf nflu cToGt
pkof]uL ;fljt x'g k'Ub5 .

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
60
;f]xL ;dodf /fi6«df a9bf] c:tJo:ttfn] lj/f]wsf sfo{qmdx?
lgDTofpF5 . To;dWo]sf cNklzlIftx? s'zn jQmfsf efif0fåf/f
k|efljt eO{ gofF kf6L{ vf]N5g .
bf;Tjsf] af6f]
;f]emf;femfx? ;xdt klg x'G5g==========
*

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
61
bf;Tjsf] af6f]
æof]hgfsf/x¿dfÆ 36bf] cfTdljZjf;=========
(
æof]hgfsf/x¿Æ hlt ;+zf]wg ub}{ hfG5g, o;n] ToxL cg'kftdf
;fdfGo Joj;fodf klg c;/ kfb}{ hfG5 . o; sfo{af6 ;a} hgtf
k|tfl8t x'G5g . o;kl5 hgtfn] oyfy{df æof]hgfsf/x¿n]Æ s'g}
klg sfo{ ug{ ;Sb}gg eGg] s'/f a'emg yfN5g .
of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{
;Sg] Pp6f dfG5] vf]hf}+ .

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
62
xtf; dgl:yltdf æof]hgfsf/x¿n]Æ gofF /fhgLlts ;ªu7gsf]
g]t[TjnfO{ of]hgf kl/jt{g jf sfof{Gjog ug]{ / To;sf] kfngf ug{
nufpg clVtof/L k|bfg ub{5g . kl5, ;f]r] h:tf] gePdf pQm
g]t[TjnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] e|ddf pgLx? a:5g .
bf;Tjsf] af6f]
Ps æzlQmzfnL dflg;nfO{Æ /fHozlQm k|bfg ul/G5=======
!)

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
63
bf;Tjsf] af6f]
o;kl5 pQm /fhgLlts ;ªu7gn] /fHonfO{ g} lgoGq0f
ub{5======
!!
oxfF ;Dd cfO{k'Ubf b'ljwf olt pRr x'G5 sL gofF g]t[Tjk|lt s'g} klg
d"Nodfjkmfbf/Lsfodug{clgjfo{x'G5 .zfob,/fli6«oPstfalnof]
agfpg] gfddf OR5f ljk/Lt g} ePklg tkfO{+ :jodn] Tof] /fhgLlts
;ªu7gdf cfkm"nfO{ cfa4 u/fpg' x'g]5 .

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
64
x/]s tfgfzfxn] ;'?;'?df ax';ªVosnfO{ cfqmfds aGg
pTk|]l/t ub}{ cNk;ªVosnfO{ alnsf] af]sf] agfO{ pgLx? lj?4
Pp6f ;femf d'2f lgsfN5g . hd{gLsf] gfhL PstfnfO{ an k'¥ofpg
ox'bLx¿dfly ul/Psf] lje]b To:t} gsf/fTds p2]Zosf] lyof] .
bf;Tjsf] af6f]
gsf/fTds p2]Zo lgdf{0f ubf{ /fhgLlts ;ªu7gsf]
PstfnfO{ an k'Ub5========
!@

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
65
bf;Tjsf] af6f]
g]tfn] agfPsf] of]hgfsf] lj/f]wdf sf]xL af]Nb}g=========
!#
gofF u'Ktr/ k|x/Lx¿ cToGt lgb{oL x'g] x'gfn] lj/f]w ug{'
eg]sf] cfTdxTof ug{';/x x'g]5 . æof]hgfa4¿kdfÆ rNg] s'g}
klg /fHodf anhkmtL cfbz{ sfod u/fpg ;Sg] ;fdYo{nfO{
;b}j k|fyldstfdf /flvG5 . o;kl5 JolQmsf ;Dk"0f{ :jtGqtfsf]
x/0f x'G5 .

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
66
k|efjxLg eO;s]sf æof]hgfsf/x¿n]Æ k|lta4tf hgfPsf]
/f]huf/L 5gf}6sf] a[xt cj;/sf] afrf b'ef{Uojz e|d ;fljt x'G5 .
of]hgfsf/x?n] g slxNo} cfkmgf] k|lta4tf k'/f u/]sf 5g, g t
;S5g g} .
bf;Tjsf] af6f]
ca tkfO{+sf] k];f klg æof]hgfÆcg';f/ lgwf{l/t x'G5==========
!$

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
67
bf;Tjsf] af6f]
tkfO{sf] Hofnf klg æof]hgfcg';f/Æ g} lgwf{l/t
x'G5============
!%
Hofnfb/sf] lgwf{/0f nrstf/lxt / :j]R5fsf/L x'G5 . s]Gb|Lo
d'Vofnoaf6 of]hgfa4¿kdf ;~rfng x'g] /fHodf Hofnfb/
lgwf{/0fsf] of] ;+oGq cToGt cJojl:yt, cGofok"0f{ / c;kmn
x'G5 .

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
68
tfgfzfxL Joj:yfdf, lgotj; geP tfklg of]hgfsf/x¿n]
ljrf/x¿aLrsf] leGgtfnfO{ s'g} :yfg lbFb}gg . kf]:6/, /]l8of] /
5fkfx¿n] tkfO{+nfO{ ;b}j Pp6} em'6f] s'/f elg/x]sf x'G5g .
bf;Tjsf] af6f]
tkfO{+sf] j}rfl/s lrGtg klg æof]hgfa4Æ x'G5==========
!^

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
69
bf;Tjsf] af6f]
o;kl5 tkfO{+sf] dgf]/~hg klg æof]hgfa4Æ x'G5==========
!&
;}lgsLs/0f ePsf /fHox?df v]ns'b / dgf]/~hg h:tf s'/fx¿
klg ;fjwfgLk"j{s …of]hgfa4Ú ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g] sfo{ ;+of]u
dfq xf]Og . Ps k6s ;'? ePkl5 æof]hgfsf/x¿Æ /f]lsg
;Sb}gg .

bf;Tjsf] af6f]
70
tkfO{+nfO{ hflu/af6 ank"j{s x6fpFbf To;nfO{ aGb'swf/Lx¿sf]
lgzfgf nufpg] cEof;sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . klxn] h'g
s'/fnfO{ ;fdfGo q'6Lsf ¿kdf lnOGYof] ca Tof] s'/f /fHolj?4sf]
h3Go ck/fw dflgG5 . o;/L bf;Tjsf] af6f]sf] klg cGTo x'G5 .
bf;Tjsf] af6f]
tkfO{+nfO{ lbOg] ;hfo klg æof]hgfa4Æ x'G5==========
!*

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