المناظر ابن اليهثم
- 2. 2 ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ-ﺍﳍﻴﺜﻢ ﺍﺑﻦ
ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ
ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺒﺼﺎﺭ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ
ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻝ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺼﺩﺭ
ﺍﳌ ﺇﻥﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻮﺍ ،ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺃﻋﻤﻠﻮﺍ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺇﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﻣﻌﻨﻮﺍ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺃﻫﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺘﻘﺪﻣﲔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻗﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﻭﻗﻔﻮﺍ ،ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﻮﺍ ،ﺍﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩﻫﻢ
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ.ﺍﻹﺣﺴ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻣﺬﺍﻫﺒﻬﻢ ،ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﰲ ﻓﺂﺭﺍﺋﻬﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻭﻣﻊﻓﺎﳊﲑﺓ ،ﻣﺘﻔﻘﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺎﺱ
ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻕ ﻏﲑ ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﺘﻌﺬﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻘﲔ ،ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻬﺔ.ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻬﺎﺕ ،ﺧﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ ،ﻏﺎﻣﻀﺔ ﻓﺎﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ
ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺍﳊﻮﺍﺱ ،ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺱ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﺘﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ،ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ،ﻛﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻬﺎﻡ ،ﻛﺜﲑﺓ
ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻂ ﻣﺄﻣﻮﻧﺔ.ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ،ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﻣﻌﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻄﺮﻳﻖﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﲑﺓ ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ،ﺍﻟﺰﻟﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺼﻮﻡ ﻏﲑ ﺘﻬﺪﺍ
ﺍﻟﻴﻘﲔ ﻭﻳﺘﻌﺬﺭ ،ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ،ﺍﻟﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﻔﺘﺮﻕ ، ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺗﺘﺸﺘﺖ ،ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺣﺚ.
ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻏﻤﻮﺿﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﰲ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ.ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺗﻌﻠﻘﻪ ﺃﻣﺎﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﳊﻮﺍﺱ ،ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺱ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﻓﻸﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ.ﻭﺃﻣﺎ
ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﻭﻟﻪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻓﻸﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺗﻌﻠﻘﻪ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﳕﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻤﻮﺕ ﲣﺼﺺ.ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺻﺎﺭ ﻓﺒﺤﻖ
ﻣ ﺍﳌﻌﲎﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﹰﺎﺮﻛﺒ.
،ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻬﺪﻭﺍ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻬﻢ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻘﻘﻮﻥ ﲝﺚ ﻭﻗﺪ
ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺩ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﳕﺎ ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﶈﺼﻠﲔ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻘﺮﺕ
ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ.ﺃﺻﺤﺎ ﻓﺄﻣﺎﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﻮﺍ ،ﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺬﺍ ﻋﻨﻮﺍ ﻢﻓﺈ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺏ
ﻛﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺫﻛﺮﻭﺍ ،ﺎﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻠﻮﺍ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻭﻣﻴﺰﻭﺍ ،ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻪ ﻓﺎﻫﺘﻤﻮﺍ ،ﻋﻨﻪ
ﺃ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﺍﺋﻒ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺗﻔﺮﻕ ،ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻣﻊ ،ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﻞ
ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ.ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻔﻘﻮﻥ ﺁﺭﺍﺋﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﻔﺮﻕ ﻢﺃﺯﻣﺎ ﻭﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﻢﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻢﺃ ﺇﻻ
ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﺃﻥ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻭﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﳜﺮﺝ ﺑﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﳕﺎ ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ
- 3. 3 ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ-ﺍﳍﻴﺜﻢ ﺍﺑﻦ
ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺇﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﲰﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳝﺘﺪﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ
ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﻪ ﺭﺃﺳﻪ ﳐﺮﻭﻁ ﺷﻜﻞ ﲨﻠﺘﻪ ﻓﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ.ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﺬﺍﻥ
ﻇﺎﻫﺮﳘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺧﺬﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﻭﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ.
ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻪ ﻭﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﻓﺄﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﰒ.ﳐﺮﻭﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻓﺒﻌﻀﻬﻢ
ﺍﻟﻣﻠﺘﺌﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺼﻤﺖ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ.ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ
ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺇﻥ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺣﱴ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﻭﲤﺘﺪ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﱂ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺃﺩﺭﻛﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻦ،
ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻋﻦ ﲣﻔﻰ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ
ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ.ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﳜﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﻯ ﻣﻠﺘﺌﻢ ﻣﺼﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﳐﺮﻭﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﳑﻦ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﺇﻥ ﰒ
ﰲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﰒ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺧﻂﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ
ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺖ ﳐﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺤﺪﺙ ،ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺲ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ.ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﻯ ﻭﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ
ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻐﲑ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺩﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺮﻭﻁ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻗﺒﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺟﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲞﻼﻑ
ﳏﺴﻮﺱ.ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻭﺭﺃﻯﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻧﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻫﻮ ﺭ
ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺑﺘﻠﻚ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ.ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺍﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻭﺭﺃﻯ
ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﹰﺎﺷﻌﺎﻋ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻓﻴﺼﲑ ،ﻓﻘﻂ.
ﻢﺃﺩ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻻﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺋﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻞﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻻ ،ﻭﺷﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﻫﻢ ﺇﱃ
ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺬﻫﺒﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺇﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲝﺚ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﺫﻛﺮﳘﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ.ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ،ﹰﺎﻛﺎﺫﺑ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﹰﺎﺻﺎﺩﻗ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻣﺎ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﲔ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﲔ ﻭﻛﻞ
،ﹰﺎﲨﻴﻌ ﻏﲑﳘﺎ ﻭﺍﳊﻖ ﻛﺎﺫﺑﲔ ﹰﺎﲨﻴﻌﻛﻞ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ،ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺇﱃ ﻳﺆﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﹰﺎﲨﻴﻌ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺇﻣﺎ
ﻓﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻓﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﻗﺼﺮ ﻗﺪ ﺍﳌﺬﻫﺒﲔ ﺑﺬﻳﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ
ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ،ﺍﳌﺬﻫﺒﲔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻼﻑ ﻓﻌﺮﺽ ،ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭﻗﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻭﻭﺻﻞ ،ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ
ﻋﻨﺪ ﻏﺎﻳﺘﻬﻤﺎﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ.ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﰲ ﹰﺎﺃﻳﻀ ﺍﳋﻼﻑ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﻗﺪ
ﺍﳋﻼﻑ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻭﺃﻧﻌﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺣﻘﻖ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻃﺮﻕ.
ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻘﻘﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻑ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ،ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﳌﺎ
ﻣﻠ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﺮ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰﺑﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻧﺼﺮﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺃﻳﻨﺎ ،ﻣﺘﻴﻘﻨﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ،ﺘﺒﺴﺔ
ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺋﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻭﻧﺴﺘﺄﻧﻒ ،ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪ ﻭﻧﻮﻗﻊ ،ﻭﻧﺘﺄﻣﻠﻪ ،ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﳔﻠﺺ ،ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ
- 4. 4 ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ-ﺍﳍﻴﺜﻢ ﺍﺑﻦ
،ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻭﳕﻴﺰ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻭﺗﺼﻔﺢ ،ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﻭﻧﺒﺘﺪﺉ ،ﻭﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻪ
ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺸﺘﺒﻪ ﻻ ﻭﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﻻ ﻣﻄﺮﺩ ﻫﻮ ﻭﻣﺎ ،ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﳜﺺ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﻧﻠﺘﻘﻂ
،ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﰲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻣﻊ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﻧﺮﻗﻰ ﰒ ،ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ
ﺍﳍﻮ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻧﺘﺼﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﺴﺘﻘﺮﺋﻪ ﻣﺎ ﲨﻴﻊ ﰲ ﻏﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﻭﳒﻌﻞﳕﻴﺰﻩ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﰲ ﻭﻧﺘﺤﺮﻯ ،ﻯ
ﻭﻧﺼﻞ ،ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ ﻳﺜﻠﺞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺬﺍ ﻧﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻓﻠﻌﻠﻨﺎ ، ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﻞ ﻻ ﺍﳊﻖ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻭﻧﻨﺘﻘﺪﻩ
ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻳﺰﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﻣﻊ ﻭﻧﻈﻔﺮ ،ﺍﻟﻴﻘﲔ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ
ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﺤﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﻼﻑ.ﻭﻣﻛﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻫﻮ ﳑﺎ ﺑﺮﺁﺀ ،ﺫﻟﻚ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻊ ،ﳓﻦ ﺎ
ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﲨﻴﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻧﺔ ﻧﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﷲ ﻭﻣﻦ ،ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﳒﺘﻬﺪ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﺎ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ.
ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺳﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻧﻘﺴﻢ ﻭﳓﻦ:ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻧﺒﲔ ،ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻧﺒﲔ
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺃﻏﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻧﺒﲔ ،ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ
،ﺍﻟﺼﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺃﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻧﺒﲔ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ
ﰲ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻧﺒﲔﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻧﺒﲔ ،ﺍﻟﺼﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻧﺒﲔ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺃﻏﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ
ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻭﳔﺘﻢ ،ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻟﺸﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ.
ﺍﳌﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻟﻔﻨﺎ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻭﻗﺪﺍﻟﱪﺍﻫﲔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺖ ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ،ﺇﻗﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﹰﺎﻃﺮﻗ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﲑ ﰲ ﺳﻠﻜﻨﺎ ﻇﺮ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﺳﺘﺄﻧﻔﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻘﻘﺔ.ﺎﺃ ﻓﻠﻴﻌﻠﻢ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻓﻤﻦ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﲝﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻐﲎ.
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻝ
ﺨ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﺹ
ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺇﻻ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﹰﺎﺷﻴﺌ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﳒﺪ.ﺑﺴﻄﺢ ﹰﺎﻣﻠﺘﺼﻘ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ
ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ.
ﳍ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﻪ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﹰﺎﺷﻴﺌ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻭﳒﺪﻻ ﺎ
ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻄﺤﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ،ﻟﻠﺒﺼﺮ ﹰﻼﻣﻘﺎﺑ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺇﻻ ،ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ
ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﲔ ﻳﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﱂ ،ﻣﺘﻮﳘﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﻫﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻮﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻳﻘﻄﻊ ﻛﺜﻴﻒﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ.
- 5. 5 ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ-ﺍﳍﻴﺜﻢ ﺍﺑﻦ
ﻗﻄﻌﺖ ﻣﱴ ،ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﻟﻪ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﻪ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﺼﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻭﳒﺪ
ﺍﺳﺘﺘﺮ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﲜﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻄﺤﻪ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﲔ ﺗﺘﻮﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﲨﻴﻊ
ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺑﲔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﻥ ،ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﻭﱂ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﺧﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺫﻟﻚﻻ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﰲ
ﺃﺩﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺗﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺇﺫﺍ ﰒ ،ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﺘﺨﻠﻠﻪ
ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ.
ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻻ ﺣﱴ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻂ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺗﺮ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻭﻣﱴ
ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﲔﺇﻻ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ
ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺗﺮ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺘﺮ ،ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺗﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻭﻗﺪ
ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ.
ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻭﺣﺮﺭﺕ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﱪﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﲨﻴﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺋﺖ ﻭﺇﺫﺍﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻄﺮﺩﺓ.ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ،ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﺼﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻴﺪﻝ
ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻓﺈﻥ ،ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﻻ ﻟﻪ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﻪ
ﻣﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﻘﻄﻌﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﹰﺎﺧﻄﻮﻃ ﺃﻭ ﹰﺎﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ ﹰﺎﺧﻄ ،ﻧﻘﻄﺔﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ.
ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﻃﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻞ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﹰﺍﳏﺮﺭ ﹰﺍﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻓﺄﻣﺎ.ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺘﱪ ﺷﺎﺀ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ
ﹰﺎﺃﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴ ﹰﺎﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑ ﻭﻳﺘﺨﺬ ،ﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﳋﻄﻲ ﹰﺎﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﻓﻠﻴﺘﺨﺬ ﻭﳛﺮﺭﻩ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ
ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ﺃﺟﻮﻑﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺘﺎﻥ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺩﺍﺋﺮﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺭﺗﻪ.ﻭﻟﺘﻜﻦ
ﹰﺎﺧﻄ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺳﻄﺤﻪ ﰲ ﻭﻟﻴﺨﻂ ،ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﳏﺠﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺄﻭﺳﻊ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻣﻘﺘﺪﺭ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ ،ﺔﻣﺘﺸﺎ ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺘﻪ
ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳍﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﻴﻪ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﳏﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﳝﺘﺪ ﹰﺎﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ.ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ
ﺍﳌ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺼﺮﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ ،ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺑﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﻭﺳﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳋﻂ ﻭﻟﻴﻘﺴﻢ ،ﻳﺴﲑ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺴﻄﺮﺓ
ﺑﺄﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺘﻴﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ،ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺳﻄﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳋﻂ ﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﹰﺎﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ
ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪﺭ.ﺍﳋ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳋﻂ ﻭﻳﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﳌﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﺑﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻳﻠﺼﻖ ﰒﻂ
،ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﳋﻂ ﻓﺼﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻪ ﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺃﻥ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﺮﻯ ،ﳌﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭﺳﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﺤﻞ ﻝ ﹰﺎﻭﺛﻴﻘ ﹰﺎﻣﻠﺘﺤﻤ ﹰﺎﺇﻟﺼﺎﻗ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﺑﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻭﻳﻠﺼﻖ.
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻠﻴﻌﲔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﱪ ﻭﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺃﺣﻜﻤﺖ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺼﺮ
ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺮ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺑﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﻭﻳﻠﺼﻖ ﻋﻴﻨﻴﻪ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﺑﺎﳉﻔﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻭﻟﻴﻠﺼﻖ
ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺛﻘﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﰲ ﻭﻳﻨﻈﺮ ،ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ:ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ
- 6. 6 ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ-ﺍﳍﻴﺜﻢ ﺍﺑﻦ
ﺍﳌﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ.ﺫ ﺍﺳﺘﺘﺮ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﲜﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺳﺘﺮ ﻭﺇﺫﺍﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﺍﻩ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻟﻚ
ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺛﻘﺐ.ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﰲ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺩﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺗﺮ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺇﺫﺍ ﰒ.ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﳉﺴﻢ ﺳﺘﺮ ﻭﺇﻥ
ﺑﺎﳌﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﲰﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺗﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺛﻘﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ
ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ.ﻣ ﻳﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥﹰﺍﺃﺑﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺛﻘﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺳﺘﺮ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻦ
ﺍﳌﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﺳﻄﺢ ﰲ ﳝﺘﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﺨﻂ ﻣﻮﺍﺯ ﺧﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺛﻘﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻫﻮ
ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺯ.ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻻ ﹰﺎﺩﺍﺋﻤ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺗﺮ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺇﺫﺍ ﰒ
ﻳﻨﺘﻘﺾ ﻭﻻ.
ﻭﺇﺫﺍﻓﺈﻥ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻭﺧﻔﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺛﻘﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻧﻈﺮ
ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﺘﺨﻠﻠﻪ ﻻ ﹰﻼﻣﺘﺼ ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﲔ
ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻏﲑ ﳍﺎ ﺎﻳﺔ ﻻ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ.ﻣﻨ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺇﺫﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ،ﻜﺸﻒ
ﺗﻠﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻞ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻻ ،ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺑﲔ
ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﰲ ﻳﻨﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﱂ ،ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹰﻻﺍﺗﺼﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹰﻼﻣﺘﺼ ﻫﻮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ
ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺑﲔ ﻧﺘﻮﻫﻢ ﺃﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﱵﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﺇﻻ.ﺃﻥ ﹰﺎﳑﻜﻨ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻠﻮ
ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﲰﺖ ﻏﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ
ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺛﻘﺐ ﺳﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ.ﻭﺗﺆﻣﻞ ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺘﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻜﻦ
ﻓ ﺣﺪﺩﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺳﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﻠﻴﺲ.
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﹰﺎﺷﻴﺌ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﹰﺎﻭﺟﻮﺑ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ
ﺗﺘﻮﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﲰﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻻ ،ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﻻ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﻪ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻪ
ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺳﻄﺤﻪ ﺑﲔ ﳑﺘﺪﺓ.
ﻓﺈﻧﺎ ﹰﺎﻭﺃﻳﻀﻣﺸﺮﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺇﻻ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﹰﺎﺷﻴﺌ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﳒﺪ
ﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ.ﺑﻪ ﳛﺲ ﻭﱂ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﱂ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻻ ﹰﺎﻣﻈﻠﻤ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﱴ.ﻭﳒﺪ
ﻣﻀﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻣﻈﻠﻢ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ،ﻛﺎﻥ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺑﺄﻱ
ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﺘﺨﻠﻠﻪ ﻻ ﹰﻼﻣﺘﺼ ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ.ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ
ﻭﻻ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ، ﻣﻀﻲﺀ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻭﱂ ،ﻣﻈﻠﻢ
ﺑﻪ ﳛﺲ.ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﻭﻻ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻻ ﻣﻄﺮﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻭﳒﺪ.ﻋﻠ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺪﻝ،ﻣﺎ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻰ
ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ
- 7. 7 ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ-ﺍﳍﻴﺜﻢ ﺍﺑﻦ
ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺑﻐﲑ ﹰﺎﻣﻀﻴﺌ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﳛﺲ
ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻐﲑ ﹰﺎﻣﻀﻴﺌ ﻳﻜﻦ ﱂ ﺃﻭ.
ﹰﺎﺟﺴﻤ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﹰﺍﻣﻘﺘﺪﺭ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺇﻻ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﹰﺎﺷﻴﺌ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻭﳒﺪ
ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﺑﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﹰﺎﺧﻄ ﺃﻭ ﹰﺎﺳﻄﺤ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ.ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ
ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﻻ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ.ﺟﺮﻯ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻮﺿﺔ ﻋﲔ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﺈﻥﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﰲ ﳎﺮﺍﻩ
ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﻭﻫﻮ ،ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ.ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻭﺃﺻﻐﺮ
ﻭﲣﻔﻰ ﺎ ﻭﳛﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺈﻥ ،ﻭﺿﻌﻔﻪ ﹰﺎﺃﻳﻀ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻗﻮﺓ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ
ﻛ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺎﻳﺪﺭﻛﻮ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﲑ ﺃﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻦﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺃﺑﺼﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﺎﻧﺖ.ﻭﺇﺫﺍ
ﻭﺇﻥ ﻣﺒﺼﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻞ ،ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﺕ
ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﳛﺲ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻥ.ﻓﺪﻝ
ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﹰﺎﺷﻴﺌ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚﻣﻘﺘﺪﺭ ﻣﺒﺼﺮ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﹰﺍﻣﻘﺘﺪﺭ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺇﻻ
ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﻮﺓ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ،ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺷﺒﻪ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻟﻠﻮﻥ ،ﺍﳊﺠﻢ
ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ.ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﹰﺎﻛﺜﻴﻔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺇﻻ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﹰﺎﺷﻴﺌ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﳒﺪ ﻓﺈﻧﺎ ﹰﺎﻭﺃﻳﻀ.
ﻏﺎﻳ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻓﺈﻥﻭﺭﺍﺀﻩ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﻓﻠﺒﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ ﻛﺎﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻴﻒ ﺔ.ﲜﺲ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ
ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻏﻠﻆ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺇﻻ ﺍﳌﺸﻒ ﺑﺎﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ.ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻭﻛﻞ
ﺍﻟﻨﲑﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﻛﺄﺿﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﳎﺮﻯ ﳚﺮﻱ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻮﻥ ﻓﻠﻪ.ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺸﻒ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ
ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎ ﺑﻌﺾﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﳜﻠﻮﺍ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻓﺔ.ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﰒ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﹰﺍﻣﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﳒﺪ ﻓﺈﻧﺎ ﹰﺎﻭﺃﻳﻀ
ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﻓﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﻔﻲ ﹰﺍﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﹰﺍﺑﻌﺪ.ﺇﱃ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺣﱴ ﹰﺍﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﹰﺍﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻭﳒﺪ
ﺑ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﺼﺮ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﻓﻼ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻋﻦ ﳜﻔﻲ ﺣﺪﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻳﻜﻦ ﱂ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻌﻴﻨﻪ
ﺍﳋﻔﻲ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺜﺔ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻏﲑ ﹰﺍﻣﺒﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ.ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺪﻝ
ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻋﻈﻢ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﳕﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﳜﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺢ.
ﲝﺴ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﳒﺪﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﺎ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻷﺿﻮﺍﺀ ﺐ
ﰲ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﲣﻔﻰ ﻗﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﺀﺓ ﺃﺷﺪ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺿﻌﻒ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻷﺿﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ.ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ
ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻴﻬ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ،ﻣﺸﺘﻌﻠﺔ ﻧﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻣﻦﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻭ ﻭﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺎ
ﺳﻮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻗﺼﺪ ﰒ ،ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺷﺮﻕ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﲟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ
- 8. 8 ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ-ﺍﳍﻴﺜﻢ ﺍﺑﻦ
ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﳑﺎ ﹰﺎﺷﻴﺌ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ
ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﰲ ﳍﺎﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺑﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﻣﻀﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻋﻈﻢ.ﻟﻪ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﺫﺍ ﰒ
ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﹰﺎﻗﺮﻳﺒ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ،ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺮﺏ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ
ﻟ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﰒ ،ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﹰﺍﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱﻪ
ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺎ ﲨﻴﻊ.ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺿﻮﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﺕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ
ﰲ ﳍﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﲣﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺿﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ
ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺍﻷﺿﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻈﻞ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ.
ﻓﻴﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﲣﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻠﺰﻡ
ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻷﺿﻮﺍﺀ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﳕﺎ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ.
ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲣﻔﻰ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﹰﺎﺃﻳﻀ ﻭﳒﺪ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺪﺭﺓﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﰲ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻜﺴﻔﺔ.ﻭﺫﻟﻚ
ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻟﻨﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻗﻼﻋﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ،ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﺫﺍ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻠﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻦ ﺃﻥ
ﺑﺴﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳑﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﳑﺎ ﹰﺎﺷﻴﺌ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻭﻻ ﺑﻴﺎﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻭﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺑﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻗﻠﻮﻋﻬﺎﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﺽ
ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺃﺩﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻭﺃﺩﺭﻛﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻦ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺑﺖ ﺇﺫﺍ ﰒ ،ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺍﻣﺖ
ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻘﻠﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﳛﺲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺎ ﳛﺲ ﻻ ﻛﺎﻥ.
ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ ﺃﻗﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻗﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ،ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ
ﻭﻛﺎ ،ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ،ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑﻣﺸﺮﻗﺔ ﺃﻟﻮﺍ ﺫﺍ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﺽ ﺳﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﹰﺎﺑﻴﻀ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻥ
،ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﺻﺪ ﻗﺼﺪﻫﺎ ﰒ ،ﹰﺍﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﻜﺴﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﹰﺎﺷﻴﺌ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ.ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﺫﺍ ﰒ
ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻜﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ.ﺃﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻗﺮﺏ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﰒ
ﹰﺎﻣﻌ ﺎ ﻭﳛﺲ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ.
ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﲣﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﺰﻡ
ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﳕﺎ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ.
ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﹰﺎﺃﻳﻀ ﻭﳒﺪﻣﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﳜﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺢ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻗﻮﺓ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﳕﺎ ، ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ.ﻗﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﹰﺍﻣﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﺈﻥ
ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﰲ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﻪ ﳜﻔﻰ.
- 9. 9 ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ-ﺍﳍﻴﺜﻢ ﺍﺑﻦ
ﺫﻛﺮﻧ ﻣﺎ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﺰﻡﻣﻦ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﻳﻨﺎﻩ ﺎﻩ
ﺫﻟﻚ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﳕﺎ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﳜﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ
ﻗﻮﺗﻪ ﰲ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﹰﺎﺃﻳﻀ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻭﲝﺴﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻭﲝﺴﺐ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﻟﻪ ﻭﲝﺴﺐ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ
ﻭﺿﻌﻔﻪ.
ﺃﻥ ،ﻳﻨﺘﻘﺾ ﻭﻻ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻻ ﹰﺍﻣﻄﺮﺩ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﳑﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎﻩ ﻣﺎ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻓﻘﺪ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﻻ ﻟﻪ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﻪ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﹰﺎﺷﻴﺌ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ
ﺍﻟ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻭﻫﻲ ،ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺼﺮ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﻌﺖ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺒﺼﺮ
ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻄﺤﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﲏ ،ﻟﻠﺒﺼﺮ ﹰﻼﻣﻘﺎﺑ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ
ﹰﺍﻣﻘﺘﺪﺭ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻣﺘﻮﻫﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ
ﻭ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺇﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔﻭﺑﲔ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﲔ
ﺑﻌﺾ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﹰﺎﻛﺜﻴﻔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﺘﺨﻠﻠﻪ ﻻ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﹰﺎﻣﺸﻔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ
ﻭﺑﲔ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺴﻮﻁ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺷﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻏﻠﻆ ﻭﺷﻔﻴﻔﻪ ﹰﺎﻣﺸﻔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻔﻴﻒ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ
ﻭﺑ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﺸﻒ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺫﺍ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﲔ
ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻆ ﺑﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﺸﻒ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ،ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﳎﺮﻯ ﳚﺮﻱ.ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻻ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻓﻬﺬﻩ
ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺼﺮ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻬﺎ.ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ،ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﹰﺎﺳﻠﻴﻤ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ،ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﻌﺖ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ
ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺑﺎﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﻦ ﹰﺍﺍﺣﺪ.
ﻋﻦ ﳜﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺣﱴ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻳﺒﻌﺪ ﰒ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﺼﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﹰﺎﺃﻳﻀ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻭﻗﺪ
ﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻻ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﹰﺍﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﻪ ﳜﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺑﲔ ﻓﺈﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻭﻻ
ﻣﺎ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻭﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻪ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻭﻳﺪﺭﻙ ،ﹰﺎﺻﺤﻴﺤ ﹰﺎﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺗﺘﻌﲔ
ﹰﺎﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺃﺩﺭﻙ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ
ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀﻩ ﺧﻔﻴﺖ ،ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﰒ ،ﹰﺎﺻﺤﻴﺤﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻔﺔ
ﺃﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺩﻕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻭﳜﻔﻰ ،ﲨﻠﺘﻪ ﲣﻔﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻀﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺷﻮﻡ ﻛﺎﻟﻨﻘﻮﺵ
ﻭﺃﻏﻠﻆ ﺍﻋﻈﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﳜﻔﻰ.ﻭﺗﺸﺘﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻭﺗﻠﺘﺒﺲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﲣﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ
ﳏﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ.
ﺇ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﹰﺎﺃﻳﻀ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪﳜﻔﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲨﻠﺘﻪ ﺗﺼﺎﻏﺮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﲤﺎﺩﻯ ﺫﺍ
ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﱂ ﹰﺍﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺇﻥ ،ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﻻ ﺑﻪ ﳛﺲ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻌﻪ.ﹰﺎﺃﻳﻀ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ
ﺍﻟﺒﺼ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﺜﺘﻪ ﺗﻌﻈﻢ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺑﺴﻄﺢ ﻳﻠﺘﺼﻖ ﺃﻥ ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﹰﺍﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﹰﺎﻗﺮﺑ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﻭﺗﺸﺘﺒﻪ ﺮ
- 10. 10 ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ-ﺍﳍﻴﺜﻢ ﺍﺑﻦ
ﻭﲢﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﲤﻴﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻼ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻭﺗﻠﺘﺒﺲ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻪ.ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺏ ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ
ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺇﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﻄﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺑﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻖ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﱴ ،ﺃﺷﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺳﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﹰﺎﻗﺮﺑ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ
ﻓﻘﻂ ﺳﺘﺮﻩ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻭﱂ.
ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﺫﺍﹰﺍﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﹰﺍﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﻮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﹰﺎﺻﺤﻴﺤ ﹰﺎﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻭﲣﻔﻰ ،ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺅﻩ ﻭﲣﻔﻰ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﺸﺘﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ،ﹰﺎﻣﻌﻴﻨ
ﹰﺎﻣﻌﻴﻨ ﹰﺍﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﹰﺍﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﻮ ﻟﻴﺲ ،ﻭﺗﻠﺘﺒﺲ ﻭﺗﺸﺘﺒﻪ.ﻭﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻓﻠﻨﺴﻢﲨﻴﻊ
ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﱐ ﻟﻪ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﻪ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺎ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻭﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻪ
ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﳏﺴﻮﺱ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻻ ﹰﺎﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛ
ﹰﺎﺧﻼﻓ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻪ ﺍﳊﺲ ﰲ ﲢﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻪ ﲣﺎﻟﻒ ﻭﻻﻋﻨﺪ ﳏﺴﻮﺱ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ
ﻋﺮﺽ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻭﺇﻥ ،ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﹰﺍﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻞ.ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﳜﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﻟﻨﺴﻢ
ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﲣﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳏﺴﻮﺳﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﲣﻔﻰ
ﺍﻟ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ،ﻭﺗﺸﺘﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﺘﺒﺲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﹰﺎﺃﻳﻀ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ،ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻗﺪ ﱵ
ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﰲ ﹰﺎﻣﺴﺮﻓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﰲ ﹰﺎﻣﺴﺮﻓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺪﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ.
ﺫ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺇﻻ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﹰﺎﺷﻴﺌ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺇﺫ،ﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﺍﺗﻪ
ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺅﻫﺎ ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﳍﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺅﻫﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻗﺪ ﺍﳌﺒﺼﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ
ﺍﻷﺿﻮﺍﺀ،ﻭﻧﺒﺤﺚ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻕ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺿﻮﺍﺀ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﺐ ﻓﻘﺪ ،ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻋﻨﺪ
ﺍﻟﺒﺼ ﳜﺺ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﲔ ﳒﻤﻊ ﰒ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺑﲔ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻤﺎ ﹰﺎﺃﻳﻀﻭﻧﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﰲ ﻭﻧﺘﻠﻄﻒ ﺮ
ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﱃ.
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻝ
ﺍﻷﻀﻭﺍﺀ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ
ﺍﻷﻀﻭﺍﺀ ﺇﺸﺭﺍﻕ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻥ
ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻦ ﱂ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺿﻮﺀﻩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﻲﺀ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻛﻞ ﳒﺪ
ﺍﻷﺧﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺮ ﻣﺸﻒ ﻏﲑ.ﺍﻷ ﻣﻦ ﳉﺴﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺫﻟﻚﻭﱂ ،ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺟﺴﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀﻫﺎ ﻭﻳﺸﺮﻕ ،ﻟﻠﺒﺼﺮ ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺸﺮﻕ ﺿﻮﺀﻫﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ،ﺳﺎﺗﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺮﻩ
- 11. 11 ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ-ﺍﳍﻴﺜﻢ ﺍﺑﻦ
ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ.ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ.ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ
ﻳﻜﻦ ﻭﱂ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺳﺎﺗﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻭﱂ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﳉﺴﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔﻓﺈﻥ ،ﹰﺎﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺬﻭﺓ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻠﺒﺼﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻪ ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﺿﻮﺀ
ﻣﻦ ﻭﲢﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺸﺮﻕ
ﻭﱂ ﺳﺎﺗﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﱂ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ،ﻋﻈﻤﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺬﻭﺓ ﺻﻐﺮﺕ ،ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺗﻜﻦ
ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﺤﺲ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺿﻮﺅﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ.
ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻳﺸﺮﻕ ﻭﻻ ،ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﲰﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﳕﺎ ﺍﻷﺿﻮﺍﺀ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﳒﺪ
ﺍﳉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻻ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﺎﻡﺍﳌﻀﻲﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﺸﻒ ﺴﻢ
ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﹰﻼﻣﺘﺼ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻭﺑﲔ.
ﺇﺫﺍ ﹰﺎﺑﻴﻨ ﹰﺍﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﺲ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ،ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﻭﻻ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻻ ﻣﻄﺮﺩﺓ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﹰﺍﺃﺑﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﺕ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ
ﺍﳌﻐﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻷﺿﻮﺍﺀ ﺗﻔﻘﺪﺕ.ﺿﻮ ﺃﻣﺎﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺀ
ﹰﺍﳑﺘﺪ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻓﺈﻥ ،ﺩﺧﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻐﺒﺎﺭ ﹰﺍﻛﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ،ﻣﻈﻠﻢ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻘﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺧﻞ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﺭﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻧﻪ ﺃﻭ.ﻭ ﹰﺎﻧﻘﻴ ﹰﺎﺻﺎﻓﻴ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﺈﻥﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺘﱪ ﻭﺃﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﱂ
ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﲢﺮﻯ ﹰﺎﻛﺜﻴﻔ ﹰﺎﺟﺴﻤ ﺍﺧﺬ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ،ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﳝﺘﺪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ
ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﺟﺪ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﳉﺴﻢ ﻓﻘﻄﻌﻬﺎ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻧﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﺭﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ
ﻭﻳﺒﻄﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺍﳉﺴﻢﺟﺪﺭﺍﻧﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﺭﺽ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻦ.ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻌﻤﺪ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ
،ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﳉﺴﻢ ﻓﻘﻄﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺎﺀ
ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻳﺒﻄﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻓﺈﻥ.ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ
ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻌﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ.ﲰﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳑﺘﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻓﺘﺪﻝ
ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ.ﻣﻦ ﺷﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ
ﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﻮﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﺮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕﺑﺎﳉﺴﻢ ﻓﻘﻄﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﺬﻱ
ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﱂ.ﺃﺷﺮﻕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ
ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﲰﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﳝﺘﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻓﺈﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ.ﺍﻋﺘﱪﺕ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ
ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ
ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﰲ ﹰﺍﳑﺘﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ.ﹰﺎﻛﺜﻴﻔ ﹰﺎﺟﺴﻤ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﻭﺇﻥ
- 12. 12 ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ-ﺍﳍﻴﺜﻢ ﺍﺑﻦ
ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﲰﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﳝﺘﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﹰﺎﺩﻗﻴﻘ ﹰﺎﺛﻘﺒ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﺜﻘﺐ.ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﻭﺇﻥ
ﳝﺘ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺟﺪﻫﺎ ﲟﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﻭﻗﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺪ.ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻴﺘﺒﲔ
ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻻ ﳝﺘﺪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ.ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ.ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ:ﻗﺮﺑﻪ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻱ ،ﻛﺎﻟﺰﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﻓﺈﻥ
ﺍﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﻓﺈﻥ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺸﻌﺮﻯ ،ﺍﻷﻗﺮﺏ ﻗﺮﺑﻪ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﹰﺎﺃﻳﻀ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻳﺦ ،ﻷﻗﺮﺏ
ﹰﻼﻣﻘﺎﺑ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺿﻮﺀﻩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻘﻤﺮ ﻏﲑ ﻟﻴﻞ ﰲ ﻣﻈﻠﻢ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺇﱃ ﻳﻔﻀﻲ ﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﹰﻼﻣﻘﺎﺑ
ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺐ.ﺍﳊﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺇﱃ ﻭﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺼﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻭﺇﺫﺍﻟﻪ ﹰﻼﻣﻘﺎﺑ ﻝ.
ﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺿﻮﺀﻩ ﻭﺟﺪ ﳏﺴﻮﺳﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺣﱴ ﹰﺍﻣﻘﺘﺪﺭ ﹰﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﺭﺍﻋﻰ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ
ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺻﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ.ﺫﻟﻚ ﲢﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﲢﺮﻙ ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﲰﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﹰﺍﺃﺑﺪ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ،ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ.
ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﰒﲜﺴﻢ ﻗﺪﻣﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﱪ
ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻘﻄﻊ ،ﻛﺜﻴﻒ
ﻳﻈﻬ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺑﻄﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻇﻬﺮ ،ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺃﻱ ﰲﻓﻴﻪ ﺮ.
ﻭﺇﻥ ،ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺐ ﹰﻼﻣﻘﺎﺑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻣﻈﻠﻢ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺇﱃ ﻳﻔﻀﻲ ﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ
ﺑﻜﻞ ﳝﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﺕ
ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ.
ﻛ ﺇﺫﺍ ﹰﺎﺃﻳﻀ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭﻗﺪﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺎﻧﺖ
ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﹰﺎﺃﻳﻀ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ.ﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺩﻭﺧﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ
ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﻭﺟﺪ ،ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ،ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ
ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳍﺎ ﹰﺎﻣﺴﺎﻣﺘﺧﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹰﺍﺃﺑﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ،
ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ.
ﺍﻟﻈﻼﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺿﻮﺍﺀ ﲨﻴﻊ ﰲ ﹰﺎﺃﻳﻀ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻭﻗﺪ.ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺷﺮﻕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﺈﻥ
ﺍﻷﻇﻼ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻇﻼﳍﺎ ﻭﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀﻋﻠﻰ ﳑﺘﺪﺓ ﹰﺍﺃﺑﺪ ﻝ
ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻈﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻗﻄﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻈﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ
ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺿﻮﺋﻪ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﻀﻲﺀ ﺍﳉﺮﻡ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ.
ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﲰﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﳕﺎ ﺎﺫﻭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺿﻮﺍﺀ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎﻩ ﳑﺎ ﻓﻴﻈﻬﺮ
- 13. 13 ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ-ﺍﳍﻴﺜﻢ ﺍﺑﻦ
ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ.
ﻳﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﳒﺪ ،ﻣﻨﻪ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﻲﺀ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻛﻞ ﳒﺪ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﹰﺎﻭﺃﻳﻀ
ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﳒﺪ ،ﺑﻌﻀﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻀﻲﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ
ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺃﺑﲔ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ.ﺃﻭﻝ ﺎﻓﺈ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺃﻣﺎﺇﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻠﻮﻋﻬﺎ
ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻣﻊ ، ﳏﻴﻄﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﲑ ﺟﺰﺀ ﹰﻻﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﻊ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﳌﺎ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻷﻓﻖ ﲢﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺰ ،ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻭﺟﻪ ﻭﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ
ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺟﻪ.ﻳﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻭﻗﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﰒﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻭﻻ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﻔﻊ
ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺟﺮﻡ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ.ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻏﺮﺑﺖ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ:ﻓﻮﻕ ﹰﺍﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ
ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺧﻔﺎﺀ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹰﺎﻣﺸﺮﻓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻖ
ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺟﺮﻡﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻣﻦ.
ﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ ﲨﻴﻊ ﰲ ﻭﻫﻲ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺟﺮﻡ ﳏﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻕ ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻭﰲ.ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻣﻊ
ﻣﻦ ﻳﻄﻠﻊ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻏﲑ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ ﳑﻦ ﺃﻓﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻄﻠﻊ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﲣﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻏﲑ ﺃﻓﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ.ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﻓﺎﻵﻓﺎﻕﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺔ
ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ،ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻃﻠﻮﻉ ﺃﻭﻝ ﰲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻄﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ.ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ
ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻐﺮﺏ ﻣﺎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻫﻲ.ﳏﻴﻄﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ
ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﻏﲑ ﻭﻣﻦ.ﻓﻤﻦﺟﺰﺀ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ.
ﻳﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻘﻲ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﻑ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻭﱂ ﺍﻧﻜﺴﻔﺖ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﹰﺎﻭﺃﻳﻀ
ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻣﻦﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﻑ ﻭﻗﺖ ﰲ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ.ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺭﻭﻋﻴﺖ ﻓﺈﻥ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻳﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﻜﺴﻒ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻫﺎ ﻭﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻛﺴﻮﻑ ﻭﻗﺖ
ﻳﺘﺼﺎﻏﺮ.ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ،ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﺄﻱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻣﻊ
ﻣﻘﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻊﹰﺎﺃﻳﻀ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﻞ.ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﻭﺇﻥ
ﺿﻮﺀ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﻑ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺿﻮﺋﻬﺎ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻕ ﻛﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﲰﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹰﺍﺃﺑﺪ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻗﻪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﻑ ﻭﻗﺖ
ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻋﻈﻢ ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﻑ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺿﻮﺋﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﻑ ﻭﻗﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻭﺻﻐﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﻜﺴﻒﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ.ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺀ
ﳏﻴﻄﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻫﻮ ﺇﳕﺎ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﻑ ﻭﻗﺖ.ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﳏﻴﻂ ﻭﲨﻴﻊ