6. How does it happen? The flagellum has ion channels formed by a protein called CatSper Selectively allows Ca2+ ion to enter Channels open, influx of Ca2+ ion The rise in calcium levels allows the tail to form deeper bends
7. How does it help? Greater propulsion through the viscous medium Enables escape from mucosal pockets in the oviduct Increases chance of finding the egg due to frequent direction changes Hyperactivated motility necessary for penetrating zonapellucida
9. Hyperactivated Bull Sperm A Normal bull sperm BHyperactivatedsperm CMaximal form of hyperactivation Each image represents two flashes of a stroboscope, spaced 1/60 sec apart. Scale bar = 10 μm c/o BiolReprod
11. Morphology v/s Hyperactivation According to Steven Green and Simon Fishel Morphology comparison of individually selected hyperactivated and non-hyperactivated human spermatozoa Human Reproduction vol. 14 no. 1 1999
14. Reference Papers Carmen R. Stauss, Timothy J Votta, Susan S Suarez Sperm Motility Hyperactivation Facilitates Penetration of the Hamster ZonaPellucida Biology of Reproduction 53 1999, 1280-1295 Steven Green and Simon Fishel Morphology comparison of individually selected hyperactivatedand non-hyperactivated human spermatozoa Human Reproduction vol. 14 no.1 1999 p. 123-130
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