This file includes method for collection of semen, its test and methods of injecting it in animal in heat.

1. Semen
Semen is a suspension of spermatozoa in a seminal fluid. It is opaque, white to light cream colored
fluid. The spermatozoa are generated in the testes and stored in the epididymis whereas seminal
plasma is contributed by secretary fluids produced in the accessory glands like epididymis, prostate
gland, seminal vesicle, cowper’s gland.
SEMEN COLLECTION METHODS.
Various methods of collection of semen have been devised from time to time.
There are three common methods.
1. Use of artificial vagina
2. By Electro-stimulation method.
3. Message Method
1. ARTIFICIAL VAGINA METHOD
It is the Semen collection by AV in cattle and Buffalo. It is the best method and is now commonly
used. The artificial vagina has heavy hard rubber, open at both end with a nostle for air and water
in and outlet, rubber liner, semen receiving cone.
Procedure for Semen Collection:
Prior to collection all these parts are cleaned, sterilized and assembled into artificial vagina.
The artificial vagina assembled is held at 45° angle from the direction of penis. The artificial
vagina is held with the left hand by a right handed person; and when the bull mounts the cow,
the sheath of the bull will be graphed by the operator, directing the gland penis into the artificial
vagina, and then the bull gives a thrust to ejaculate.

2. The water from the jacket is also drained by opening the nostle. This allows the ejaculate to flow
from the cone to the semen collection tube. The semen collection tube is detached from the cone,
plugged with cotton wool, and taken to the laboratory for examination.
2. Electro Ejaculation Method
By this method ejaculation of semen is brought about by inserting a probe or electrode in sire’s
rectum and stimulating nerves of the reproductive system by gradually increasing voltage in
rhythmic fashion. Successful use requires skill, experience, patience and knowledge.
From this method semen can be collected from males that are too young or old or unable to mount.
Less contamination, no dummy required.
3. Message method
Messaging the ampulla of the ductus differences through rectal wall also helps in collection of
semen.
Rectal massage is the stimulation of the animal by massaging the vesicular gland and ampulla by
way of rectum for semen collection. These organs take part in the sexual response cycle, and are
essential for ejaculation. These organs are found to be most active during time of ejaculation.
Examination of semen
A. Macroscopic and physical tests
1. Volume Measured in c.c per
ejaculation
2. Colour Helps to check pathological
conditions
3. Consistency and cloudiness Thick creamy- excellent , thin
creamy- very good, thick
milky-good, thin miky- fair,
watery-poor
4. Osmotic pressure Freezing point depression in
Centigrade
5. Specific gravity Generally greater than 1
6. Electro conductivity Measures positive and
negative charges
B. Microscopic tests
7. Counting of sperms Measured by
heamacytometer, more better

3. 8. Motility of spermatozoa Measures movement of
sperm. Motility may be
progressive, oscillatory and
rotatory.
9. Live and dead count When stained with Eosin
solution live is not stained.
10. Morphological abnormalities Abnormalities measured with
head, neck, middle piece and
tail structure.
C. Chemical tests
11. Fructolysis Rate of fructolysis distinguish
normal from subnormal
activity
12. Respiration coefficient More metabolic activity on
presence of oxygen
13. Methylene blue reduction Good quality semen reduce
color
14. Hydrogen ion concentration More alkaline low fertility
D. Bacteriological test
Semen collected are tested for various contaminants.
INSEMINATION METHODS
There-are different methods insemination in different species of animals i.e. speculum method,
vaginal method and recto vaginal method.
1. RECTO VAGINAL METHOD
In cattle the safe and best method of insemination is “Recto vaginal method of insemination”. Cow
which is in heat is well controlled placing it in a Travis. The inseminator will get ready by wearing
a plastic apron, gumboots and gloves.
The semen straw after is loaded in a sterilized A.I. gun and is covered with a plastic sheath. The
inseminator will insert the gloved left hand into the rectum after applying the soft soap or other
lubricant on the glove and back racked the animal, and the hand is further inserted and will catch
hold the cervix through rectal wall. The A.I gum loaded with semen straw is passed.

4. 2. SPECULUM METHOD
In this method speculum is placed in the vagina of the cow, which provides passage outside to the
site of insemination, then inseminating tube is passed through the speculum and semen is deposited
at the cervix insemination method.
3. VAGINAL METHOD
Hand is passed through the vagina and the inseminating tube is guided by hand to the site of
insemination and semen is deposited. Here there is a risk of contamination and injury of female
genitalia.