Bacteria are classified into several phyla based on their characteristics. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic while Spirochetes are spiral shaped, with Treponema pallidum causing syphilis. Proteobacteria is the largest phylum and contains both pathogenic and beneficial bacteria. Bacterial cells have structures like cell walls, cell membranes, cytoplasm, and sometimes capsules or pili that aid in functions and survival. Bacteria can obtain nutrients through autotrophy or heterotrophy like saprophytism. Genetic recombination between bacteria can occur through conjugation, transduction, or transformation. Bacterial diseases harm hosts through exotoxins, endotoxins, or digestive enzymes, and antibiotics are used to

1. Bacteria

2. Eubacteria Phylum Cyanobacteria- Photosynthetic, colonized, specialized Phylum Spirochetes- Gram negative. Spirillia shaped, contains Treponema pallidum - causes syphilis

3. Eubacteria Phylum G+- molecularly similar to G+, though not all G+, some cause strep throat, yogurt making and antibiotic making strains. Phylum Proteobacteria-largest phylum, contains G-, enteric, nitrogen fixing, and chemoautotrophs

4. Parts of a Prokaryotic Cell Cell wall-Protects and shapes Cell membrane- regulates movement of materials Cytoplasm- contains compounds that carry out life processes Capsule- protect and attach Pili-attach Endospores- dormant, hardy, non-reproductive structures

5. Nutrition Most are autotrophic and can produce energy from almost anything Heterotrophic bacteria are usually saprophytes

6. Genetic Recombination Conjugation- direct transfer of plasmid DNA Transduction- transfer of DNA using viruses Transformation- uptake of foreign DNA into a cell

7. Bacterial Diseases Three pathological means Exotoxins- proteins secreted by the bacterium Endotoxins- parts of the cell membrane and cell wall that the immune system reacts to Digestive Enzymes- hydrolyze body tissues

8. Antibiotics Used to kill, stop growth, or prevent synthesis of harmful proteins Stop cell metabolism, DNA Replication, Cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis Some strains have produced resistance to certain antibiotics

9. Useful Bacteria Certain bacteria are used to make lots of things Antibiotics Cheeses Yogurt Pickles Sauerkraut Industrial