2 d, 2.5d, and 3d x ray inspection – what’s a “d”?
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In this presentation we clarify one of the most confusing topics in x-ray inspection: the difference between 2D, 2.5D, and 3D x-ray inspection. Check the slides to see if you can tell if an image is 2D, 2.5D, or 3D!
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2 d, 2.5d, and 3d x ray inspection – what’s a “d”?
- 1. www.creativeelectron.com 2D, 2.5D, and 3D X-Ray Inspection – What’s a “D”? Dr. Bill Cardoso
- 2. www.creativeelectron.com Introduction to Creative Electron • USA designer and manufacturer of x-ray machines – 2D, 2.5D, and 3D CT Machines – Parts Counter • Acquired FocalSpot in 2016 – Only authorized support for all FocalSpot and Nicolet x-ray machines • IPC trainer center – certification for 600, 610, …
- 4. www.creativeelectron.com What are dimensions? x y x z y x 1D 2D 3D
- 5. www.creativeelectron.com How does it apply to x-rays?
- 6. www.creativeelectron.com Today we’ll discuss 3 different x-ray imaging modalities: • 2D x-ray imaging • 2.5D – Tilted view • 3D – Type 1: Planar tomography (limited angle 3D), laminography and tomosynthesis – Type 2: Real 3D, Computed tomography
- 7. www.creativeelectron.com 2D x-ray imaging Slide 7 Imaging Analysis 1. X-ray Tube Produces high resolution x-ray beam cone 2. Flat Panel 3. Computer Analyzes Image PCB
- 8. www.creativeelectron.com Penetration Density and Thickness Slide 8 PCB’s & Solder Joint materials block x-rays based on: ◆ Material Density (Lead, Copper, Plastics, Heat Sinks, etc.) ◆ Material Thickness t Lightest - Darkest
- 9. www.creativeelectron.com Computer prefer a gray scale (0-255) X-ray Image 200 128 60 250
- 10. www.creativeelectron.com Field of View (FOV) FOV Influences: • Test Throughput • Resolution / Detection • Clearance .25 in 6.4 mm 1.0 in 25.4mm .5 in 12.7 mm Low Resolution Higher Resolution Larger FOV Smaller FOV
- 11. www.creativeelectron.com Resolution • Resolution is measured as Line Pairs – X-ray Tube spot size – Detector resolution – Field ofView • Resolution Influences – Clarity of image – Measurement repeatability – Detection capabilities – False calls Slide 11 .5in (12.5mm) FOV 1in (25mm) FOV
- 12. www.creativeelectron.com How to find defects with 2D X-Ray imaging?
- 13. www.creativeelectron.com BGA voiding, shape, size inspection
- 28. www.creativeelectron.com Are these images 2D or 3D?
- 29. 2.5D X-Ray
- 34. www.creativeelectron.com BGA Head In Pillow Visual Inspection
- 37. So what’s 3D X-Ray?
- 38. www.creativeelectron.com There are 2 types of 3D x-ray inspection: Type 1: limited angle computed tomography or planar tomography: Tomosynthesis or laminography Type 2: full computed tomography CT
- 39. www.creativeelectron.com Type 1: Tomosynthesis vs Laminography Also called “Planar CT” Laminography • Mechanical Image Integration Generate Off-axis X-rays Rotating Detector Tomosynthesis • Digital Image Synthesis Stationary Detector Generate Off-axis X-rays
- 40. www.creativeelectron.com Principle of Laminography * Z-Axis Mapping required
- 41. www.creativeelectron.com Principle of Laminography • Steer-able x-ray source and rotating detector • “Smear/Average” out objects above/below focal plane • Mechanical integration generates one slice per rotation (or acquisition) • Image acquisition and synthesis occur concurrently Slide 41 Off-axis images
- 42. www.creativeelectron.com Principle of Planar CT Large Area Detector Steer-able X-Ray Source Inspection Plane Multiple Transmission Images
- 43. www.creativeelectron.com Principle of Planar CT Planar CT is a Computational Technique • Objects at different elevations move by different horizontal distances Z= X / tan Z X
- 44. www.creativeelectron.com Principle of Planar CT Planar CT is a Computational Technique • Objects at different elevations move by different horizontal distances Z= X / tan Z X
- 45. www.creativeelectron.com Principle of Planar CT Use multiple off-axis x-ray images to separate top/bottom overlapping or obscured solder connections QFP ResistorPCB Top Side Bottom Side Cross Section x-ray provides the capability to generate un-obscured views of top and bottom side components
- 46. www.creativeelectron.com Imaging Performance Planar CT 2D Better image quality and lower noise reduce false fails and increases fault detection.
- 47. www.creativeelectron.com So what’s Computed Tomography?
- 48. www.creativeelectron.com Type 2: Full CT • A 3D Non Destructive Testing control • Tomography consists first in the acquisition of several radiographic projections of a given object • As a second step, from the acquired projections, tomography consists in processing a 3D homothetic clone of the object by the mean of a 3D reconstruction software
- 49. www.creativeelectron.com RADIOGRAPHY TOMOGRAPHY Radiography Tomography slice 2D Tomography reconstruction 3D Basic principles of computed tomography Object Flatfiled detector Rotating table RX Generator Object Acquire radiography images Pre-processing filtering Reconstruction Interpretation Post-processing segmentation, features extraction
- 50. www.creativeelectron.com CT technology advantages • Positionning defects in 3 axis (X, Y, Z) • Slice visualisation : without information superposition • Post processing : ü Surface extraction ü Segmentation ü Measurements ü Reverse Engineering
- 51. www.creativeelectron.com CT Example: Apple AirPod
- 60. www.creativeelectron.com X-ray technology comparison Feature 2D 2.5D 3D - Planar 3D - CT Imaging principle Transmission thru material Transmission thru material at angle Layers reconstructed from few transmission images at different angles Slices reconstructed from many transmission images at different angles Field of view Large Medium Small Large Image quality Great Great Ok Great Resolution High High Low High Inspection speed Fast Fast Slower Slower Applications Everything PCB PCB Everything + small PCB
- 61. www.creativeelectron.com Thanks for your time! +1 866.953.8220 info@creativeelectron.com www.creativeelectron.com