3. Why Carbon? What makes carbon (C) the basis of all living things? Carbon has 4 valence electrons (remember that valence electrons are the ones available for bonding with other atoms). This means carbon (C) can bond with many elements including hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and nitrogen (N).
4. Why Carbon? (continued) What makes carbon (C) the basis of all living things? Carbon can also bond to other carbon atoms giving them the ability to make chains that are almost unlimited in length. No other element has the versatility of carbon (it’s a kind of “Swiss Army knife”).
6. C C Why Carbon? (continued) Carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple bonds C C + Single bond C C
7. C C Why Carbon? (continued) Carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple bonds C C + Double bond C C
8. C C Why Carbon? (continued) Carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple bonds C C + Triple bond C C
9. Why Carbon? (continued) Acetylene Butadiene Benzene Isooctane Methane Carbon compounds come in a wide variety of shapes – like chains, rings and sheets.
15. Macromolecules Carbon is good at making macromolecules. Macromolecules are “giant molecules”. Macromolecules are formed by joining huge numbers of small units together. The small units are called monomers. The monomers subunits may be identical or different.
16. Macromolecules The giant molecules are polymers. The process of connecting the little monomers into huge macromolecules is known as polymerization.
17. Macromolecules (continued) There are four (4) main groups of organic macromolecules: Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
19. Carbohydrates Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.
20. Carbohydrates The monomers (small subunits) that make up large carbohydrates are called simple sugars (monosaccharides). Polysaccharides are large carbohydrate macromolecules made up of many monosaccharide monomers.
21. Monosaccharides Two of the most important and common monosaccharides are glucose and fructose. Both have the chemical formula C6H12O6, but have different shapes.
22. Macromolecules (continued) There are four (4) main groups of organic macromolecules: Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
23. Lipids Common categories of lipids are: Fats Oils Waxes Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.
25. Lipids Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with fatty acids. (see pg. 46 in text)
26. Saturated Fats Saturated fats are those that contain the maximum number of H atoms (think “saturated with H”). Another way of thinking about saturated fats is that they have all singleC-C bonds.
27. Lipids Unsaturated fats are those that contain at least one C=C double bond. Polyunsaturated fats are those lipids with multiple C=C double bonds.
34. Are you pondering what I’m pondering? Do you think that all parts of a lipid molecule are equally attracted to water molecules?
35. Macromolecules (continued) There are four (4) main groups of organic macromolecules: Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
36. Nucleic acids Nucleic acids contain O, N, C, and P. Nucleic acids are huge polymers assembled from small monomer units called nucleotides.
37. Nucleic acids Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. There are two kinds of nucleic acids: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
38. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA have different sugar molecules at their core (deoxyribose, ribose). (structure pg. 47)
39. Macromolecules (continued) There are four (4) main groups of organic macromolecules: Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
40. Proteins Proteins are macromolecules that contain N (nitrogen), C, H, and O. Polymers of amino acids
41. Proteins Amino Acid Structure Proteins are very diverse. This is because there are more than 20 different amino acids that can be arranged in any order in a protein. See pg. 47 for amino acid structures. The varying part of amino acids is called the R-group. Carboxylic acid group Variable portion, “R” group Amino group
44. Types of proteins Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes (enzymes are biological catalysts). Some are used to form bones and muscles. Others transport substances into or out of cells Still others help to fight disease (antibodies).
45. Biological Macromolecules - Summary Carbon Compounds include Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of Sugars and starches Fats, oils, waxes Nucleotides Amino Acids which contain which contain which contain which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen, Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
52. Biological Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen, Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon Compounds include that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of which contain which contain which contain which contain
