The document summarizes key concepts related to the central dogma of biology. It describes how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase. mRNA is then translated into proteins by ribosomes using transfer RNA (tRNA) and the genetic code found in mRNA codons. The central dogma involves several key molecular processes including transcription, translation, DNA replication, and mutations.

1. The Core

2. The Core for
Heredity

3. Heritable traits
are governed by genes
which are passed from
one generation to the next

7. 12.3 - 12.5,
13.1 - 13.2
11.3 - 11.5,
12.1 - 12.2

8. The Core
for the
Central
Dogma

9. Biological information flows
from DNA to RNA to proteins.

12. A way to think about
this flow of information
DNA à RNA à Protein

14. Bread Pudding
2 cups whole milk (or 2 cups half & half)
1/4 cup butter
2/3 cup brown sugar (light or dark, depending on taste preference)
3 eggs
2 teaspoons cinnamon
1/4 teaspoon ground nutmeg
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
3 cups bread, torn into small pieces (french bread works best)
1/2 cup raisins (optional)
1. In medium saucepan, over medium heat, heat milk (or half & half)
just until film forms over top. Combine butter and milk, stirring until
butter is melted. Cool to lukewarm.
2. Combine sugar, eggs, cinnamon, nutmeg, and vanilla. Beat with an
electric mixer at medium speed for 1 minute. Slowly add milk mixture.
3. Place bread in a lightly greased 1 1/2 quart casserole.
4. Sprinkle with raisins if desired. Pour batter on top of bread.
5. Bake at 350 degrees F for 45 to 50 minutes or until set. Serve warm.

16. Making Stuff from Instructions
Instructions Printed Final
Template à Instructions à Product

17. Making Stuff from Instructions
Instructions Printed Final
Template à Instructions à Product
DNA à RNA à Protein

18. DNA
and
RNA

21. Base Pairing

23. Transcription
Making messenger RNA
(mRNA) from DNA

24. Transcription
• TGGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAA • •
• ACCGTTGACTACGGTCGAGCCAGTT • •
à
• TGGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAA • •
• UGGCAACU
• ACCGTTGACTACGGTCGAGCCAGTT • •
à
• UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA • •

25. Transcription
• TGGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAA • •
• ACCGTTGACTACGGTCGAGCCAGTT • •
à
• TGGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAA • •
• UGGCAACU
• ACCGTTGACTACGGTCGAGCCAGTT • •
à
• UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA • •

26. Transcription
• TGGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAA • •
• ACCGTTGACTACGGTCGAGCCAGTT • •
à
• TGGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAA • •
• UGGCAACU
• ACCGTTGACTACGGTCGAGCCAGTT • •
à
mRNA
• UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA • •

27. Transcription
• TGGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAA • •
• ACCGTTGACTACGGTCGAGCCAGTT • •
à
template strand
• TGGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAA • •
• UGGCAACU
• ACCGTTGACTACGGTCGAGCCAGTT • •
à
• UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA • •

28. How do we go from
sequences of nucleotides to
sequences of amino acids?

29. There are four kinds of
nucleotides in mRNA

30. There are twenty kinds of
amino acids in proteins

31. Codons
Tri-nucleotide sequences
that code for an amino acid

33. http://evolution-textbook.org/content/free/figures/02_EVOW_Art/26_EVOW_CH02.jpg

34. Reading Frame
[A] way of breaking a sequence of nucleotides
in DNA or RNA into three letter codons which
can be translated in amino acids.
There are 3 possible reading frames in an mRNA
strand: each reading frame corresponding to
starting at a different alignment.
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Reading_frame

35. Reading Frame
• UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA • •
UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA• • •
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA• • •
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA• • •
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[

36. Reading Frame
UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA• • •
[
[
[
[
[

37. Translation
Making proteins
from mRNA

38. Translation
UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA• • •
[
[
[
[
[
Met Pro Ala Arg Ser • • •

39. • TGGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAA • •
• ACCGTTGACTACGGTCGAGCCAGTT • •
à
• TGGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAA • •
• UGGCAACU
• ACCGTTGACTACGGTCGAGCCAGTT • •
à
• UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA • •
UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA• • •
[
[
[
[
[
Met Pro Ala Arg Ser • • •

41. Now let’s look at the
physical processes of
the Central Dogma

42. Reverse Transcriptase

45. Proteins are synthesized
from mRNA
by the ribosome

46. Reverse Transcriptase

48. The Ribosome

49. tRNA
secondary
structure

50. tRNA
tertiary
structure

51. tRNA in a simplified depiction

52. Translation in a simplified depiction

53. DNA
Replication

54. DNA is replicated
semi-conservatively
by DNA polymerase

55. Figure 6-6 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

56. Base Pairing
is at the heart
of DNA replication

61. The Central Dogma
and Genetic Code
are Universal

62. Class Activity
DNA: 7 people
RNA polymerase: 1 person
mRNA: 7 people
tRNA: 3 people
Ribosome: 1 person
Amino Acids: 3 people

63. Mutations
…changes in a genomic sequence: the DNA
sequence of a cell's genome or the DNA or RNA
sequence of a virus.
Mutations are caused by radiation, viruses,
transposons and mutagenic chemicals, as well
as errors that occur during meiosis or DNA
replication.
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Mutation

64. Some Mutations
are like copying errors.
are like copying errors.
are like copying errors.
are like copying errors.
are like capying errors.
are like capying errers.
are like capying errers.
are like capying errers.

66. Data Corruption

68. Kinds of Mutations
Substatution
exchange of a single nucleotide fur another
Insaertion
addition of one or moare extra nucleotides
Dletion
removal of one or mre nucleotides

69. Kinds of Mutations
AmplificationAmplification
multiple copies of all chromosomal regions,
increasing the dosage of the genes located within
them
noisrevnI
portions of DNA get flipped around

70. Point Mutations
are like typos.

71. Point Mutations
Substatution
exchange of a single fur another
Insaertion
addition of one extra nucleotides
Dletion
removal of one nucleotides

74. Silent
doesn’t change the amino acid
the original codon coded for

75. Miscense
changes the amino acid
she original codon coded for

76. Non.sense
results in a stop. codon
that prematurely ends translation

77. Frameshift Mutation
[A] genetic mutation caused by insertions
or deletions of a number of nucleotides that
is not evenly divisible by three from a DNA
sequence. Due to the triplet nature of gene
expression by codons, the insertion or
deletion can change the reading frame (the
grouping of the codons), resulting in a
completely different translation from the
original.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frameshift_mutation

78. A genetic mutation caused by
insertions or deletions of a
number of nucleotides that is
not evenly divisible by three
from a DNA sequence.

79. e neticmu tationca usedby
insertionsor deletionsof anu
mberof nucleotidesth atis
notev enlydi visibleby threefr
oma DNAse quence.

80. 0101011100010011010001101
1100100110001010001011011
1001000101000110100111001
0101001101010101010101110
0010011010001101110010011
0001010001011011100101001
0101100110100100110010101
0011011100010011010100110

81. 0101011100010011010001101
1100100110001010001011011
1001000101000110100111001
0101001101010101010101100
0100110100011011100100110
0010100010110111001010010
1011001101001001100101010
0110111000100110101001101

83. What kind of mutation is this?
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAAUAG
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCAGUCGGUCAAUAGC

84. What kind of mutation is this?
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAAUAG
[
[
[
[
[
[
Met Pro Ala Arg Ser Ile
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCAGUCGGUCAAUAGC
[
[
[
[
[
[
Met Pro Val Gly Pro stop

85. What kind of mutation is this?
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAAUAG
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCGGCUCGGUCAAUAG

86. What kind of mutation is this?
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAAUAG
[
[
[
[
[
[
Met Pro Ala Arg Ser Ile
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCGGCUCGGUCAAUAG
[
[
[
[
[
[
Met Pro Ala Arg Ser Ile

87. What kind of mutation is this?
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAAUAG
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCAACUCGGUCAAUAG

88. What kind of mutation is this?
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAAUAG
[
[
[
[
[
[
Met Pro Ala Arg Ser Ile
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCAACUCGGUCAAUAG
[
[
[
[
[
[
Met Pro Thr Arg Ser Ile

89. Bread Pudding
2 cups whole milk (or 2 cups half & half)
1/4 cup butter
2/3 cup brown sugar (light or dark, depending on taste preference)
3 eggs
2 teaspoons cinnamon
1/4 teaspoon ground nutmeg
1 teaspoon orange extract
3 cups bread, torn into small pieces (french bread works best)
1/2 cup raisins (optional)
1. In medium saucepan, over medium heat, heat milk (or half & half) just until film forms
over top. Combine butter and milk, stirring until butter is melted. Cool to lukewarm.
2. Combine sugar, eggs, cinnamon, nutmeg, and vanilla. Beat with an electric mixer at

90. DNA Probes
are like search terms.

92. Find the gene
for this protein…
Met Pro Ala Arg Ser Ala Cys • • •

93. in a long DNA sequence
AGGTCAGGCTTGCACTACTGCCGTCTATCG
ATCGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAATAG
GCTGAACTGTTCAAGGCTCAGTCGAGTAC
• • •CCTACTGGGTGCCAAGGGTCATGATGA
• • •TTGAAACTGGTGCCAAGGGTCATGAUG

94. Met Pro Ala Arg Ser • • •

95. http://evolution-textbook.org/content/free/figures/02_EVOW_Art/26_EVOW_CH02.jpg

96. Met Pro Ala Arg Ser • • •
[
[
[
[
[
AUGCCAGCACGAUCA • • •
CCU GCUCGU
CCGGCGCGG
CCC GCCCGC
AGA
AGG

97. CCTGCACGAT • • •
CCTGCTCGGT • • •
CCAGCTCGGT • • •
CCTGCCCGGT • • •
GGTCAGGCTTGCACTACTGCCGTCTATCG
ATCGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAATAG
GCTGAACTGTTCAAGGCTCAGTCGAGTACT
• • •CCTACTGGGTGCCAAGGGTCATGATGA
• • •TTGAAACTGGTGCCAAGGGTCATGAUG

98. AGGTCAGGCTTGCACTACTGCCGTCTATCG
ATCGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAATAG
GGTCGAGCCAGTT • • •
GCTGAACTGTTCAAGGCTCAGTCGAGTAC
• • •CCTACTGGGTGCCAAGGGTCATGATGA
• • •TTGAAACTGGTGCCAAGGGTCATGAUG

102. DNA probes are usually
100 - 1000 nucleotides long