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2. M Shahbaz Shamas
IER (University of the Punjab)
All Rights Reserved

3. Originator:
 THE FOUNDER OF THE ESSENTIALIST MOVEMENT
WILLIAM.C.BAGLEY(1874-1946)

4. Major Essentialist authors
 Bagley
 Briggs
 Breed
 Kandel
 Horne

5. THREE FACTS OF ESSENTIALISM
 BASICALLY ESSENTIALISM FOCUS ON THREE
FACTS
 EVALUATION OF CARRICULUM
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ESSENTIAL AND NON
ESSENTIAL IN SCHOOL PROGRAMME
 ESTABLISHMENT OF TEACHER’S AUTHORITY IN
CLASS ROOM.

6. Goals of education
IT EMPHASIZE INSTRUCTION IN NATURAL
SCIENCES RATHER THAN NON DESCIPLINES
SUCH AS PHILOSOPHY OR COMPARATIVE
RELIGION
ELEMENTRY STUDENTS RECEIVE INTRUCTION IN
SKILLS SUCH AS WRITING , READING, AND
COMPUTER

7. Goals of education
EVEN WHILE LEARNING ART AND MUSIC
SUBJECTS MOST OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE
DEVELOPMENT OF CREATIVITY
THE STUDENT ARE REQUIRED TO MASTER A
BODY OF INFORMATION AND BASIC
TECHNIQUES GRADUALLY MOVING FROM LESS
TO MORE COMPLEX SKILLS AND DETAILED
KNOWLEDGE

8. TEACHER
 THE TEACHER IS AN ORGANISER OF LEARNING
SITUATIONS WHO TRANSMIT ELEMENTS OF
CULTURE AND SCIENCE.

9. CURRICULUM
 THE ESSENTIALIST CURRICULUM”AN
IRREDUCIBLE BODY OF KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS,
ATTITUDES COMMON TO DEMOCRATIC

10. CLASS ROOM
 ESSENTIALIST TEACHER FOCUS HEAVILY ON
ACHIEVEMENT TEST SCORES AS A MEAN OF
EVALUATING PROGRESS
 ESSENTIALIST HOPES THAT WHEN STUDENT
LEAVE SCHOOL THEY WILL POSSESS:
BASIC SKILL
DISCIPLINED
PRACTICAL MIND

11. Classical Realism in Educational Philosophy

12. Perennialism: major authors
 Aristotle
 Aquinal
 Hutchins
 Adler
 Livingstone

13. Perennialism
 Allegiance to absolute principles
 Permanence is more real than change and more
desirable as an ideal
 Stability is the most important educational value.

14. EDUCATION
 Education is preparation for life

15. EDUCATION
 Education is preparation for life
 Education’s task is to teach eternal truth

16. Curriculum
 Curriculum should be the great works of literature,
philosophy, history & science

17. Strengths and Weaknesses of
Perennialism
 Assumptions
 Curriculum
 Methodology
 Contexts

18. Perennialism
 People possess and share a common nature
that defines them as human beings
 Follows Aristotle and Aquinas (Realism)
 Rationality of human nature in all times and
places
 All people may find universal truth and live
according to its values
 Study classic literature and arts to discover
enduring truth and beauty

19. Perennialism
Education
 School is an intellectual agency with a primary
purpose to develop human reason (greatest
happiness comes from exercising and applying
reason)
 Education should be universal, leading students to
discover truth and make logical choices accordingly
 Support a general curriculum, not a specialized one,
based on valuable skills and subject matter
 Critical of “presentism” and specialization that
comes too early (general, liberal education should
come first)

20. THANKS YOU

21. ANY QUESTION?