This document discusses misuses and limitations of statistics. It provides examples of how statistics can be misleading when organizations selectively publish studies, questions are worded to influence responses, or samples are not representative of the overall population. Limitations of statistics include that they deal with aggregates rather than individuals, quantitative rather than qualitative data, and laws that are true on average rather than exactly. Statistics also cannot prove causation and are limited by the quality of data collection and analysis.
In any single written message, one can count letters, words or sentences. One can categories phrases, describe the logical structure of expressions, ascertain associations, connotations, denotations, elocutionary forces, and one can also offer psychiatric, sociological, or political interpretations. All of these may be simultaneously valid. In short a message may convey a multitude of contents even to a single receiver.
Top 10 Uses Of Statistics In Our Day to Day Life Stat Analytica
Don't you know the uses of statistics is our daily life? If yes then check out this presentation you will learn a lot more about the use of statistics in our daily life.
According to Wikipedia point estimation involves the use of sample data to calculate a single value (known as a point estimate since it identifies a point in some parameter space) which is to serve as a "best guess" or "best estimate" of an unknown population parameter (for example, the population means).
In any single written message, one can count letters, words or sentences. One can categories phrases, describe the logical structure of expressions, ascertain associations, connotations, denotations, elocutionary forces, and one can also offer psychiatric, sociological, or political interpretations. All of these may be simultaneously valid. In short a message may convey a multitude of contents even to a single receiver.
Top 10 Uses Of Statistics In Our Day to Day Life Stat Analytica
Don't you know the uses of statistics is our daily life? If yes then check out this presentation you will learn a lot more about the use of statistics in our daily life.
According to Wikipedia point estimation involves the use of sample data to calculate a single value (known as a point estimate since it identifies a point in some parameter space) which is to serve as a "best guess" or "best estimate" of an unknown population parameter (for example, the population means).
This presentation includes an introduction to statistics, introduction to sampling methods, collection of data, classification and tabulation, frequency distribution, graphs and measures of central tendency.
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS)sspink
This presentation includes the introduction of SPSS is basic features of Spss, how to input data manually, descriptive statistics and how to perform t-test, Anova and Chi-Square.
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
HYPOTSIS
ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE DATA
STEPS OF QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS.
STEPS OF QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS.
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
PARAMETRIC TESTS
Commonly Used Parametric Tests.
The two major areas of statistics are: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. In this presentation, the difference between the two are shown including examples.
This presentation includes an introduction to statistics, introduction to sampling methods, collection of data, classification and tabulation, frequency distribution, graphs and measures of central tendency.
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS)sspink
This presentation includes the introduction of SPSS is basic features of Spss, how to input data manually, descriptive statistics and how to perform t-test, Anova and Chi-Square.
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
HYPOTSIS
ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE DATA
STEPS OF QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS.
STEPS OF QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS.
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
PARAMETRIC TESTS
Commonly Used Parametric Tests.
The two major areas of statistics are: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. In this presentation, the difference between the two are shown including examples.
IT support and services are the backbone of an organization. Having round-the-clock IT support solutions strategically supports your organization's ability to run effectively. This enables you to focus on your core business operations. Jerait.co.uk comprehend organizational needs and can navigate the business through updated technology recommendations. They majorly offer their services in locations like Edinburgh, Aberdeen, and Glasgow. They can help you enhance your IT infrastructure and future-proof your business with highly reliable, secure, and optimized IT support solutions.
The Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) and the American Statistical Association (ASA) collaborated to develop a best practices guide for the use of statistics in public relations campaign. The guide serves as a primer for public relations professionals who must understand, interpret and communicate statistical issues. It also provides a contact lifeline for public relations professionals who need urgent statistical- or research-based help.
Running head: OVERVIEW 1
OVERVIEW 3
Articles Overview
Yoanka Rodriguez
South University
May 2017
Articles Overview
Quantitative
Qualitative
Articles summary
The article by Bortz, Ashkenazi, and Melnikov (2015) has addressed the problem of organ donation. The authors were interested to learn about the motivation of those individuals who sign the donor card. Comparative analysis of values and beliefs of those who agree and disagree to donate demonstrated that people with better education agree to sign the document.
Dinkel and Schmidt (2015) have discussed the strategies of primary prevention in incarcerated women. They have indicated the main health-related concerns in this population.
Research problem
To identify the difference in mentality between those willing and not willing to donate organs.
To identify the incarcerated women’s health-related education needs.
Purpose statement
Comparative analysis of “spirituality, purpose in life, and attitudes toward organ donation” in people willing and not willing to sign the donor card (Bortz et al., 2015, p. 33).
Analysis of health educational needs in imprisoned women with the use of an interview.
Hypothesis/research questions
Personal beliefs, cultural peculiarities, spirituality, and values influence the decision to sign the donor card.
“What are the top ten health education needs in imprisoned women?” (Dinkel & Schmidt, 2015, p. 230).
Significance to nursing
Organ donation is an important aspect of health care. Educating the right attitude to organ donation in broad populations, health care professionals will help save millions of lives. Nursing professionals as direct care providers constantly working with patients have the key role in this objective. Therefore, they need informational support on how to approach people in the most effective way. The article provides many important findings to help in this area.
The number of incarcerated females is ever growing in the United States. This population is identified as a vulnerable group due to increased morbidity and mortality. This research has helped to understand how primary prevention can be implemented to help them.
Two details to support the study being quantitative or qualitative
This study is quantitative because (1) the research process was organized to test measurable relationships between variables and (2) inferential statistics was used.
This study is qualitative because (1) it uses an interview to collect the data and (2) it aims to generate the theory as for the best practice health teaching for incarcerated women.
References
Bortz, A., Ashkenazi, T., & Melnikov, S. (2015). Spirituality as a predictive factor for signing an organ donor car.
Running head: OVERVIEW 1
OVERVIEW 3
Articles Overview
Yoanka Rodriguez
South University
May 2017
Articles Overview
Quantitative
Qualitative
Articles summary
The article by Bortz, Ashkenazi, and Melnikov (2015) has addressed the problem of organ donation. The authors were interested to learn about the motivation of those individuals who sign the donor card. Comparative analysis of values and beliefs of those who agree and disagree to donate demonstrated that people with better education agree to sign the document.
Dinkel and Schmidt (2015) have discussed the strategies of primary prevention in incarcerated women. They have indicated the main health-related concerns in this population.
Research problem
To identify the difference in mentality between those willing and not willing to donate organs.
To identify the incarcerated women’s health-related education needs.
Purpose statement
Comparative analysis of “spirituality, purpose in life, and attitudes toward organ donation” in people willing and not willing to sign the donor card (Bortz et al., 2015, p. 33).
Analysis of health educational needs in imprisoned women with the use of an interview.
Hypothesis/research questions
Personal beliefs, cultural peculiarities, spirituality, and values influence the decision to sign the donor card.
“What are the top ten health education needs in imprisoned women?” (Dinkel & Schmidt, 2015, p. 230).
Significance to nursing
Organ donation is an important aspect of health care. Educating the right attitude to organ donation in broad populations, health care professionals will help save millions of lives. Nursing professionals as direct care providers constantly working with patients have the key role in this objective. Therefore, they need informational support on how to approach people in the most effective way. The article provides many important findings to help in this area.
The number of incarcerated females is ever growing in the United States. This population is identified as a vulnerable group due to increased morbidity and mortality. This research has helped to understand how primary prevention can be implemented to help them.
Two details to support the study being quantitative or qualitative
This study is quantitative because (1) the research process was organized to test measurable relationships between variables and (2) inferential statistics was used.
This study is qualitative because (1) it uses an interview to collect the data and (2) it aims to generate the theory as for the best practice health teaching for incarcerated women.
References
Bortz, A., Ashkenazi, T., & Melnikov, S. (2015). Spirituality as a predictive factor for signing an organ donor car.
Assignment ExpectationThe Assignment is attachedThe pape.docxssuser562afc1
Assignment Expectation:
The Assignment is attached:
The paper will be typed in Times New Roman, Font 12, Double Spaced to answer all questions from the assignment in the attachment. Show the computations, discuss the results, and include references in APA Format in text and listed on a separate page at the end, not included in the 3-4- page assignment.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
We are using the same company as in the first module. However, you need to consider some additional information..
· One client had indicated that they were interested in purchasing $42,500 worth of products, so the bookkeeper recorded the transaction. However, the client has not actually committed to the purchase.
· The bookkeeper already corrected the sales account. However, the bookkeeper may have made a mistake when computing cost of goods sold. She included total production costs for 2014 and did not adjust the end inventory for the $42,500 worth of units left at the end of the year. The amount of ending inventory was determined using a physical count.
Nybrostrand Company
31-Dec-14
Trial Balance (accounts in alphabetical order)
Debit
Credit
Accounts payable
$ 78,000
Accounts receivable
$ 36,500
Cash
30,000
Common stock
10,000
Depreciation expense
24,350
Cost of goods sold
307,000
Equipment (net of depreciation)
415,000
Insurance
1,400
Inventory
34,000
Long-term debt
127,000
Marketing
4,500
Paid-in capital
50,000
Property taxes
16,900
Rent
28,000
Retained earnings
?
Revenues
586,000
Salaries
78,500
Utilities
6,700
Total
982,850
982,850
Prepare an income statement for the company in a good format. Always include the name of the company and the period covered in the title. Don’t forget dollar signs where appropriate. You do not need to include the balance sheet. Consequently, you will not need all account listed above. How does the income or loss compare to the original income statement? Explain the importance of the matching concept.
Empirical Generalization- A form of inductive reasoning in which a general statement is made about an entire group (the “target population”) based on observing some members of
the group (the “sample population”)
One of the most important tools used by both natural and social scientists is empirical generalization. Have you ever wondered how the major television and radio networks can accurately predict election results hours before the polls close? These predictions are made possible by the power of empirical generalization, a first major type of inductive reasoning that is defined as reasoning from a limited sample to a general conclusion based on this sample.
Network election predictions, as well as public opinion polls that occur through- out a political campaign, are based on interviews with a select number of people. Ideally, pollsters would interview everyone in the target population (in this case, voters), but this, of cour ...
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Empowering the Data Analytics Ecosystem: A Laser Focus on Value
The data analytics ecosystem thrives when every component functions at its peak, unlocking the true potential of data. Here's a laser focus on key areas for an empowered ecosystem:
1. Democratize Access, Not Data:
Granular Access Controls: Provide users with self-service tools tailored to their specific needs, preventing data overload and misuse.
Data Catalogs: Implement robust data catalogs for easy discovery and understanding of available data sources.
2. Foster Collaboration with Clear Roles:
Data Mesh Architecture: Break down data silos by creating a distributed data ownership model with clear ownership and responsibilities.
Collaborative Workspaces: Utilize interactive platforms where data scientists, analysts, and domain experts can work seamlessly together.
3. Leverage Advanced Analytics Strategically:
AI-powered Automation: Automate repetitive tasks like data cleaning and feature engineering, freeing up data talent for higher-level analysis.
Right-Tool Selection: Strategically choose the most effective advanced analytics techniques (e.g., AI, ML) based on specific business problems.
4. Prioritize Data Quality with Automation:
Automated Data Validation: Implement automated data quality checks to identify and rectify errors at the source, minimizing downstream issues.
Data Lineage Tracking: Track the flow of data throughout the ecosystem, ensuring transparency and facilitating root cause analysis for errors.
5. Cultivate a Data-Driven Mindset:
Metrics-Driven Performance Management: Align KPIs and performance metrics with data-driven insights to ensure actionable decision making.
Data Storytelling Workshops: Equip stakeholders with the skills to translate complex data findings into compelling narratives that drive action.
Benefits of a Precise Ecosystem:
Sharpened Focus: Precise access and clear roles ensure everyone works with the most relevant data, maximizing efficiency.
Actionable Insights: Strategic analytics and automated quality checks lead to more reliable and actionable data insights.
Continuous Improvement: Data-driven performance management fosters a culture of learning and continuous improvement.
Sustainable Growth: Empowered by data, organizations can make informed decisions to drive sustainable growth and innovation.
By focusing on these precise actions, organizations can create an empowered data analytics ecosystem that delivers real value by driving data-driven decisions and maximizing the return on their data investment.
Techniques to optimize the pagerank algorithm usually fall in two categories. One is to try reducing the work per iteration, and the other is to try reducing the number of iterations. These goals are often at odds with one another. Skipping computation on vertices which have already converged has the potential to save iteration time. Skipping in-identical vertices, with the same in-links, helps reduce duplicate computations and thus could help reduce iteration time. Road networks often have chains which can be short-circuited before pagerank computation to improve performance. Final ranks of chain nodes can be easily calculated. This could reduce both the iteration time, and the number of iterations. If a graph has no dangling nodes, pagerank of each strongly connected component can be computed in topological order. This could help reduce the iteration time, no. of iterations, and also enable multi-iteration concurrency in pagerank computation. The combination of all of the above methods is the STICD algorithm. [sticd] For dynamic graphs, unchanged components whose ranks are unaffected can be skipped altogether.
Adjusting primitives for graph : SHORT REPORT / NOTESSubhajit Sahu
Graph algorithms, like PageRank Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) is an adjacency-list based graph representation that is
Multiply with different modes (map)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector multiply.
2. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector multiply.
Sum with different storage types (reduce)
1. Performance of vector element sum using float vs bfloat16 as the storage type.
Sum with different modes (reduce)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector element sum.
2. Performance of memcpy vs in-place based CUDA based vector element sum.
3. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (memcpy).
4. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Sum with in-place strategies of CUDA mode (reduce)
1. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
How can I successfully sell my pi coins in Philippines?DOT TECH
Even tho pi not launched globally, crypto whales, holders, investors are looking forward to hold up to 20,000 pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
All a miner or pioneer has to do to sell is to get in contact with a legitimate pi vendor ( a person that buys pi coins from miners and resell them to investors)
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi 2024
#sell pi
1. Presented From: Aleena Alvi
Topic: Misuses of Statistics , Misleading Results of Statistics &
Limitation of Statistics
PAKISTAN
2.
3. MISUSE OF STATISTICS
Statistics is the practice of collecting, organizing and representing large amounts
of numerical data. Statistics can tell us about trends that are happening in the
world. Misuse of statistics occurs when a statistical argument asserts a
falsehood. In some cases, the misuse may be accidental. In others, it is purposeful
and for the gain of the perpetrator.
4. Organizations that do not publish every study they carry out, such as tobacco
companies denying a link between smoking and cancer, anti-smoking advocacy
groups and media outlets trying to prove a link between smoking and various
ailments.
For example, a company has to do to promote a neutral (useless) product is to find
or conduct, for example, 40 studies with a confidence level of 95%. If the product is
really useless, this would on average produce one study showing the product was
beneficial, one study showing it was harmful and thirty-eight inconclusive studies
(38 is 95% of 40).
5. The answers to surveys can often be manipulated by wording the question in such
a way as to induce a prevalence towards a certain answer from the respondent. For
example, in polling support for a war, the questions:
Do you support cuts in income tax?
Do you support cuts in income tax?
The point should be that the person being asked has no way of guessing from the
wording what the questioner might want to hear. The proper formulation of
questions can be very subtle. The responses to two questions can vary dramatically
depending on the order in which they are asked.
6. Overgeneralization is a fallacy occurring when a statistic about a particular
population is asserted to hold among members of a group for which the original
population is not a representative sample.
For example, As young people are more likely to lack a conventional "landline"
phone, a telephone poll that exclusively surveys responders of calls landline
phones, may cause the poll results to under sample the views of young people, if no
other measures are taken to account for this skewing of the sampling.
7. There are also many other measurement problems in population surveys. People
may think that it is impossible to get data on the opinion of dozens of millions of
people by just polling a few thousands. This is also inaccurate a poll with perfect
unbiased sampling and truthful answers has a mathematically determined error,
which only depends on the number of people polled.
For example, a survey of 1000 people may contain 100 people from a certain
ethnic or economic group. The results focusing on that group will be much less
reliable than results for the full population. If the margin of error for the full sample
was 4%, say, then the margin of error for such a subgroup could be around 13%.
8. When a statistical test shows a correlation between A and B, there are usually four
possibilities:
1. A causes B.
2. B causes A.
3. A and B are both caused by a third factor, C.
4. The observed correlation was due purely to chance.
9. The fourth possibility can be quantified by statistical tests that can calculate the
probability that the correlation observed would be as large as it is just by chance if,
in fact, there is no relationship between the variables.
If the number of people buying ice cream at the beach is statistically related to the
number of people who drown at the beach, then nobody would claim ice cream
causes drowning because it's obvious that it isn't so. (In this case, both drowning
and ice cream buying are clearly related by a third factor: the number of people at
the beach).
10. In data dredging, large compilations of data are examined in order to find a
correlation, without any pre-defined choice of a hypothesis to be tested. Since the
required confidence interval to establish a relationship between two parameters is
usually chosen to be 95% (meaning that there is a 95% chance that the
relationship observed is not due to random chance), there is a thus a 5% chance of
finding a correlation between any two sets of completely random variables.
For example, Magnetic media, such as hard disk drives, floppy disks and magnetic
tapes, may experience data decay as bits lose their magnetic orientation. Periodic
refreshing by rewriting the data can alleviate this problem
11. Data manipulation is a serious issue/consideration in the most honest of statistical
analyses. Outliers, missing data and non-normality can all adversely affect the
validity of statistical analysis.
Informally called "fudging the data," this practice includes selective reporting and
even simply making up false data.
Examples of selective reporting abound. The easiest and most common examples
involve choosing a group of results that follow a pattern consistent with the
preferred hypothesis while ignoring other results or "data runs" that contradict the
hypothesis.
12. MISLEADING STATISTICS
The misusage of numerical data, either intentionally or due to error, that results in
misleading information. Misleading statistics can deceive the receiver of the
information if the receiver is not careful to notice the error or deception. Statistics
can be misleading in a number of ways i.e. inventing false statistical information,
misinformation, neglecting the baseline and making fallacious comparisons
13. An obvious problem with statistics is that they can be simply be fabricated. Of
course this could be true with any claim, but because statistics use specific
numbers, they have a quality of authority about them, and we may be a little less
suspicious that a statistical claim is false than we would be for a more descriptive
argument.
i.e. "83% of high school students admit cheating on tests" just sounds more
authoritative than "most high school students admit they cheat on tests."
14. Statistics are obtained by taking a sample from a larger group and assuming the
whole group has the same characteristics as the sample.
For example, if we ask 100 people who they are going to vote for in the next
election, and 55 of them say they will vote for PTI, we might assume that about
55% of all the voters will vote for PTI. This is very useful, since we can't possibly
ask all the voters, but it has some important limitations.
15. Statistics based on polls can be faulty if the poll is constructed in such a way as to
encourage a particular answer.
If a question is worded, "Do you feel you should be taxed so some people can get
paid for staying home and doing nothing?" it is likely to get a lot of "no" responses.
On the other hand, the question "Do you think the government should help people
who are unable to find work?" is likely to get a lot more positive responses.
16. Statistics in the form of rankings: "He is ranked fifth among hitters for most career
home runs" or "this is the third leading cause of accidents in the home." Since
these are based on comparisons with other quantities rather than specifying
specific amounts, there are special problems we need to be aware of.
The problem with ranking is that it does not tell us much about the actual amount
involved. The most popular restaurant in the city might only do one one-thousandth
of the business in the city, while the most popular brand of soup might have 70% of
the sales, so simply being ranked number one doesn't tell us much about the actual
percentage or amount of business.
17. LIMITATION OF STATISTICS
1.Statistics does not deal with isolated measurement
2.Statistics deals with only quantitative characteristics
3.Statistics laws are true on average. Statistics are aggregates of facts. So single
observation is not a statistics, it deals with groups and aggregates only.
18. 4.Statistical methods are best applicable on quantitative data.
5.It sufficient care is not exercised in collecting, analyzing and interpretation the
data, statistical results might be misleading.
6.Some errors are possible in statistical decisions. Particularly the inferential
statistics involves certain errors. We do not know whether an error has been
committed or not.
19. Statistics deals with facts and figures. So the quality aspect of a variable or the
subjective phenomenon falls out of the scope of statistics. For example, qualities
like beauty, honesty, intelligence etc. cannot be numerically expressed. So these
characteristics cannot be examined statistically. This limits the scope of the
subject.
20. Statistical laws are not exact as incase of natural sciences. These laws are true
only on average. They hold good under certain conditions. They cannot be
universally applied. So statistics has less practical utility.
21. Statistics deals with aggregate of facts. Single or isolated figures are not statistics.
This is considered to be a major handicap of statistics.
22. Statistics does not prove or disprove anything. It is just a means to an end. For
this, statistics is often misused. Statistical methods rightly used are beneficial but if
misused these become harmful. Statistical methods used by less expert hands will
lead to inaccurate results. Here the fault does not lie with the subject of statistics
but with the person who makes wrong use of it.