For download link head to http://solarreference.com/solar-cooling-training-presentation/ Also available from SOLAIR website. A presentation from the SOLAIR project on sizing of solar air conditioners. their website has a lot of details information. For similar useful resources visit us on http://solarreference.com

1. Training course on solar cooling
Chapter C :
Predesign – system sizing
funded by
Speaker:
XXXX YYYYY
System sizing
A) Building load characterisation needed
Irradiance
Internal load
Convection
Hygienic air
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
Source : TECSOL
2

2. System sizing
Internal loads
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
3
System sizing
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
4

3. Solar collectors and thermally driven cooling
A) Choice of technologies
desiccant
1.0
adsorpti
on
CPC
0.9
1-effect
absorpti
on
0.8
2-effect
absorpti
on
CPC ==stationary
CPC stationary
CPC
CPC
ηcoll
0.7
SAC ==solar air
SAC solar air
coll.
coll.
0.6
SYC
0.5
0.4
FPC ==selectively
FPC selectively
coated flat plate
coated flat plate
EDF
SAC
0.3
0.2
EHP ==evacuated
EHP evacuated
heat-pipe
heat-pipe
FPC
0.1
0.0
0.00
EDF ==evacuated,
EDF evacuated,
direct flow
direct flow
0.05
0.10
0.15
EHP
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
2
∆T/G [Km /W]
SYC ==stationary
SYC stationary
concentrated,
concentrated,
Sydney-type
Sydney-type
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
5
Source : Fraunhofer ISE
Solar production
0,9
1000
efficiency
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
Irradiation:
800 W /m ² direct norm al
200 W /m ² diffuse
0,1
0,0
0
25
50
75
FPC
EFPC
ETC
CPC
PTC
Barcelona
800
energy yield [kW h/m²]
0,7
1000
900
700
800
600
500
400
300
200
100
100
125
150
175
T - T A MB [K]
FPC
EFPC
ETC
CPC
PTC
Huelva
900
energy yield [kW h/m²]
flat-plate
evac. tube
evac. flat-plate
CPC-collector
parabolic trough
0,8
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
60
80
100
120
140
160
temperature [°C]
180
200
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
temperature [°C]
FPC: flate plate collector
EFPC: flate plate collector with concentrating parabolic compound (CPC)
ETC: vaccum tube collectors
CPC: vaccum tube collectors with concentrating parabolic compound (CPC)
PTC: parabolic trough collector
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
Source : Aiguasol
6

4. Primary energy analysis
Definitions
Specific Primary Energy (PE) (KWh PE/KWh cold):
PE spec
Convencion al Energy Consumed
Conversion Factor
=
Cold Produced
Conversion factor: Electricity – 0.36; Fossil Fuel – 0.9
Conventional Compression Chiller:
Qelec
PEspec ,conv =
ε elec
Qcold
=
Qelec
ε elec
1
1 Qelec
1
=
=
Qcold ε elec Qcold ε elecCOPconv
Source : INETI
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
7
Primary energy analysis
Qbackup
Definitions
PE spec ,solar =
ε fossil
+ PE spec ,cooling tower
Qcold
=
Qbackup
=
Qdriving heat (1 - Fsol ) 1
+ PEspec ,cooling tower
Qcold
ε fossil
=
Solar Thermal Driven Chiller:
(1 - Fsol ) Qdriving heat
+ PEspec ,cooling tower
Qcold
ε fossil
=
With:
COPthermal =
1
ε fossil Qcold
(1 - Fsol )
+ PE spec ,cooling tower
ε fossil .COPthermal
+ PE spec ,cooling tower
Qcold
Qdriving heat
Cooling tower:
Ecoolingtower
PEspec ,coolingtower =
=
ε elect
Qcold
=
E spec,coolingtower Qheatrejected
ε elect
Espec,coolingtower ( Qdrivingheat + Qcold )
ε elect
Qcold
E

1
= spec,coolingtower 1 +
 COP
ε elect
thermal

Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
1
Qcold




Source : INETI
8

5. Primary energy analysis
primary
primary
energy
energy
conversion
conversion
factor for
factor for
electricity:
electricity:
0.36
0.36
2.5
COP = 0.6
COP = 0.8
COP = 1.0
COP = 1.2
Conv 2
Conv, 1
2.0
PEspec,sol , kWhPE/kWhcold
heat source:
heat source:
solar collector
solar collector
+ fossil fueled
+ fossil fueled
backup
backup
1.5
COPconv =
2.5
1.0
0.5
primary
primary
energy
energy
conversion
conversion
factor for
factor for
fossil fuels: 0.9
fossil fuels: 0.9
COPconv =
4.5
0.0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Solar Fraction for cooling
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
9
Source : Fraunhofer ISE
Comparison between absortion and compression
Efficiency based on primary energy
2
specific primary energy per unit of cold
1.5
1
thermal system,
low COP
no primary
energy
saving
0.5
conventional system
thermal system,
high COP
saves primary
energy
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
solar fraction cooling
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
Source : Aiguasol
10

6. Consequences of primary energy performance
! High solar fraction for cooling necessary for solar thermally driven cooling
equipment with low COP which use a fossil fueled backup
! A lower solar fraction is acceptable if thermally driven cooling equipment with a
higher COP is employed
! An alternative is to use a conventional chiller as a backup (e.g. in case of a large
overall cooling power)
! Primary energy savings are always achieved using a solar thermally autonomous
systems but no guarantee for strictly keeping desired indoor comfort limits can
be given
! In any case the use of the solar collector should be maximised by supplying heat
also to other loads such as the heating system or hot water production
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
11
Design
Design with regard to solar-assisted air-conditioning mainly means
! Selection of the proper thermally driven cooling equipment for the
selected air-conditioning system
! Selection of the proper type of solar collectors for the selected airconditioning system and thermally driven cooling equipment
! Sizing of the solar collector field and other components of the solar
system with regard to energy and cost performance
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
12

7. ‚Rules of thumb‘
Collector cost per heating
capacity
Cost of solar heat for
given climate
Load - gain - analysis for
given climate and load
Anual cost based on loadgain-analysis
Computer design tool with
predefined systems
Open simulation platform
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
Required system information, effort for parametrization
Accuracy, reliability of results, details of design information
Design approaches
Source : Fraunhofer ISE
13
Design point
Acoll ⋅ Gcoll ⋅ ηcoll,design =
==
>
Aspec =
Example
Pcold,design
COP
design
1
Gcoll ⋅ ηcoll,design ⋅ COP
design
Gcoll = 800 W/m2
hcoll,design = 0.5
==>
Aspec = 3.57 m2 per kW cooling power
COPdesign = 0.7
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
Source : Fraunhofer ISE
14

8. Advantages and disadvantages
+ Method allows a very quick assessment (guess) about the
required collector area, if the efficiency of the collector and
the COP of the thermally driven cooling equipment is
known
– Method neglects completely the influence of the variation
of radiation on the collector during day and year
– Any information on the specific site and load is neglected
– Method neglects completely part load conditions of cooling
load in thermally driven cooling equipment
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
15
Sizing
Average values of the
specific collector area
" for Absorption- and
Adsorption chillers
3,0 to 3,5 m²/kW
chilling capacity
" for open technologies
(DEC, liquid DEC):
8 to 10 m² per 1.000 m³/h
rated air flowrate
Source : EAW
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
16

9. Collector first cost
average fluid
temperature
η = k(Θ) ⋅ c0 − c1 ⋅
incident
angle
modifier
optical
efficiency
&
Quse = A ⋅ η ⋅ G⊥
⇒
ambient air
temperature
(T − T )2
(Tav − Tamb)
− c 2 ⋅ av amb
G⊥
G⊥
linear
heat loss
coeff.
A=
&
Quse
η ⋅ G⊥
radiation on
collector
quadr.
heat loss
coeff.
⇒
Aspec =
Costheat,power = Aspec ⋅ Costspec
1 kW
η ⋅ G⊥
specific
collector cost
average fluid temperature = operating hot temperature of cooling system
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
Source : Fraunhofer ISE
17
collector first cost [€/kW]
Collector cost versus specific required area
2000
Tav = 75°C
Gcoll = 800 W/m2
1600
1200
800
400
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
required absorber area [m2/kW]
evacuated tube
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
flat plate
flat plate - integrated roof
stationary CPC
Source : Fraunhofer ISE
18

10. Advantages and disadvantages
+ Method allows a rough comparison of different solar
collectors, if the collector parameters and the operation
temperature of the thermally driven cooling equipment are
known
– Method neglects completely the influence of the variation
of radiation on the collector during day and year
– Any information on the specific site and load is neglected
– Method neglects completely part load of cooling load and
thermally driven cooling equipment
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
19
Solar heat cost
Costannual = Costspec ⋅ fannuity
annual
collector cost
solar heat
cost (€/kWh
of heat)
spedific
collector cost
(€/m2)
Costheat =
Costannual
Qgross
annuity
factor
collector gross
heat
production
Qgross = annual collector heat productionat a given site and a given operationtemperatur .
e
Typically calculatedu sing hourly values of the dominating meteorological data.
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
Source : Fraunhofer ISE
20

11. Solar heat cost
heat cost [€-cent/kWh]
20
etc
fpc
irc
Palermo, Tav = 75°C
cpc
16
12
8
4
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2
annual gross heat production [kWh/m ]
Source : Fraunhofer ISE
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
21
Solar heat cost
heat cost [€-cent/kWh]
20
etc
fpc
irc
Palermo, Tav = 95°C
cpc
16
12
8
4
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
annual gross heat production [kWh/m2]
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
Source : Fraunhofer ISE
22

12. Simple software tool SHC (NEGST project)
Only needs monthly cooling (heating) load
Free download in:
http://www.swt-technologie.de/html/publicdeliverables3.html
Compares monthly loads
(heating and coling) with
monthly solar energy
gains.
It is based on
PHIBARFCHART Method
- The results are primary
energy savings for
colector area installed.
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
23
Advantages and disadvantages
+ Method allows a good comparison of different solar
collectors using their parameters and the radiation data of
a specific site
+ The maximum possible heat production of a specific solar
collector for a given site (annual meteorological data file)
and a given constant operation temperature is determined
– Any information about the load profile is neglected
– Method neglects completely part load of cooling load and
thermally driven cooling equipment
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
24

13. Correlation of loads and gains
! Global efficiency factors for
transformation of heat in
cooling (heating) are used
to describe the technical
equipment
! Calculation of hourly
collector gains using
different operation
temperatures for cooling
and heating
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
meteo data
building
model
collector
model
250
heating
cooling
1
0.5
0.25
0.1
200
COP, ε
heat load
! For each hour of the year
the required heat for
cooling (heating) is
computed, e.g. using
building simulation
150
100
50
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
solar gains
solar fractions for
heating and cooling
Source : Fraunhofer ISE
25
Software tools needed to determine hourly
cooling (heating) loads of a building
TRNSYS – Commercially available
(www.sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys/)
Energy plus – Download free
(www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/ )
ESP-r – Download free
(http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/Programs/ESP-r.htm )
A list of other software tools can be found :
(http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/)
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
26

14. Simple software tools using hourly
cooling (heating) load
SACE Cooling evaluation light tool
– available in http://www.solair-project.eu/218.0.html
Results using this software tool while be shown latter
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
27
Simple software tools using hourly
cooling (heating) load
SolAC – available in:
http://www.iea-shc-task25.org/english/hps6/index.html
Four different units are considered in this software:
• Solar system
• Cooling device
• Air handling unit
• Cooling and heating components in the room
The input data for the
programme is:
• weather data including solar
radiation (hourly data)
• load files including heating
and cooling loads (hourly
data)
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
28

15. Dynamic simulation software tools using
hourly cooling (heating) load
- System orientated
TNSYS - www.sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys/
ColSim - www.colsim.de
Insel - http://www.inseldi.com/index.php?id=21&L=1
- Building Orientated
Energy plus - www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/
Software
Solar
Components
AC
Components
New
Components
TRNSYS
ColSim
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Energy
Plus
INSEL
Yes
Yes
Yes, but no
clear list was
possible to
obtain.
Yes
Free
Open
downlaod source
code
No
Yes
Not clear Yes
Yes
Yes
Not clear
Yes
Yes
Yes
NO
NO
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
29
Identification of HVAC components available which are most interesting for
CTSS
TRNSYS 16.
Type 107 – Absorption Chiller (hot water fired, single effect)
Type 51 – Cooling Towers.
TESS Libraries
Type 680 – Single-effect hot water-fired absorption chiller (Equivalent to type
107 of TRNSYS 16)
Type 679 – Single-effect steam-fired absorption chiller
Type 677 – Double-effect hot water-fired absorption chiller
Type 676 – Double-effect steam-fired absorption chiller
Type 683 – Rotary desiccant dehumidifier – models a rotary dessicant
dehumidifier containing nominal silica gel.
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
30

16. Calculation methods :
Estimated calculation with energy balances
Solar thermal energy availability
• Simulation tool for the solar systems
• “Infinite” consumption with high return temperature (chilled water)
• 100% use of produced solar energy
Energy load determination, per year and per month: cold, heat, and DHW
• Calculation tool for the building energy load
• DHW energy load determination
Use factor determination
• Depends on the relation availability / load
• Depends on the heat storage
solar
absorció
gas
caldera
elect
bomba
calor
calefacció
refrigeració
Definition of energy flows between subsystems
• -> Definition of a control strategy
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
Source : Aiguasol
Source : Fraunhofer ISE
31
32

17. Guidelines for design, control & operation
of solar assisted adsorption chillers
COPsol =
COPsol =
Radiation on
Radiation on
2
collector: 800 W/m 2
collector: 800 W/m
0.6
COP, COPsol, etacoll
COP * ηcoll
COP * ηcoll
90
80
0.5
70
0.4
60
0.3
50
0.2
40
etacoll
COP
COPsol
0.1
COP-maximum
at about 70°C
cooling power
cooling power, kW
0.7
30
0
20
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
temperature, °C
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
33
Source : Fraunhofer ISE
Efficiency of solar thermal cooling systems
0.60
Irradiation W/m2
0.50
500
600
700
800
900
1000
COPsolar
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
==> optimal
working
temperature
depends on the
irradiation level
0.00
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Working temperature [°C]
Source : Fraunhofer ISE
34

18. Evaluation parameter: Costs of saved
primary energy
! Combined Energy-costs-Performance
! enables comparison of different system designs
Costs of primary
energy saved
∆total annual costs ==annual supplementary costs of the solar
∆total annual costs annual supplementary costs of the solar
=
driven system compared to aa
driven system compared to
conventional
reference system
conventional
reference system
∆ Total annual costs
∆ Primary energy
∆primary energy
∆primary energy
==annual primary energy saving of
annual primary energy saving of
the solar driven system compared to aa
the solar driven system compared to
conventional reference system
conventional reference system
Source : Fraunhofer ISE
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
35
Example: primary energy savings
Growing collector
surface
! Office
buildings
! Flat plate
( in % of the reference system)
! Madrid
Primary energy saved
60%
50%
40%
30%
! Backup:
Gas boiler
! Absorption
Collector surface,
m2
20%
collector
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
10%
55
65
75
85
95
105
115
125
135
2
Storage volume, l/m
chiller
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
Source : Fraunhofer ISE
36

19. Example: annual costs
ansteigende
Growing collector
Kollektorfläche
surface
! Madrid
! Bürogebäude
Office
!
!
!
!
!
!
buildings
Flachkollektor
Flat plate
Backup:
collector
Gaskessel
Backup:
AbsorptionsGas boiler
kältemaschine
Absorption
chiller
Jahreskosten, % Referenz
Annual costs, % reference
180%
175%
170%
165%
160%
155%
150%
145%
160
Collector surface,
Kollektorfläche,
m2
m2
180
200
220
240
260
280
140%
55
65
75
85
95
105
115
125
135
Speichervolumen, l/m2
Storage volume l/m2
Source : Fraunhofer ISE
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
37
! Madrid
! Bürogebäude
Office
buildings
! Flachkollektor
! Flat plate
! Backup:
collector
Gaskessel
! Backup:
! AbsorptionsGas boiler
kältemaschine
! Absorption
chiller
Kosten eingesparte PE, €/kWh
Costs of primary energy saved, €/kWh
Example: Costs of primary energy savings
0.28
160
0.26
180
Collector surface,
Kollektorfläche,
m2
200
220
240
260
280
Minimu
m
0.24
0.22
0.2
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
55
65
75
85
95
105
115
125
135
2
Speichervolumen, l/m
Storage volume l/m2
Source : Fraunhofer ISE
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
38

20. System sizing
Dynamic modelling with TRNSYS… necessary
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
39
Transient simulation – TRNSYS
TRNSYS features
– Numerical calculation methods
– Continuous yearly simulation of the thermal behaviour of the
installation, analysing the transitory phenomenon of the heat
flows
– Variability of climatology (temperature, irradiation) is taken into
account
– Enables analysis of the different factors which determine the
energetic behaviour of the system # parametric study#
optimisation
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
40

21. Transient simulation – TRNSYS
TRNSYS Workspace
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
41
Transient simulation – TRNSYS
Results obtained with TRNSYS
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
42

22. Transient simulation – TRNSYS
35
30
Analysis of the results
25
20
Tamb
Tair
15
7000
Monthly heating demand in kWh
Total demand in kWh
6000
10
5
Solar contribution in kWh
0
5000
1
14 27 40 53 66 79 92 105 118 131 144 157
kWh
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Gener
Febrer
Març
Abril
Maig
Juny
Juliol
Agost
Setembre Octubre NovembreDesembre
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
43
Transient simulation – TRNSYS
Calculation options with dynamic simulation tools
Separated calculation of building and cooling system
– Step 1: Simulation of the building demand (heating, cooling)
– Cooling system model= ideal system with infinite power.
– Intermediate result: hourly data of heating and cooling demand.
– Step 2: Simulation of the cooling system
– Result: energy contribution of the real cooling system
Coupled calculation of the building and the cooling system
– Simulation of the building (demand) and of the cooling system in the
same software
–
Cooling system model = real system
– Results:
• Energy contribution of the real cooling system
• Degree of fulfilment of the comfort criteria
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
44

23. Which questions have to be answered?
1. Which is the basic sizing of the main equipments?
• Collector field : type and size in m2
• Absorption machine: kWf
2. What is the solar contribution to the cooling, heating and global demand?
3. Which is the basic sizing of the back-up system?
• type (boiler, heat pump, air conditioner...);
• size kW
4. Which are the energy savings?
5. What are the additional costs compared to a conventional installation?
6. What is the pay-back time?
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
45
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
46

24. Rules of Thumb – pre-design rules of
solar cooling systems
Sizing of the absorption machine
Demand peak < maximal total power (absorption + auxiliaries) + cold
storage
Operating with solar energy: minimal power required to absorb the
solar heat produced and convert it into cold. # 3 m2/kWf
– Criteria 1: the absorption machine is able to use the maximal
solar production. Solar peak production approx. 0.5 kW/m2
(1000 W/m² x 50 % efficiency)
kWf
kW
kW
kW
m2
0.65
× 0.5 solar ×1 gen = 0.32 2f = 3
kWgen
m2
kWsolar
m
kWf
– Criteria 2: the solar energy produced during the day of maximal
irradiation can be totally used by the absorption machine,
assuming that the required heat storage is available
– Maximal power to guarantee a minimal solar contribution
(typically > 60...70 %) and/or an reasonable number of operating
hours (> 1000 h/year).
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
47
Rules of Thumb – pre-design rules of
solar cooling systems
Sizing of the heat/cold storage
Cold storage
– Cover demand peaks (smaller machines, larger number of
operating hours)
– Avoid part-load or intermittent operation
Heat storage
– Gap between cooling demand and solar heat availability
– Guarantee continuous operation of the machine during days of
intermittent irradiation
– Typical size: 25 .. 50 litres / m2 of collector
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
48

25. Rules of Thumb – pre-design rules of
solar cooling systems
Control strategy
Starting priority (cold production) according to the energy efficiency
– Cold production with heat-pump in case of simultaneous heat
demand. Solar contribution for space heating.
– Cold production with absorption through solar heat
– Cold production with heat-pump (without heat recovery)
– Cold production with absorption through gas boiler
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
49
System sizing
127 kW
85 kW
700W/m²
75 – 95°C
75 – 95°C
200 m²
25 - 35°C
77 kW
7 – 12 °C
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
50
kWf
Source : TECSOL
50

26. System sizing
1 Cooling load : 50 kWc
! 2 Inlet generator : 50 / 0.65 = 77 kW
! 3 Cooling tower : 77 + 50 = 127 kW
! 4 Primary loop efficiency : 0.9
! 5 Heat load on collector side : 85 kW
! 6 Average irradiance : 700 W/m²
! 7 Collector efficiency : 0.6
! 8 Collector area : 85/0.7/0.6 = 200 m²
! 9 Optimal tilt : 30° (France South)
! 10 Groung space necessary > 300 m²
!
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
51
Check list concept : example
Industry
3
3
3
2
2
Space for technical premices
3
2
1
Adapted distribution network
3
3
2
Adapted existing material (or planned) for back up
3
3
3
Daily adequation production <-> load
3
3
1
Yearly adequation production <-> load
3
2
2
Yearly heating and DHW needs
3
2
2
Passives actions decrease potential
3
3
3
Possible undersizement of solar system thanks to
back up
TECHNICAL
FEASIBILITY
Hotel
3
Important area for solar collection
Building
Public building
Climate
3
3
2
Load
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
Source : TECSOL
52

27. Check list concept : example
Industry
3
3
2
2
3
3
1
Building owner motivation
3
3
3
Importance in term of marketing impact
3
2
3
Environmental action politics
3
3
3
National & international supports eligibility
1
3
2
Financial stability of building owner
3
3
1
Skilled internal technical staff
3
2
2
Regulat operation action possibilities
FEASIBILITY
3
High investment capacity
ECONOMICAL
Hotel
1
Low water cost
Cost of energy
Public building
High cost of saved energy
3
2
2
Presence of a long term financed monitoring
2
3
2
58
55
45
Building owner
ORGANISAT.
O&M
FEASIBILITY
Monitoring
TOTAL SCORE
(on 63) :
Source : TECSOL
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
53
Disclaimer
This training has been developed in the context of SOLAIR. SOLAIR is a European cooperation project for increasing the market implementation of solar-air-conditioning
systems for small and medium applications in residential and commercial buildings. For
further information on the project or on products of the project see: www.solairproject.eu
The project SOLAIR is supported by the Intelligent Energy – Europe (IEE) programme of
the European Union promoting energy efficiency and renewables. More details on the
IEE programme can be found on: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/intelligent/index_en.html
The sole responsibility for the content of this training lies with the authors. It does not
represent the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not
responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
Chapter C : Predesign – system sizing
54