3. SPANIARDS
*The Spaniard history dated back from the Upper Paleolithic
period of 35,000 B.C - 10,000 B.C.
* The era that Columbus was conquering land from the
natives was often called the Age of Titans.
4. THE AMERINDIANS
*The Amerindians was referred to Columbus as Indios and the
term Indians came to be applied to them
*When Europeans first encountered them, native Americans
were found throughout the whole Western Hemisphere.
5. THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO
*The Conqueror of the Aztecs was Herman Cortes
(1485-1547), the archetypal conquistador.
*The Aztecs’ cultural accomplishments were extraordinary, and
many aspects of their lives were admirable and worthy of
emulation.
7. SPANISH Aztecs and the destruction of their
*After the conquest of the
EXPLORATION
capital, the spaniards fanned out in all directions in search of
God, Gold, and Glory.
*The first spanish thrust into the north took place along the
Caribbean shores of North America.
*The Spanish explored the American Southeast and the South
west.
8. SETTLEMENT OF NEW
MEXICO
*The entrada that led to permanent settlement of New Mexico
occurred in the 1590s, not because the mines of the interior
were exhausted, nor because of the declining labor force given
the catastrophic impact of European diseases.
*When the Spanish entered New Mexico at the end of the
sixteenth century, there were two competing lifestyle among
the Indian tribes.
*Those are sedentary and Nomadic.
*The great Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was led by the medicine man
Pope, from the town of San Juan, Pueblo villagers along the
Upper Rio Grande Valley staged a massive uprising on 10
August of that year.
9. MAJOR TRENDS
*The settlement of the coastal region of Alta California at the
end of the eighteenth century brought to an end the era of
Spanish expansion in the north.
*The Spanish exploration continued in many directions,
including the pacific coast as far as Yakutat Bay, Alaska, but the
limit of effective settlement had been established.
*Frontier society by about 1800 was significantly different than
that which evolved in the Mexican interior during the course of
the eighteenth century.
*Frontier life was hard for both men and women, as well as
their children.
11. MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE
*Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808 and replaced King Ferdinand
VII with his own brother, Joseph Bonaparte, the people rose up
in rebellion.
*In 1812, with victory against Napoleon’s army of occupation in
sight, the Cortes, the spanish legislative assembly, drafted a
liberal document establishing a constitutional monarchy.
12. CALIFORNIA
*California took no direct part
whatsoever in the events that
resulted in Mexican independence.
*By the 1840s, with the gradual
disappearance of the missions, the
California economy came to be
dominated by ranches.
*Jose de la Guerra y Noriega and
Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo were the
rancho oligarchy during this period.
13. NEW MEXICO
*New Mexico experienced major changes during the Mexican
period.
*In August 1837, a rebellion broke out among the Pueblos and
Hispanic settlers living in the area north of Santa Fe.
*The year of Mexican independence, 1821, witnessed the
appearance in New Mexico of William Becknell.
*Trade along the Santa Fe Trail brought huge dividends to
norteamericanos who followed Becknell, but it had even greater
consequences for the inhabitants of New Mexico.
*From 1821 to 1846, New Mexican society was experiencing
unusual ferment, compared to the tradition-bound society of
colonial days.
15. GRINGOS AND GREASERS
*Anti-Mexican attitudes during the second half of the
nineteenth century were ubiquitous throughout the Southwest.
*Relations between Mexicans and Anglos, the most important
theme in Chicano history during the second half of the
nineteenth century, were complex.
16. CALIFORNIA
*The most complete and insightful
study of Mexican-Anglo relations
in the Golden State during the
aftermath of the war of conquest
was written in 1966 by the
historian Leonard Pitt, who
established the main areas of
inquiry that Chicano scholars
would later pursue.
*Northern part of the state, which
was steadily overrun by anglo
newcomers even before the
completion of the transcontinental
railroad in 1869.
17. ARIZONA
*The signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 left
Mexican population of Arizona, which resided exclusively south
of the Gila River, under Mexican sovereignty.
*The Gadsden Purchase created the present-day border
between Mexico and Arizona.
*There were few Anglos in southern Arizona at mid-century, a
desert area plagued by Indian problems, the region never
enticed foreigners during the Mexican period the way other
northern frontier provinces had.
*A small Anglo population also ensured that Mexicans would
continue to play a vital role in the regional economy prior to
the arrival of the Southern Pacific Railroad.
18. TEXAS
*Texas was the area where Anglo-Mexican relations were at
their worst during the second half of the nineteenth century.
*Texans made up a good part of the invading American force
into Mexico.
20. MOTIVES FOR MEXICAN
IMMIGRATION
*After the first world war a series of laws were passed
culminating in the Reed-Johnson Immigration Act of 1924,
regulating immigration into this country.
*Mexico was forcing citizens to the United States.
21. MEXICAN REVOLUTION
*The roots of the 1910 revolution can be traced far back into
Mexican history.
*The significant numbers of Mexicans had been entering the
United States even before the Revolution.
*Their most popular destination was San Antonio, where they
settled in the Mexican barrio on the West side.
22. THE IMMIGRANT
*Driven out of Mexico and attracted to the Southwest for
political, religious,economic, and a variety of other reasons,
thousands of immigrants, most of them destitute peasants, made
the hazardous trek north during the halcyon years of the early
twentieth century.
*Jose Martinez was born at around the turn of the century in a
small village in western Mexico, a town like Arandas in Jalisco or
Jacona in Michoacan and he was a typical modal immigrant.
*Jose was unable to make a good living but convinced that a
better life was possible and one of the most positive legacies of
the Revolution was prepared to try his luck in the United States.
24. THE DEPRESSION
*The Great Depression is generally dated from the collapse of
the New York stock exchange in October 1929; but the roots of
the economic slump, the most catastrophic in history, can be
traced back to the Great War itself.
*Most Americans hardly realized the difficulties that beset the
farming community at the time; they were too busy enjoying life
during the jazz age.
*Less industrialized than other sections of the United States, the
Southwest, where the great majority of Mexicans resided,
appeared better able to weather economic fluctuations.
*The collapse of the economy left Mexicans in dire straits,
weather they were found in the Southwest or other sections of
the country,
25. THE “MEXICAN PROBLEM”
*The collapse of the economy in the 1930s increased racial
tensions, which augured ill for Mexicans, both in the Southwest
and outsides of that region.
*Anti-Mexican sentiments, as the account above indicates were
evident well before the Depression.
*In the 1920s during the aftermath of the Great War, nativism
was pervasive.
*Nativist fears fed the growing perception of Mexicans as a
problem in the 1920s, a concern intensified by the appearance
of Mexicans in cities.
26. DUST BOWL MIGRATION
*Between 1929 and 1933, farm income in the United States
dropped by two-thirds.
*Thousands of destitute families were forced to abandon their
homes.
*More than half a million people were involved.
28. MEXICANS IN THE MILITARY
*Between 250,000 and 500,000 Mexicans both immigrants and
native-born out of a population of 2.7million, engaged in active
military service.
*The service represented one of the few opportunities for
Mexicans to improve their low socioeconomic status.
29. URBANIZATION:TRAILS AND
TRIBULATIONS
*The best jobs were found in cities, during the war years, there
was a massive influx of the Mexican population into urban
centers.
*Urban living was bound to weaken traditional family ties.
*As economic opportunities opened up to women a trend
accentuated by the war, they naturally demanded more rights,
and as Vicki Ruiz has shown, generally received them.
*The advent of panuco gangs in early 1940’s mirrors the
breakdown of the traditional family, as well as the discrimination
experienced by Mexican youths in an urban environment.
30. THE BRACERO PROGRAM
*The Bracero Program was another major consequence of
World War II.
*Braceros were MExican nationals recruited to work in the
western United States on a temporary basis as part of a U.S.
Government-sponsored project during an after the war.
*So severe was the labor shortage, that in the end, and despite
the objections of the Texans, an accord was signed on 23 July
1942, by FDR and Mexican President Manuel Avila Camacho
and ratified in Mexico City Shortly thereafter.
*The Binational agreement, some quarter of a million Mexicans,
all of them male, were employed as braceros throughout the
west before its expiration in April 1947.
32. MEXICAN COMMUNITY IN
THE MID SIXTIES
*A portrait of the Mexican population on the eve of the
Chicano movement is helpful in explaining why Chicanismo
became so appealing to large segments of the population.
*The best source of information on Mexicans in the early
sixties, indeed the most comprehensive work on the subject up
to this time, was The Mexican-American People:The Nation’s
Second Largest Minority by Leo Grebbler, Joan W. Moore, and
Ralph C. Guzman.
*The total Mexican population in 1960, according to Grebbler
was 3,842,000 of which 87 percent resided in the Southwest.
33. ORIGINS OF THE CHICANO
MOVEMENT
*Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka encouraged a new
assertiveness by blacks whose civil rights movement began in
1955, when Rosa Parks, a black woman, refused to give up her
bus seat in Montgomery, Alabama.
*By 1966, dissatisfied with the seemingly glacial pace of reform,
more militant leaders emerged from the African-American
community, particularly in northern urban ghettos, where Dr.
King was less influential.
*They labeled their movement as “Black Power” for there
permanent racial separation and the use of violence.
34. THE DELANO STRIKE
*Filipinos struck to gain higher pay and recognition as a union.
*Chavez soon became the acknowledged leader of the entire
operation.
36. IMMIGRATION
*High birth rates was one of the main reason why Mexicans
was staying in the US, but also was do to the high levels of
immigration from Mexico to the US this could not be over seen
and some one had to take action into this.
37. DEMOGRAPHICS
*There was a high level of Hispanics living in the US and this
was backed by the numbers collected by the Census Bureau.
*There was a 61 percent increase from 1970-1980
*Then another 53 percent increase from 1980-1990
*Mexicans kept a high level of public interest after the 70s to
keep up with the nations troubles
38. FEMINISTS: THE SECOND
GENERATION
*By the early nineties more Latina women were going to
college and graduating than the Latino men.
*This trend followed through, as in the mid nineties indicating
that were were more intelligent Latina women then there is
Latino Men in the United States.
40. STEMMING THE TIDE
*Congress, in 1990, increased the penalty for violation of
immigration policies, and also increased the funding given to the
boarder patrol
41. AWAKENING THE GIANT:
GRASSROOTS MOBILIZATION
*The threats to the civil liberties of the Mexican Americans was
started by the political mobilization through the country, which
was then first seen in California.
*The Grassroots movement also demanded more rights for the
undocumented workers, which was directly correlated with the
influx of military presence at the boarder.
42. THE AWAKENING GIANT:
ELECTORAL POLITICS
*This awakened the mindset of the future political hopefulness,
because they saw that the Latino/as’ vote was a very important
one to the US.
*In the early twenty-first century the mobilization fro the rights
was just not taken by the streets, it was also thought to be the
ample time to create the impact through the electoral political
